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                <text>&#13;
A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF CHALLENGES OF SUSTAINABILITY&#13;
IN THE OPERATIONS OF ANGOLAN NON-GOVERNMENTAL&#13;
ORGANISATIONS (NGOs): A CASE STUDY OF ACTIVITIES OF NGOs SAVE&#13;
THE CHILDREN AND FUNDAÇÃO YME, FROM 2000 TO 2010&#13;
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                <text>FILIPE BULOLA PANGE</text>
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                <text>Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have gained an important role in development co-&#13;
operation during the last two decades. The development funding channelled through NGOs has&#13;
increased and the number of NGOs engaged in development activities, both in Africa and Asia,&#13;
has been growing. This qualitative case study set out to assess the critical challenges of&#13;
sustainability in the operations of Angolan NGO’s Social activities and the capacity building&#13;
process carried out by the NGO Save the Children and NGO Fundação YME, from 2000 to 2010&#13;
in Angola. This case study research was based on the organisation Save the Children and an&#13;
indigenous organisation, NGO Fundação YME, located and operating in Cabinda, Luanda,&#13;
Benguela, Huila and Namibe provinces of Angola. The aim was to evaluate the following major&#13;
research question: what are the underlying factors in the challenges of sustainability in the&#13;
operations of the national Angolan non-governmental organisations? The sub-questions were:&#13;
Why are foreign NGOs’ operations sustainable while local NGOs’ activities are non-sustainable?&#13;
Why does the challenge of sustainability in their operations continue to mount in indigenous&#13;
2&#13;
NGOs as shown by the non-sustainability of many NGOs in Angola? What are the mechanisms&#13;
or policies for sustainability used by successful NGOs? How do human, material and financial&#13;
factors enhance sustainable development outcomes in NGOs? What opportunities exist in&#13;
Angola for the realisation of sustainability of NGOs? To answer the above questions, a number&#13;
of qualitative methods and techniques were used to collect and analyse data. Among other&#13;
techniques that were used are:&#13;
Focus Group discussions with employees and volunteers, observations, key informant interviews&#13;
with different categories of participants depending on their roles and level of involvement in the&#13;
implementation of NGOs projects and also their experience in the implementation of donor aided&#13;
programs. These discussions were guided by different interviews scheduled with respective&#13;
participants. Conclusions drawn from the empirical study were among others, the major factors&#13;
contributing to the mounting challenges of sustainability of NGOs social activities in Angola,&#13;
were lack of effective leadership in the NGOs, poor strategic planning, poor vision and mission&#13;
statement. This research among others, recommended that there is need to provide for strategic&#13;
planning based on accurate information. Planning and managing the sustainability of NGOs&#13;
requires the availability of accurate and timely information that links together resource inputs to&#13;
NGO managerial outputs and process and appropriate indicators of the knowledge, skills, and&#13;
values acquired by the employees. Therefore, it was recommended that efforts should be made to&#13;
provide among others support reforms that focus on job training and management outcomes.</text>
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                <text>ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY </text>
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                <text>2014</text>
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        <name>non-governmental organisations</name>
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        <name>sustainable development</name>
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                <text>&#13;
BOARD DIVERSITY AND PERFORMANCE OF STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES IN TRANSPORT SERVICE SECTOR IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text>OSCAR IRIMAI TSVUURA&#13;
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                <text> OBERT SIFILE&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>NIKISI&#13;
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                <text>COLLEN KAJONGWE</text>
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                <text>The main aim of the study was to assess the effect of board diversity and performance of state-&#13;
owned enterprises (SOEs) in transport service sector in Zimbabwe. The research adopted mixed&#13;
methods approach rooted in the pragmatism paradigm. Probability sampling (simple random)&#13;
was used to determine respondents for the quantitative data while non-probability sampling&#13;
(purposive) was used to determine the participants to provide the qualitative data. The&#13;
population of the study was 30 respondents focusing on board members, senior managers and&#13;
middle managers in 8 parastatals. However, the research sample size were 28 respondents as&#13;
justified by using Krejcie and Morgan (1970) Table of sample size calculation. Both structured&#13;
questionnaires and an interview guide were used to solicit data where descriptive statistics were&#13;
used to analyse quantitative data and thematic analysis for qualitative data. The study results&#13;
showed that SOEs boards with a blend of board members of different age groups, varied gender&#13;
