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                <text>Staff  Publications</text>
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              <text>FRESH WATER SOURCES POLLUTION: A HUMAN RELATED THREAT TO&#13;
FRESH WATER SECURITY IN SOUTH AFRICA&#13;
&#13;
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              <text>MAXWELL CONSTANTINE CHANDO MUSINGAFi</text>
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              <text>This paper is mainly an overview of the challenge of human induced water sources pollution in South Africa.&#13;
The major line of argument in this paper is that the rapidly growing population, urbanisation, agricultural,&#13;
industrial and mining activity in South Africa pose a threat to availability, accessibility and quality of potable&#13;
water resources in the country. This is more acute in the major centres of economic activity; for example in&#13;
the Gauteng Province, where the Johannesburg and the Tshwane metropolitan municipalities are situated. To&#13;
make matters worse these cities are located upstream of the water system drainage in the catchment area and&#13;
effluent disposal is directly into the raw water reservoirs posing serious threat to both human life and the&#13;
ecosystem. The government of South Africa has to take pollution control policies and their implementation&#13;
as a serious governance issue. The country has to take a clue from the developed countries where pollution-&#13;
control laws have helped to clean up rivers, lakes and streams. Our final conclusion is that, in South Africa,&#13;
like anywhere else in the world, freshwater management and governance is of critical importance to avoid&#13;
artificial freshwater shortages. The supply and demand for water, and therefore its abundance or scarcity,&#13;
depend significantly on the management of the resource and its use. Poor management may create functional&#13;
water scarcity even in a country with seemingly abundant supplies of fresh water.</text>
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