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                <text>In Zimbabwean secondary schools, performance of school pupils accelerated in a declining manner since 1984 to date. Although	 much	 has been done to improve conditions of the teacher since the teachers	 are	 at	 the helm of students	 learning, students’ performance has	 continued	 to	 decline. Despite training obtained from teachers colleges,	 what is contributing to their	effectiveness has	 not been well	researched.	 Affective organisational commitment of secondary school teachers in Zimbabwe still remain an inadequately	researched area.	Prior research	has indicated	that teaching	 efficacy determine teacher performance.	 Whereas teachers could be motivated by employers, the gendered	 outcomes	 of	 their teaching efficacy to their performance and level of	affective commitment in Zimbabwean secondary	schools has not been	 adequately investigated.	 The primary purpose of the study	was to	make	 a critical analysis of teaching efficacy factors influencing secondary	 school	teachers’ affective organisational commitment in	Zimbabwe.	 Stufflebeam(1971)’s	Context Input Process and Product decision	 facilitation model of evaluation approach was used to	analyse the factors. The approach specified	the imbalances in	each phase of	evaluation focusing on teaching	 efficacy factors and how they contributed to affective organisational commitment of secondary	 school	 teachers.	 The	 study	 used	 qualitative	&#13;
data	 gathering	 methods	 to	 generate	 data	 from	 26	 participants	 purposively sampled.	The sample included 12teachers,3Heads of	 departments, 2 Deputy heads, 4 School heads, 4 Provincial Education	 inspectors, and 1	Deputy Provincial Education Director using Semi	structured face to face interviews and focus group discussions were	used as data gathering instruments in order to triangulate the evidence	 obtained.	 Generated data was	analysed using NVivo to come up with	 three	 themes. The study established that  factors such as professionalism,	 teacher competence, age, teaching	 experience,	recognition, staffing of teachers, subject specialisation, centrality	of	passion within the teacher and lack	 of ownership of educational	 policies determine teacher efficacy	of secondary school teachers and their level of affective organisational commitment hence impacting	 negatively	 on pupils’	 and schools’ performance. The study recommended that Educational planners need to stay	abreast of the	formal	and informal	 impulse of	 teacher commitment by	providing support, constant	 supervision, staffing of teachers, staff development workshops,	 chat	 platforms	 and continual refocusing of	 selection	 and	 recruitment policies in teachers’ colleges. Future researchers might	wish	to	expand this study	to Private	schools to	determine whether results	presented	here reflect the general situation in	all	schools, since	this	study was conducted in schools owned by Public Service Commission	only.</text>
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                <text>Rittah	Kasowe</text>
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                <text>Prof	Ignatius	I.	Dambudzo</text>
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                <text>ZOU</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe Open University</text>
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                <text>AN STUDY ON HOW TEACHING EFFICACY IS INFLUENCING AFFECTIVE ORGANISATIONAL COMMITMENT OF SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS IN MASHONALAND CENTRAL PROVINCE OF ZIMBABWE.&#13;
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                <text>‘SETTING THE RECORD STRAIGHT’ – DISAMBIGUATING ‘METAPHYSICS’ ‘AFRICAN METAPHYSICS’, &#13;
‘AFRICA-CENTRED METAPHYSICS’, ‘TRADITIONAL” METAPHYSICS’ AND ‘MODERN METAPHYSICS’&#13;
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                <text>Dr AUGUSTINE M TIRIVANGANA</text>
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                <text>So much mystery and confusion have surrounded the metaphysics branch of philosophy since the very coinage of the term “metaphysics”. In fact advances in research in the domain of metaphysics have not made the conceptualisation any easier; if anything they have contributed more confusion to the already confusion-suffused term, making it murkier with each new finding. Categories of metaphysics continue to emerge with each contribution from different quarters of the Universe as various philosophers dialogue and continue to dialogue with experience and already existing corpus on metaphysics. This paper aims to contribute, in part, to the disambiguation of such terms as ‘metaphysics’ itself, ‘African metaphysics’, ‘Africa-centred metaphysics’, ‘traditional metaphysics’, and ‘modern metaphysics’. The prime purpose is not to deconstruct but to reconstruct. However, in the process of unpacking reconstruction may actually become deconstruction, if not destruction. Of particular interest will be the disambiguation, deconstruction and reconstruction of such terms as ‘chivanhu’, ‘chibhoyi’, ‘chikaranga’, etc. Metaphysics shall be understood basically as one vast ocean of the laws of Mother Nature and the operation of such esoteric laws of the Universe. Questions of passwords to these universal laws, the esoteric codes through which such esoteric knowledge can be accessed and harnessed to transform or influence events (e.g. by n’angas, varoyi, vabereki, etc) will be discussed. Such knowledge helps one to experience godliness but never in its totality (mortal man being that finite), hence finiteness/limitedness of mankind’s’ metaphysical capability. Finally questions about the nature of vibrational frequencies and about God as the Ultimate/infinite metaphysical force (not human being) will wrap up the discussion. Indeed, the fact of such a force as neither good nor bad will emphasized.</text>
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                <text>THE ATTITUDES OF EMPLOYERS AND CO-WORKERS TOWARDS THE EMPLOYMENT OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES IN ZIMBABWE</text>
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                <text>BARBRA MAPURANGA</text>