and diverse professional qualifications and experience allow continuity and exchange of&#13;
diverse ideas which, in turn, could result in improved organisational efficiency, hence&#13;
improved firm performance. However, from the results of the study, there exists adequate&#13;
evidence that board diversity and experience are a critical determinant of performance of SOEs&#13;
in the transport sector in Zimbabwe. Premised on the findings of this scholarship, the following&#13;
recommendations were made. Relevant line ministries should come up with a policy&#13;
framework that enforces the appointment to the board of individuals with proven relevant and&#13;
diverse experience in leading organisations at the senior level. Therefore, a key potential future&#13;
area for further research would be a replication of the study in the same sector focusing on the&#13;
impact of board policy on service delivery. This would, in turn, enhance the generalisability of&#13;
the findings to SOEs in other emerging markets that are facing the same performance&#13;
challenges linked to board composition.</text>
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                <text>2025</text>
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        <name>State-Owned Enterprises</name>
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        <name>Transport service sector</name>
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                <text>&#13;
EXPLORING THE CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED DURING THE PROCESS OF SHIFTING FROM&#13;
ODL TO ODEL IN HIGHER EDUCATION: THE CASE OF ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>NOMALANGA DHENDE </text>
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                <text>The challenges that higher education institutions face when switching from Open and Distance Learning (ODL) to Open, Distance and e-Learning (ODeL) are examined in this research. The incorporation of online learning offers educational institutions both benefits and challenges as digital technologies transform the landscape of education. Non-probability sampling (purposive) was used to determine research participants for qualitative data, while probability sampling (simple random) was used to determine respondents for quantitative data. The population of the study was 300 respondents comprising academics, administrators and students in three Matabeleland Regional Campuses of ZOU, subsequently the sample size was 100 respondents. To analyse data exploratory sequential design was used as justified by Cresswell and Clark (2018). To collect accurate data on the transition process, this study used a mixed method approach that included surveys and interviews with administrators, students and academics. Observations and focus group discussions also proved to be useful tools for data collection. Limitations in the study included technology infrastructure, faculty unpreparedness, technophobia, inappropriate pedagogical methodologies and low levels of student involvement are the main challenges which were revealed by this study. Analyses of research findings indicated that the stakeholders were fully aware of the benefits to be accrued in the successful transition from ODL to ODeL but they also faced the hitches that are inherent in the implementation strategies. The shift was found to have implications for prospective students, current students, lecturers, support staff and senior management. Based on the findings of this research the following recommendations were proffered. More work must go into the planning process, before launching changes of such magnitude, the qualifications of educators should have a strong bias towards digital literacy and institutions should possess the appropriate infrastructure and gadgets to facilitate a smooth shift from ODL to ODeL.</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe Journal of Business, Economics and Management </text>
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                <text>2025</text>
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                <text>&#13;
PESTICIDAL PROPERTIES OF CHIVE (ALLIUM SCHOENOPRASUM)AGAINST CABBAGE APHID (BREVICORYNE BRASSICAE) IN RAPE (BRASSICA NAPUS)&#13;
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                <text>SHADRECK KATURUZA, </text>
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                <text>NYEMBEZI MGOCHEKI </text>
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                <text>WISDOM KURANGWA</text>
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                <text>The cabbage aphid is of agricultural concern vectoring at least 20 viral pathogens in crucifers. The&#13;
aphids have demonstrated tolerance to a number of synthetic pesticides. Botanical pesticides are&#13;
reasonably sustainable and effective in suppressing cabbage aphid populations in crucifers hence&#13;
improved crop quality and yield per hectare. An experiment was run to test the efficacy of various&#13;
concentrations of a botanical pesticide derived from chive (Alliumschoneoprasum&#13;
in controlling cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) in rape. The experiment was laid out in a&#13;
Complete randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and four replicates as follows; 12g chive&#13;
extract, 8g chive extract, 4g chive extract and 0g control (water spray). Analysis&#13;
separate mean mortality was done using Gens tat version 18 and least significant difference at 0.05&#13;
probability level was used to separate means. SPSS version 20 was used in estimating LC&#13;
excel was used in calculating the regression equation. Significant differences (p&lt;0.05) were observed&#13;
