https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/ade7c02bc55b93dcc81be04f3dd58b3c.pdf 27d3346f7b2a219caf9423eb577c2db1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource EMERGING ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS IN DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS: HUMAN INTAKE, EMERGING HEALTH RISKS, AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource JERIKIAS MARUMURE TINOZIVA T. SIMBANEGAVI ZAKIO MAKUVARA RANGARIRAYI KARIDZAGUNDI RICHWELL ALUFASI DARIUSZ HALABOWSKI CLAUDIOUS GUFE WILLIS GWENZI NHAMO CHAUKURA MARVELOUS GOREDEMA Description An account of the resource Few earlier reviews on emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) in drinking water systems (DWS) focused on their detection, behaviour, removal and fate. Reviews on multiple exposure pathways, human intake estimates, and health risks including toxicokinetics, and toxicodynamics of EOCs in DWS are scarce. This review presents recent advances in human intake and health risks of EOCs in DWS. First, an overview of the evidence showing that DWS harbours a wide range of EOCs is presented. Multiple human exposure to EOCs occurs via ingestion of drinking water and beverages, inhalation and dermal pathways are discussed. A potential novel exposure may occur via the intravenous route in dialysis fluids. Analysis of global data on pharmaceutical pollution in rivers showed that the cumulative concentrations (μg L-1) of pharmaceuticals (mean ± standard error of the mean) were statistically more than two times significantly higher (p = 0.011) in South America (11.68 ± 5.29), Asia (9.97 ± 3.33), Africa (9.48 ± 2.81) and East Europe (8.09 ± 4.35) than in high-income regions (2.58 ± 0.48). Maximum cumulative concentrations of pharmaceuticals (μg L-1) decreased in the order; Asia (70.7) had the highest value followed by South America (68.8), Africa (51.3), East Europe (32.0) and high-income regions (17.1) had the least concen- tration. The corresponding human intake via ingestion of untreated river water was also significantly higher in low- and middle-income regions than in their high-income counterparts. For each region, the daily intake of pharmaceuticals was highest in infants, followed by children and then adults. A critique of the human health hazards, including toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of EOCs is presented. Emerging health hazards of EOCs in DWS include; (1) long-term latent and intergenerational effects, (2) the interactive health effects of EOC mixtures and the challenges of multifinality and equifinality, and (3) the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease hypothesis. Finally, research needs on human health hazards of EOCs in DWS are presented. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Elsevier Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2024 Exposure risk factors Human intake Intergenerational effects Multiple exposure routes Toxicodynamics Toxicokinetics