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                <text>This study was a systemic enquiry into attitudes of employers and co-workers towards employees with disabilities in the community of Chitungwiza in Zimbabwe. A qualitative case study method was used to carry out this study. The purposive sampling method was used to select thirty (30) participants into the study. A sample of ten (10) employers, ten (10) co-workers and ten (10) employees with disabilities were chosen as the subjects. The interview and observation were used to generate data. Among other findings, the major findings in this study were that employees with disabilities were discriminated in the workplace. Co-workers perceived PWDs as generally incompetent as they would need the assistance of fellow workers to accomplish tasks while employers were of the view that some of these PWDS scare away customers while some are dependent on fellow workers for the accomplishment of tasks. The same employers perceived most PWDS as lacking knowledge and having poor qualifications rendering them unemployable. Co-workers felt that employees with disabilities need maximum supervision and needed to be assigned special tasks suitable to their conditions. From these findings, it was recommended that co workers needed to change their attitude towards employees with disabilities. The Ministry of Labour needs to establish incentive packages for companies that employ persons with disabilities to encourage employment of more persons with disabilities. Such incentive packages can be in the form of exemption of tax payment by such companies. The Ministry can implement such programmes like the quota system and the levy and grants system like what happens in the developed countries. The Ministry can also strengthen and activate laws that will act against discrimination and marginalisation of person with disabilities. Advocacy through disability movements be encouraged by all sectors of the economy. This will encourage implementation of reforms instituted by the responsible ministry or ministries.</text>
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                <text>INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON MANAGERIAL STUDIES AND RESEARCH</text>
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                <text>TWENTY FIRST CENTURY AND REHABILITATION PROGRAMMES FOR INMATES IN ZIMBABWE PRISONS</text>
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                <text>ITAI SAMANYANGA&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>GILLIET CHIGUNWE </text>
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                <text>The study was set to establish the extent to which Zimbabwe Prisons and Correctional Services (ZPCS) provide rehabilitation and correctional services. World over, people are imprisoned after the courts have found them to be guilt of an offence. Incarcerating an offender is regarded as punishment enough. The Zimbabwe Prisons and Correctional Services adopted the international standards that emphasise rehabilitation and empowerment of inmates with employment opportunity skills whilst serving. The study adopted the qualitative paradigm and descriptive survey method. Convenient sampling and snowballing were used to select prison officers whom were involved in the interviews. The findings revealed that ZPCS emphasises on the development and empowerment of offenders to lead a crime free life through equipping them with employment and vocational skills. It was revealed that ZPCS does not have standard rehabilitation and correctional service programmes. Career guidance and counselling is not much priority provision for inmates. There is need to include career guidance programme in the rehabilitation and correctional package so that inmates make informed decisions on choosing vocational and career programmes. ZPCS should also put in place some standard measures of rehabilitation and correctional services as well as quality assurance monitoring instruments in Zimbabwe‟s prison services.</text>
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                <text>http://www.asianacademicresearch.org/</text>
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                <text>ASIAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES &amp; HUMANITIES</text>
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                <text>A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF COUNSELLING PRINCIPLES THAT TEACHERS COULD USE AS TEACHING METHODS TO RESOLVE INTRA-PERSONAL CONFLICT OF LEARNERS WITH DISABILITIES IN ZIMBABWE</text>
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                <text>NORMAN CHIVASA</text>
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                <text>Using authors’ experiences and related literature, this opinion-based paper analysed and justified how counselling principles could be used to resolve the intra-personal conflicts and issues of learners with disabilities both as agents of change and teaching tools. Counselling is a helping mechanism which has existed in different institutions for a long time. This concept assists people to cope with life circumstances such as intra-personal conflicts and educational issues. As observed by the authors, teachers and schools have realised that students spend more time at schools than with their parents, thus, most of their life issues which occasionally manifests in the form of intra-personal conflicts are more felt by schools than their homes. Though the paper acknowledges all that, it is also aware that some learners bring issues and concerns from their homes which may impact on their learning in various ways. Thus, counselling may be institutionalised. This awareness has made schools take over the task of providing psychological support to all learners. In the past schools have generally concentrated on teaching leaving counselling issues to counsellors within or outside their schools but a shift in thinking and consideration is developing. This paper persuades teachers to play the dual teacher/counsellor role so as promote prompt learning, coping with life situations where feedback is a reality and matches with the learners’ immediate focus. At the same time referrals to specialists should be afforded when necessary or when need-be.</text>