throughout the trial, where highest mortality rates were observed in 12g chive extract (94.5%) and&#13;
lowest mortality in control (12.2%) was observed. Pesticide concentration atLC&#13;
was estimated as a concentration of 7g/l. There were no observed signs of phytotoxicity even though&#13;
other studies have shown that chances are high when the dose is increased. The experiments revealed&#13;
that chive leaf extracts had pesticidal effects hence can be used to effectively control cabbage aphid in&#13;
rape by smallholder vegetable producers.&#13;
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              <elementText elementTextId="953">
                <text>International Journal of Current Research</text>
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                <text>2019</text>
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        <name>Botanical pesticides</name>
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        <name>LC50</name>
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        <name>Mortality</name>
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        <name>Phytotoxicity</name>
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                <text>&#13;
THE EFFECT OF HERBICIDES ON RESIDUAL EFFECTS OF&#13;
ATRAZINE UNDER CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE&#13;
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                <text>MUTSVANDIANI CHIKUTUMA&#13;
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                <text>LOVEJOY TEMBO&#13;
&#13;
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                <text> WISDOM KURANGWA </text>
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                <text>An experiment was set up to evaluate the residual effect of atrazine in cowpea production under conservation&#13;
agriculture. The trial was superimposed on a previous herbicide trial of a maize crop in 2012/2013 season. The&#13;
experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replicates and four treatments as follows;&#13;
1. control (manual weeding), 2. Atrazine (3.6 litres/ha), 3. Atrazine (3.6 litres/ha) + glyphosate (2.5 litres/ha) and 4.&#13;
Atrazine (3.6 litres/ha) + glyphosate (2.5 litres/ha) + metolachlor (1 litre/ha). Herbicide treatment was carried out at&#13;
planting time and manual weeding at 10 cm weed height. Data collected include: germination percentage, weed&#13;
counts and weed biomass, cowpea biomass, pod length and cowpea yield. The herbicidal treatments showed a&#13;
significant effect (p&lt;0.05) on pod length and cowpea yield. The control plot had the highest pod length of 17.03cm&#13;
and atrazine alone had the least of 15.77cm. A combination of three herbicides had the highest yield of 1.2t/ha and&#13;
atrazine alone had the lowest yield of 0.9t/ha. No significant (p&gt;0.05) effects were recorded on percentage&#13;
germination, weed counts and weed biomass as well as on cowpea biomass. Tank mixing of two or more herbicides&#13;
is recommended when using atrazine to reduce residual effect and further research is recommended under different&#13;
soil types with different climatic conditions</text>
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                <text>Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences</text>
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        <name>atrazine</name>
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        <name>Conservation agriculture</name>
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        <name>cowpea</name>
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                <text>&#13;
THE FUTURE OF ODEL: EVALUATING THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN ENHANCING PERSONALISED LEARNING EXPERIENCES IN HIGHER EDUCATION. THE CASE OF ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>ROSEWITHA MBIRIYAKURA (</text>
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                <text> RITTAH KASOWE</text>
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                <text>The rapid evolution of technology has significantly influenced Open and Distance e-Learning (ODeL), paving the way for personalised learning experiences in higher education. This study investigates the integration of advanced technologies, such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), adaptive learning systems and intelligent tutoring platforms into ODeL frameworks to enhance individualised learning pathways. By analysing current literature and case studies, the research&#13;
identifies how these technologies contribute to improved student engagement, academic performance and retention rates. Data generated for the study included interview guide, open- ended questionnaire and focus group discussions. Document analysis was also used to complement the other methods. A purposive sampling technique was used to select participants for qualitative data. A total of 21 participants were selected with 12 students (undergraduate&#13;
and postgraduate), six academic staff members and three e-learning administrators. Findings indicated that personalised technology-enhanced learning environments foster greater learner autonomy, motivation and satisfaction. However, challenges such as digital literacy gaps, infrastructure limitations and the need for faculty training are also highlighted. The research underscores the importance of strategic implementation of personalised learning technologies in ODeL settings. It recommends institutional policies that support technological infrastructure development, continuous professional development for educators and the adoption of learner-&#13;