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                <text>The advent of electronic resources in university circles towards the end of the 20th century ushered a novel and fresh landmark for library patrons, as such resources offered timely and current sources of information. The Zimbabwe Open University Library also embraced such an innovation by providing varied electronic resources to its patrons. Information scholars within the university were, thus, expected to take a leading role in accessing and using such resources as it is within their scope and domain of study. However, contrary to such anticipation, their access and usage is low, disappointing, and fragmented. Therefore, the premise of this study was to investigate the reasons behind such low usage of electronic resources by these students through a case of the Zimbabwe Open University Midlands Regional Campus Library. Using the qualitative methodology, the study employed a multimethod approach. Expert and captive sampling techniques were used to select library staff members and students respectively. The study found that students in the Department of Library and Information Science mostly preferred the use of Google, the university modules, and social media platform as the major information sources. The study found that electronic resources offered through the library’s website were one of the list preferred information sources because of varied reasons, which included the website not opening, download delays, power outages in the library, digital illiteracy, information overload, complicated user interface and logging challenges. As a way forward, there are several ways of enhancing the usage of such resources, which include increasing the library’ bandwidth, regular update of the website, installation of uninterrupted power supply (UPS), provision of further information literacy training and advertising the electronic resources by the library.</text>
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                <text>A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF EXPERIENCES OF STREET VENDORS IN HARARE URBAN: A CASE OF FEMALES WHO ARE DEAF</text>
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                <text>The presence of both male and female street vendors with hearing impairment on the city of Harare streets particularly young mothers gave impetus to this study. The study focused on identification of causes, effects and remedies to the issue of workplace child rearing by mothers with hearing impairment. Using the qualitative research paradigm the research employed the ethnographic design to collect data. Snowballing was used to select deaf participants who had vending experience of two years and above. The researchers were the main instruments using observations, narratives and in-depth interviews to collect information. Using six accounts of narratives and extensive in-depth interviews with six female street vendors with hearing impairment in the city of Harare, this study explored how their workplace child rearing practices impacted on the livelihoods of their children. The study identified unemployment and low education level as key prompters driving females with hearing impairment into vending for survival. Vending influenced the way most females who are deaf managed their children’s upbringing. The study noted with concern that, although vending promoted self sustainance and empowerment it had its own challenges such as, exposure to abuse and other negative street experiences. The family systems theory and the ubuntu philosophy formed the platform for this study. The findings from the study revealed a high need for the City Council of Harare to create decent authorised vending systems and how to mitigate challenges of street life. Increase in street toilets was highlighted as essential for both the vendors and their customers and the public in general. Revealed experiences from the study were expected to influence social policy on child rearing practices for parents with disabilities and the quality of parenting in line with the children’s rights.</text>
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                <text>THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES &amp; SOCIAL STUDIES</text>
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                <text>OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES IN ENHANCING FOOD PRODUCTION AND SECURITY IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS IN SUB SAHARAN AFRICA</text>
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                <text>This discussion explores the opportunities and challenges in enhancing food production and security in the context of climatic variability in Sub Saharan Africa. The promotion of sustainable use of plant and animal products with emphasis on satisfying basic human needs, improving people’s standard of living, enhancing food security and reducing poverty have taken a center stage in Sub Saharan Africa. However, the efforts in this direction are being impacted negatively by climate change, through animal and crop production which have not been spared due to the natural disasters and environmental challenges which have affected all regions of Sub Saharan Africa indiscriminately. Climate is a particularly important driver of food production systems performance at the agriculture end of the food chain. It can affect the quantities and types of food produced as well as production-related income especially for the poor resource farmers. In order to be able to adequately address food production and security in the context of climate, there is need for the region to carry out thorough climatic vulnerability and adaptation assessments. Supporting research and training of experts to carry out vulnerability and adaptation assessments on crop and livestock production is crucial in order for respective countries to develop climate change adaptation measures to meet the obligation on food production and security. Sub Saharan Africa’s agro ecological regions are variable and need to develop specific adaptive measures to reduce vulnerability to climate change. Due to the changing climatic conditions which the continent has already witnessed many severe climatic induced vulnerability such as decline in rainfall amounts and intensity, reduced length of rain season and increasing warm and occasionally very hot conditions has affected food production and security. Crop and livestock production systems will need to adapt to higher ambient temperatures, lower nutritional value of feed resources and new diseases and parasites occurrence. It can be seen that the present crop and livestock production systems based on pastoral or rangeland grazing husbandry systems, ecological destruction through climatic variability and overgrazing due to high stocking rates in areas where feed and water has been compromised due to high temperatures caused by climate change does not augur well for future livestock productivity. The understanding of climate change variables and their impacts is the first step in climate change research and prerequisite for defining appropriate adaptive responses by local crop and livestock farmers. Sustainable crop and livestock production supporting rural development should be compatible with the goals of curbing the effects of climate change. Production priorities should be directed towards promoting local crop and livestock genetic resources by providing comprehensive research support services on the impact of climate change. Both crops and livestock play important roles in farming systems, as they offer opportunities for risk coping, farm diversification and intensification, and provide significant livelihood benefits and food security. The chapter therefore, concludes that the effectiveness of biophysical responses of crop and livestock production systems to specific environmental challenges that are anticipated as a result of climate change, and then the range of adaptive measures that might be taken by local producers to ameliorate their effects will be the prerequisite for defining appropriate societal responses and meet food security targets.</text>
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                <text>SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES</text>
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                <text>THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ENGENDERED INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS IN SMALLHOLDER ANIMAL AGRICULTURE IN SUB SAHARAN AFRICA</text>
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                <text>The subject of gender and animal agriculture has attracted attention in recent years, primarily from the need to addressing the gender divide and fulfilling the special needs of women in food production. Animal agriculture is severely constrained by the presence of a wide range of factors that affect both production and productivity of livestock, especially in the poor rural farming communities that don’t have the access to modern and/or conventional livestock management skills. Women in particular, face a number of interlinked constraints that reduce their sustainable contribution of indigenous knowledge to animal agriculture and food security. As a result of this scenario, enhancing animal agriculture; gender equality and utilization of indigenous knowledge as means of promoting food security and reduce poverty has been a challenge in Sub Saharan Africa. It is believed that within the small-holder livestock production systems which is characterized by a generally low input-output system, the sustainability of animal agriculture efforts need to consider indigenous knowledge system as a dominant factor in improving production. Identifying indigenous knowledge systems in animal agriculture that support women’s roles and effort as livestock owners, processors and users of livestock products while strengthening their decision-making power and capabilities, are key aspects in promoting women’s economic and social empowerment, and consequently provides a way to enable rural women to break the cycle of poverty. Women play an important role in animal agriculture through management, processing and marketing, acting as animal care providers, livestock feed gatherers, and animal birth attendants. They take care of milking of animals, although not all women control the sale of milk and its products. Raising awareness concerning the value of gendered indigenous knowledge related to the sustainable use and management of animal agriculture is crucial for alleviating food insecurity and enhancing rural development. The discussion attempts to explore the role of engendered indigenous knowledge systems as they relate to animal agriculture and their implications for improving animal agriculture and food security in Sub Saharan Africa.</text>
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                <text>SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF REVIEW</text>
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        <name>Indeginous Knowledge Systems</name>
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        <name>Smallholder animal agriculture</name>
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                <text>PERCEPTIONS OF PEOPLE WHO ARE DEAF ON SIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING AND COMMUNICATION BY HEARING PEOPLE: HARARE URBAN, ZIMBABWE</text>
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                <text>PHILLIPA MUTSWANGA</text>
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                <text>CHRISTINE SITHOLE</text>
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                <text>The qualitative approach and the phenomenology design were employed to collect data for the study. Using in-depth interviews, observations and document analysis, the study explored the perceptions of ten people with profound Deafness on the teaching and use of the Zimbabwean Sign Language (ZSL) in Zimbabwe by hearing people. Purposive sampling was employed to select the participants for the study from the population of people who are Deaf in the streets of Harare urban. Two directors, one from the umbrella board of people with disabilities, the National Association for Societies and Care of the Handicapped (NASCOH) and the other director was from Zimbabwe National Association of the deaf (ZIMNAD), both are described as Disabled People Organisations (DPOs) in this study, they were automatically selected to participant in the study. Interest and profound Deafness were used as criteria for the sample selection. In Zimbabwe, use of SL in day- to- day communication and learning did not have a legal status until March 2013. The current acceptance of SL as one of the 16th languages in the 2013 constitution, though awaiting domestication, triggered this study. The study revealed that hearing people were influencing the type of SL the people who are Deaf should learn. The study declared people who are Deaf as the experts to the SL that should be taught or used in Zimbabwe. The study aims to place Zimbabwe amongst global competitors on issues of Deaf education.</text>
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                <text>GREENER JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING STUDIES</text>
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                <text>SPEECHREADING EXPERIENCES OF CHILDREN WHO ARE D/DEAF: A CASE OF HARARE URBAN, ZIMBABWE</text>