centric pedagogical models. By addressing these areas, higher education institutions could effectively leverage technology to create more inclusive and effective personalised learning&#13;
experiences, aligning with the future trajectory of ODeL&#13;
</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2954">
                <text>International Journal of Education</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2026</text>
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        <name>adaptive learning systems</name>
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        <name>intelligent tutoring platforms</name>
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        <name>learner centric advanced technologies</name>
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        <name>personalised learning</name>
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                <text> AN INVESTIGATION INTO FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH&#13;
TAX EVASION IN THE ZIMBABWE INFORMAL SECTOR: A&#13;
SURVEY OF MBARE MAGABA INFORMAL TRADERS&#13;
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                <text>&#13;
CUTHBERT MASARIRAMBI</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>African nations are taking the route of small to medium enterprises (MSMEs) and&#13;
the contribution of micro enterprises to national development can no longer be&#13;
ignored or taken for granted. The contribution of SMEs to national budgets has&#13;
been curtailed by the phenomenon of tax evasion, yet little is known about factors&#13;
associated with this phenomenon. This study was an investigation into factors&#13;
associated with tax evasion in the Zimbabwe informal sector and it was a survey of&#13;
Mbare Magaba Informal Traders. The study was carried out from November 2011&#13;
to October 2013 and a systematic sample of 150 informal traders working in&#13;
makeshift shelters at Mbare Magaba was selected. Questionnaires were used to&#13;
collect data and the methodology of the study was quantitative as it employed the&#13;
survey research design</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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                <text>ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY </text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2013</text>
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        <name>Business management</name>
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        <name>small to medium scale enterprises</name>
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                <text>‘SETTING THE RECORD STRAIGHT’ – DISAMBIGUATING ‘METAPHYSICS’ ‘AFRICAN METAPHYSICS’, &#13;
‘AFRICA-CENTRED METAPHYSICS’, ‘TRADITIONAL” METAPHYSICS’ AND ‘MODERN METAPHYSICS’&#13;
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                <text>Dr AUGUSTINE M TIRIVANGANA</text>
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                <text>So much mystery and confusion have surrounded the metaphysics branch of philosophy since the very coinage of the term “metaphysics”. In fact advances in research in the domain of metaphysics have not made the conceptualisation any easier; if anything they have contributed more confusion to the already confusion-suffused term, making it murkier with each new finding. Categories of metaphysics continue to emerge with each contribution from different quarters of the Universe as various philosophers dialogue and continue to dialogue with experience and already existing corpus on metaphysics. This paper aims to contribute, in part, to the disambiguation of such terms as ‘metaphysics’ itself, ‘African metaphysics’, ‘Africa-centred metaphysics’, ‘traditional metaphysics’, and ‘modern metaphysics’. The prime purpose is not to deconstruct but to reconstruct. However, in the process of unpacking reconstruction may actually become deconstruction, if not destruction. Of particular interest will be the disambiguation, deconstruction and reconstruction of such terms as ‘chivanhu’, ‘chibhoyi’, ‘chikaranga’, etc. Metaphysics shall be understood basically as one vast ocean of the laws of Mother Nature and the operation of such esoteric laws of the Universe. Questions of passwords to these universal laws, the esoteric codes through which such esoteric knowledge can be accessed and harnessed to transform or influence events (e.g. by n’angas, varoyi, vabereki, etc) will be discussed. Such knowledge helps one to experience godliness but never in its totality (mortal man being that finite), hence finiteness/limitedness of mankind’s’ metaphysical capability. Finally questions about the nature of vibrational frequencies and about God as the Ultimate/infinite metaphysical force (not human being) will wrap up the discussion. Indeed, the fact of such a force as neither good nor bad will emphasized.</text>
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                <text>“THE EFFECTIVENESS’ OF TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN SERVICE&#13;
QUALITY OF MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND CHILD CARE”&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>GORE SEKAI NOREEN&#13;
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                <text>SITHOLE KUDAKWASHE&#13;
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                <text>GONDO KUDZANAYI</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Causes of child death were identified; strategies and policies were put in place to help minimize child&#13;
death. The challenge is that the service quality is being ignored which is leading to more child deaths. . The&#13;