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                <text>The study explored the speechreading experiences of five people who are deaf and five, hard of hearing born to hearing parents. Speechreading is often used synonymously with the term lipreading though both have similarities and differences. Speechreading is more than lipreading. It is the ability to perceive speech by watching movement of speaker’s mouth and other visible cues such as facial expressions, gestures and message context. This study was driven by the encounters the researcher had with people who were deaf or hard of hearing born to hearing parents. The people complained that their hearing parents blocked them from learning Sign Language, as their first language and forced them to speechread only. Besides, debates and controversies over whether speechreading was an effective skill for communication and learning for people who are deaf or hard of hearing were other factors. A qualitative approach, which applied a case study design, was employed to carry out the study. In-depth interviews, observations and related literature reviews were used to collect data. The study was guided by the bilingual deaf education framework. Collected data was analysed and coded into patterns and themes deduced from the responses. The results of the study showed that, most hearing parents including educationists and siblings forced children who are deaf or hard of hearing to interpret all spoken correspondences and learning through speechreading. Thus, by forcing them to function as hearing people they made them sacrifice their integrity. The actions were concluded to be out of ignorance, thus, the study recommended mainstreaming of bilingual deaf education in Zimbabwean institutions including families. </text>
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                <text>A QUALITATIVE STUDY ON BEST PRACTICES IN TECHNOLOGY AFFORDANCES, ICT AND GOOD GOVERNANCE IN MANAGING HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN ZIMBABWE </text>
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                <text>The emergence and growth of unethical leadership in the corporate world in Zimbabwe militate against competitiveness of the nation. Governance issues of higher education institutions in Zimbabwe have affected their strategic response to new technological innovations and programmes associated with open educational resources (OERs), massive open online courses (MOOCS), e-learning and mobile learning in an increasingly networked environment. The purpose of the research was to evaluate the corporate governance issues that affect technology affordances and IT governance in an increasingly networked environment and the impact on strategic response to the new technologies in teaching and learning. The research methodology used was qualitative where focus group discussions were held with various groups involved in the management of higher education institutions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted on selected levels of university management on technology affordances, IT governance and business-IT alignment. Stratified sampling technique was used as the target population was stratified according to levels of management in higher education institutions, starting from the level of University Council going down to IT Managers and key users. The results show that there are corporate governance problems between the Vice Chancellor and Chairperson of the University Council, and the critical success factors were determined. However, all the higher education institutions involved in the study indicated the common problem of poor alignment between the business strategy and IT. Corporate governance and IT governance facilitate a conductive environment for technological progress and responsiveness to technological innovations such as e-learning.</text>
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                <text>GLOBAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL STUDIES</text>
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                <text>A RELOOK AT THE USEFULNESS OF INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS (IKS) IN COUNSELLING: A FOCUS ON VIEWS OF ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY MASTER OF SCIENCE IN COUNSELLING STUDENTS. </text>
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                <text>PHILLIPA MUTSWANGA </text>
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                <text>Using the qualitative approach, the study determined views of Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU) Master of Science in Counselling (MScC) students on the usefulness of Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) in counselling. Data was collected from purposively selected participants as follows: ZOU MScC students in training (N=10); ZOU MScC awaiting graduands (N=10) and Counselling lecturers from ZOU regional centres (N-10) and two focused groups of MScC students [each with 10 participants]. Findings from the focused group discussions and document analysis were used to augment the unstructured interview findings. Issues of the paradigm shift towards IKS in development, controversies on intellectual property of IKS and contributions of IKS to knowledge development were the main thrust behind this study. Data was descriptively analysed and coded according to emerging themes and patterns. Narrative accounts of analysed documents supported the findings and where possible critical analyses on raised issues were made. Results revealed that, ZOU’s Open Distance Learning (ODL) delivery mode was the best tool to disseminate IKS. The study participants found their learning material better IKS biased than at undergraduate programme. That meant that, there was need to relook at the undergraduate programme to make it IKS conversant. The study recommended that, IKS be ingrained into all study matters for sustainable developments in Zimbabweans’ livelihoods and it further suggested that, through IK one tended to understand the self better as an African. That was further proposed to be supported by marked IKS days where people from diversified institutions showcased how their systems embraced IKS.</text>
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                <text>THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES INVENTION </text>
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                  <text>Theses, Dissertations &amp; Projects</text>
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                <text>LEADERSHIP THEORIES: AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE APPLICATION OF LEADERSHIP THEORIES AMONG CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF ZIMBABWE STOCK EXCHANGE LISTED COMPANIES</text>
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                <text>DOUGLAS ZIMBANGO</text>
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                <text>Leadership in Africa is under-researched while academic investigation into leadership has been much more rigorous, in terms of trends, in America and Europe. In Africa, there is sparse empirical research on leadership in business organizations. This study contributes towards closing the gap through investigating the application of leadership theories by Chief Executive Officers of Zimbabwe Stock Exchange listed companies. While the theoretical propositions and frameworks have been largely influenced by empirical studies within the Western World, emerging studies on African leadership and management culture show a gap that needs to be filled for Africa to move forward. This research, therefore, investigates the efficacy and relevance of some of the theories on leadership by focusing on Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) drawn from organizations listed on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange during the period 2005 to 2010. The research will also aim to analyse the leadership characteristics that help to transform a corporation into a social system. In essence, the study sought to ascertain the role of the various factors proposed in the literature as affecting leadership and how leaders act to get the best out of their subordinates through inducing an appropriate action for a particular need. The theoretical proposition posed is that leaders, through influencing an entire group, can improve the fortunes of a company. The research problem for this study is premised on the resource endowment and educational levels in Zimbabwe which do not reconcile with the level of development in the country especially when compared with Asian countries that were at the same levels of development just a few decades ago. The research methodology applied to investigate the application of theory, in this study, involved a combined approach i.e. quantitative and qualitative analysis (triangulation). Instruments used to investigate the underlying practices and characteristics of leaders in a developing country context were questionnaires, observations, case studies and oral interviews. The archival method of directing questions at a population concerning key issues was aimed at understanding the present and predicting the future. The qualitative approach informed by phenomenology was used to come up with a holistic view where emphasis was on meaning rather than frequency while the quantitative approach was used to determine frequency. This process introduced flexibility as it allowed for greater spontaneity and adaptation through the more elaborate responses by respondents and follow up questions. The study looked at the evolving theories of leadership from the Great Man and Trait theories, Behavioural Theories, Theory X and Y, the Contingency/Situational Theories and Transformational theories and investigated their application by Chief Executive Officers of Zimbabwe Stock Exchange listed companies between the period 2005 to 2010. The findings from this research support calls against the blanket implementation of universal models of leadership and leadership development, as well as approaches that break culture down into a series of discrete dimensions. They call for the facilitation of a more constructionist approach to the surfacing of Afro-centric knowledge about leadership and management. The study concluded that while some Western World principles, with regards to work and leadership, do not work in an African set up, it is agreed that the underlying theories on leadership are applicable universally but their universal and uncritical acceptance without regard to culture and the peculiarities of the operating environment does not work. The study calls for a pragmatic adaptation of the theories for application in Zimbabwe. Finally, the study recommends further and deeper studies with specific interest on African and Zimbabwean cultural and environmental idiosyncrasies.&#13;
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                <text>ZIMBABWE’S E-GOVERNMENT READINESS AND ADOPTION OF CLOUD-BASED RECORDS MANAGEMENT IN THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION</text>
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                <text>SHEPARD MUTSAU </text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe is one of the developing countries striving to reach a middle economy status by year 2030. In its bid to achieve this vision, it has adopted an electronic government strategy (e-government strategy) &#13;
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                <text>The paper analyses Zimbabwe’s Fast Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP) as a social policy instrument. Mupfurudzi Farm in Shamva district was used as a case study. Five tasks of the Transformative Social Policy Framework (TSPF) were analysed in a single study. These are production, protection, social reproduction, redistribution and social cohesion/nation building. Analysing and improving the transformative role of the land and agrarian reforms in Zimbabwe is the aim of the study. The study shows that prime land is a key social, economic and political resource whose ownership and use improves the wellbeing of the beneficiaries. However, the study also points to various hurdles to greater transformation. These could be managed through stakeholder networking and collaboration on capacity building and farm management skills, input schemes and loans, infrastructural development, security of tenure and state-facilitated markets. Key words and phrases: transformation, development, social policy, land reform and agrarian reform.</text>