research sought to address the gap caused by lack of quality service in Prevention of Mother to Child&#13;
Transmission ( PMTCT). The study survey was restricted to 14 health institutions in Chikomba District. The&#13;
health institutions have 217 staff who could participate. According to PMTCT Service statistics 3rd quarter 2012&#13;
for Chikomba District the beneficiaries totaled 1185. Four Chiefs in the District and two relevant stakeholders&#13;
District Aids Coordinator (DAAC) Focal Officer and PMTCT Coordinator Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric Aids&#13;
Foundation (EGPAF) were also part of the target population. All these added would give a total target&#13;
population of 1407. The sample size comprised of 98(45%) participants from the 14 health institutions, 532&#13;
beneficiaries , 2 stakeholders and 4 Chiefs . 28 questionnaires were distributed to management, 70 to employees&#13;
and 2 to (DAAC) and ( EGPAF) representatives. Focus group discussions were carried out on 532 beneficiaries&#13;
and 4 community leadership. Interviews were done with 14 senior manager, 4 community leaders and 2&#13;
stakeholder representatives. We found out that there are eight practices that support total quality management&#13;
(TQM) positively; these are top-management commitment, teamwork and participation, process management,&#13;
customer focus and satisfaction, resource management, organization behavior and culture, continuous&#13;
improvement, and training. In conclusion we found out that for successful TQM implementation employee&#13;
involvement, senior management commitment, training and also taking into account the needs of external and&#13;
internal customers is very important. There is need to carry out further research on this area so that relevant&#13;
frameworks are built</text>
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                <text>IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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                <text>© ESARBICA ISSN 2220-6442 | ESARBICA JOURNAL, VOL. 40, 2021&#13;
CREATION AND STORAGE OF RECORDS IN THE CLOUD BY ZIMBABWE&#13;
OPEN UNIVERSITY&#13;
&#13;
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                <text> GODFREY TSVUURA</text>
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                <text>KUDZAI D MBAWUYA&#13;
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                <text>PATRICK NGULUBE</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1628">
                <text>This study investigated the challenges and prospects of creating and storing records in&#13;
the cloud by Zimbabwe Open University in Zimbabwe. Like other universities in&#13;
Zimbabwe, the university adopted Education 5.0 advocated by the government in&#13;
2019. Consequently, the university came up with innovation hubs and industrial parks&#13;
that became centres for records creation. Keeping all records in the computer without&#13;
appropriate backups and servers has consequences such as losing vital records.&#13;
Organisations around the world use cloud computing increasingly to address records&#13;
storage and disposal. Adoption of cloud computing services carries with it cost&#13;
implications, and legal and ownership challenges as the virtualised environments are&#13;
hosted and managed by third parties. The objective of this study was to examine the&#13;
management, operational, legal and technical issues surrounding the storage of&#13;
records in the cloud, and the implications for their trustworthiness and authenticity.&#13;
The study adopted a qualitative research design and drew data from interviews with&#13;
key participants. Qualitative data were organised into broad themes and the content&#13;
reported in narrative form. The study found that Zimbabwe Open University is not&#13;
using cloud computing services effectively and is in the trial phase of cloud&#13;
computing. It further found that there was a lack of collaboration between the&#13;
information and communication technology and the records management units as the&#13;
university decided to move to the cloud on a full-scale basis. The study recommends&#13;
that the university should first address the management, operational, legal and&#13;
technical issues surrounding the storage of records in the cloud before implementing&#13;
the complete use of the cloud. The study deepens the understanding of cloud&#13;
computing in the management of records at the university, and other state universities&#13;
in Zimbabwe can use this study to deal with the management of records in the cloud.</text>
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&#13;
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                <text>The study sought to make a systematic and critical comparative analysis of the distribution of land&#13;
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to establish if there was any discrimination against women using a gender approach (or analysis). In&#13;
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evaluation on whether these rights were differentiated and distributed on the basis of sex. The study&#13;
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women were considered a marginalised social group in land ownership although slightly better&#13;
conditions were observed in Latin America. A majority of the studies blamed customary, religious&#13;
and statutory laws but failed to estimate the relative importance of these variables in explaining the&#13;
gendered pattern of land distribution. Women’s lower access to land in the three regions increased&#13;