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                <text>This descriptive survey was conducted to establish the quality of service offered by the ZOU staff at the regional centres. A total of 325 respondents drawn from the ten regional centres of the Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU), responded to questionnaires, which had both closed and open-ended items. The study established that staff at the regional centres was generally providing appropriate quality service to the students even though they were working under difficult conditions most of the time. Front desk staff was seen as marketing ZOU very well through quality service, whilst the academic staff was considered humble, accommodating and diligent. However, poor service was noted in registration, assignment marking and communicating with students. The attitude of some ancillary and library staff was also identified as an area of improvement. This service audit was seen as a way of contributing towards the improvement of service in the ZOU and in other ODL institutions.</text>
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                <text>In the broader field of Public administration, one of the integral elements of public accountability&#13;
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                <text>This paper was on students’ attitudes towards Open Educational Resources (OERs) on selected&#13;
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                <text>ACHIEVING SOCIO –ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION&#13;
FOR WOMEN THROUGH ODL IN ZIMBABWE .A CASE&#13;
OF GWANDA DISTRICT</text>
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                <text>Globally there is concern for women empowerment and access to education. In developing countries such as Zimbabwe, of the 17%&#13;
who are illiterate, 2/3 of them are women who are marginalized, hence most have little or no access to education especially tertiary&#13;
education. Open and Distance learning has been seen as the panacea to address this imbalance since social realities limit the&#13;
opportunities for women to take up full time study programmes. In Zimbabwe, the Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU), with its spread&#13;
to all regional compasses has been viewed as a realistic opportunity to enable the women to access university education. ZOU offers&#13;
degree programmes in the fields of Science and Technology, Business Management and Law, Humanities and Social Sciences and&#13;
Health Sciences. Based on the assumption that women have embraced the Open and Distance Learning (ODL) mode which suits&#13;
students who fulfill other commitments such as work and family, this study sought to assess the socio- economic transformation that&#13;
ODL, through ZOU has had on women in Zimbabwe in general and Gwanda district in particular. The study was carried out in&#13;
Gwanda District of Matabeleland South region in 2016, and used the qualitative approach. Purposive sampling was used to select the&#13;
participants. Data were collected through interviews. The study found that women have benefited from ODL programmes since they&#13;
now occupy influential positions at work and earn enhanced salaries. Their employment prospects have been enhanced by ODL&#13;
qualifications. Women have gained confidence to participate in workshops, meetings &amp;conferences. The study recommends that the&#13;
government of Zimbabwe subsidises ODL programmes to increase the number of women in such programmes and more Campaigns&#13;
be undertaken on the benefits of ODL to women</text>
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                <text>Global Journal of Advanced Research</text>
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                <text>AN ASSESSMENT OF FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO&#13;
HIGH SECONDARY SCHOOL PUPILS DROPOUT RATES&#13;
IN ZIMBABWE. A CASE STUDY OF BULILIMA DISTRICT</text>
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                <text>SIKULILE MOYO</text>
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                <text> DINGINDAWO NCUBE</text>
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                <text>MUSA KHUPE</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>The study sought to assess factors contributing to high secondary school pupils dropouts in Bulilima District in Zimbabwe. Bulilima&#13;
District has for a long time been experiencing high dropout rates amongst secondary school pupils due to a number of factors which&#13;
needed exploration in order solve the problem. The study used a case study design and a qualitative method with individual and group&#13;
interviews (focus group discussions) as data collection techniques. The study participants included teachers, heads of schools and&#13;
members of the community who included both adults and the youths, selected through the purposive convenience sampling technique.&#13;
The study was anchored on the human capital theory which advocates for investing in human capital through education that in turn is&#13;
expected to stimulate socio-economic development of a country. The findings are absentee parents, financial hardships, hunger and&#13;
poverty, home school distance, teenage pregnancies and peer pressure .The study recommends that the government of Zimbabwe&#13;
subsidises examination fees, implements ‘free primary education for all’ in line with the constitution of Zimbabwe. Furthermore the&#13;
government of Zimbabwe in collaboration with key stakeholders builds more secondary schools in Bulilima district. Finally more&#13;
research be done on the problem of secondary school pupils drop out in order to bring more insight on this problem bedeviling&#13;
Bulilima district.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="298">
                <text>Global Journal of Advanced Research</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2016</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>TECHNOLOGY AFFORDANCES AND DIFFUSION FOR MOBILE CONNECTIVITY&#13;
AND APPLICATIONS IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text> PROF. GABRIEL  KABANDA</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>The technology acceptance model (TAM)&#13;
proposes that perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness&#13;
predict applications usage. Affordances are the interactions&#13;
between users and tool, i.e. properties of the world that are&#13;
compatible with and relevant for people’s interactions.&#13;
Affordance offers a distinctive perspective on the use of ICT&#13;
in education because of its focus on possibilities for action.&#13;
The paper assesses the value-adding contribution of the&#13;
concept of affordances, ascertains how its application provides&#13;
new insights and enables innovation of mobile technology, and&#13;
investigates how the notion of affordances can be used to&#13;
assess the diffusion and explore possible applications of&#13;
mobile technology into Zimbabwe. The main hypothesis being&#13;
tested was: “Technology affordances are related to the diffusion&#13;
of mobile technology in Zimbabwe”. Examples of mobile phone&#13;
applications used include WhatsApp, games and Ecocash, and&#13;
potential applications to mobile learning.&#13;
The quantitative methodology was used as the research&#13;
paradigm and a survey conducted on 15 selected Zimbabwean&#13;
schools to evaluate the application of TAM to mobile&#13;
technology and e-learning. Data on infodensity on 18&#13;
countries in Eastern and Southern Africa was analysed to&#13;
assess the relative progress on mobile technology diffusion in&#13;
Zimbabwe in comparison with other neighbouring countries&#13;
for the period 2000 to 2012. The FRAME model for mobile&#13;
learning is adopted as a framework for implementation to&#13;
manage the process resulting from the convergence of mobile&#13;
technologies, human learning capacities and social interaction.&#13;
TAM was partially supported, and the results showed that&#13;
perceived usefulness is more important in determining&#13;
intention to use the technology than attitude toward using.&#13;
However, the high cost of internet bandwidth is a major&#13;
prohibitive factor to the diffusion of mobile technology and e-&#13;
learning in Zimbabwe</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="317">
                <text>International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2014</text>
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        <name>connectivity</name>
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        <name>CTs</name>
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        <name>e-learning</name>
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        <name>mobile learning</name>
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        <name>MOOCS</name>
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        <name>TAM</name>
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        <name>Technology affordances</name>
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                <text>URBAN AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY: A CASE&#13;
STUDY OF OLD PUMULA SUBURB OF BULAWAYO IN&#13;
ZIMBABWE</text>
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                <text>DINGINDAWO NCUBE </text>
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                <text>NOMAGUGU NCUBE </text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>This study is an investigation on how urban agriculture enhances food security in Old Pumula suburb of Bulawayo. The study sought&#13;
to establish the nature and extent of urban agriculture in Old Pumula identify challenges faced by urban farmers and suggest&#13;
recommendations for improved urban agriculture. A descriptive survey research design was used and the mixed method used for data&#13;
collection and analysis. Data were collected through the questionnaire for Old Pumula residents (respondents) and through an&#13;
interview with the Agricultural Research and Extension (AREX) officer. The results of the study confirm that urban agriculture&#13;
contributes significantly to food security in Old Pumula. The research also revealed that urban farmers are faced with severe land&#13;
shortage and are restricted by by-laws from free practise of urban agriculture. The study recommended that government could amend&#13;
its by-laws and include urban agriculture in urban land use zones. It also recommended that government should avail more land for&#13;
urban agriculture.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="312">
                <text>Global Journal of Advanced Research</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2016</text>
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        <name>food security</name>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Staff  Publications</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>AN IT PROJECT MANAGEMENT&#13;
FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSING&#13;
THE DYNAMISM OF CULTURE&#13;
UNDER GLOBALIZATION:&#13;
EVIDENCE FROM ZIMBABWE&#13;
</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="320">
                <text>JR SAM TAKAVARASHA</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="321">
                <text>GILFORD HAPANYENGWI,</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="322">
                <text>DONALD CHIMANIKIRE</text>
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                <text>66 International Journal of Information Technology Project Management, 4(4), 66-81, October-December 2013&#13;
Copyright © 2013, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited.&#13;
ABSTRACT&#13;
Culture has been analysed in information systems (IS) projects as one of the soft issues that cause project&#13;
failure. Increased outsourcing and collaboration call for an understanding of the dynamism of cultures in the&#13;
wake of global influences as a first step towards managing cross cultural Information Technology (IT) proj-&#13;
ects. In this study, the authors propose a way of assessing cultural dynamics in the context of trans-national&#13;
collaboration in IT projects. Using a mixed methods approach consisting of survey and semi-structured&#13;
interviews for collecting evidence in Zimbabwe, a framework for assessing the current state of communalist&#13;
culture is proposed. The study showed that in spite of the inroads of Westernization and Commercialization,&#13;
a culture of sharing prevails although it is affected by sensitivity to cost burden and inroads of individualism</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="324">
                <text>International Journal of Information Technology Project Management</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2013</text>
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      <tag tagId="85">
        <name>Collectivism</name>
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      <tag tagId="86">
        <name>Commercialization</name>
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      <tag tagId="87">
        <name>Cultural Impact</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="88">
        <name>Information Technology (IT)</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="89">
        <name>IT Project Management</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="90">
        <name>Westernization</name>
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