women’s economic dependency on men and consequently made them more vulnerable to socio-&#13;
economic and environmental shocks</text>
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                <text>A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY OF ZIMBABWE’S PUBLIC&#13;
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STRATEGIES&#13;
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                <text>This study sought to find out staff retention strategies in selected Zimbabwe’s two public and&#13;
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sampling and four Retained and seven Returnee lecturers who were selected using criterion&#13;
sampling participated in the thesis’ multiple case study. The research instruments were the ‘self’,&#13;
open-ended interviews, observation and documentary analysis. The interview data were analysed&#13;
using NVivo data analysis software, while the observation and documentary data were analysed&#13;
using the traditional thematic content analysis. With regards to staff retention’s strategies&#13;
obtaining in Zimbabwe’s public and private universities, both sets of universities were found to&#13;
have some conditions of service which served as part of the staff retention strategies. Chief&#13;
among such conditions of service were provision of opportunities for research, staff development&#13;
leave, contact, sabbatical and study leave. Regarding differences in staff retention strategies,&#13;
public and private universities had different sources of income. The effectiveness of staff&#13;
retention strategies in both kinds of universities was undermined by lack of funds, which was the&#13;
greatest staff retention challenge in the studied universities. The effectiveness of particular staff&#13;
retention strategies such as salaries, allowances, tuition waiver, staff development, as well as&#13;
research and career opportunities was of varying degrees in the studied public and private&#13;
universities. The study revealed that various mechanisms such as staff appraisal, departmental&#13;
discussions and monitoring candidates undertaking their Doctor of Philosophy Degree studies&#13;
among other mechanisms have been used by public and private universities to monitor staff&#13;
retention strategies. Public and private university lecturers were not involved in the formulation&#13;
and monitoring of staff retention strategies</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe Open University </text>
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                <text>A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE MAIZE WAREHOUSING STRATEGIES ADOPTED IN ZIMBABWE, USA, BANGLADESH, ETHIOPIA, AND NIGERIA TO REDUCE MAIZE POST- HARVEST STORAGE LOSSES</text>
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                <text>DR EDDINE EDSON MUDYAZHEZHA</text>
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                <text>PROF ROBERT MUSUNDIRE</text>
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                <text>The focus of this paper was to examine the warehousing strategies adopted in Zimbabwe to&#13;
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States of America (USA), Bangladesh, Nigeria, and Ethiopia. The aim was to draw valuable&#13;
lessons for Zimbabwe to reduce maize post-harvest storage losses and ensure food security.&#13;
Despite many schemes which have resulted in significant increase in maize productivity, the&#13;
problem of food shortages especially for maize has persisted continually in Zimbabwe. Primary&#13;
data was collected from 36 Grain Marketing Board of Zimbabwe (GMB) managers,&#13;
Supervisors, and employees in all its ‘Class 1’ depots, Zimbabwe, the Ministry of Lands,&#13;
Agriculture, Fisheries, Water, and Rural Development (MLAFWRD) and agricultural experts&#13;
through in-depth interviews. Quota, purposive and snowball sampling methods were used to&#13;
select the study participants. The study revealed that there was a huge difference in the maize&#13;
warehousing strategies used in the USA, Bangladesh, Nigeria and Ethiopia and the strategies&#13;
used in Zimbabwe in terms the responsibility for grain storage, grain storage methods, in-&#13;
storage grain monitoring, grain post-harvest services, post-harvest grain storage training. The&#13;
study concluded that Zimbabwe really needs to invest in maize warehousing in order to reduce&#13;
post-harvest storage losses. The study recommended the participation of the private sector in&#13;
maize storage in Zimbabwe, investment in hermetic storage, provision of maize drying services&#13;
at all Grain Marketing Board depots, training of all maize handlers in Zimbabwe on effective&#13;
maize storage practices and the establishment of post-harvest retail shops in all the 10 provinces&#13;
in Zimbabwe</text>
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                <text>A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF COUNSELLING PRINCIPLES THAT TEACHERS COULD USE AS TEACHING METHODS TO RESOLVE INTRA-PERSONAL CONFLICT OF LEARNERS WITH DISABILITIES IN ZIMBABWE</text>
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                <text>NORMAN CHIVASA</text>
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                <text>Using authors’ experiences and related literature, this opinion-based paper analysed and justified how counselling principles could be used to resolve the intra-personal conflicts and issues of learners with disabilities both as agents of change and teaching tools. Counselling is a helping mechanism which has existed in different institutions for a long time. This concept assists people to cope with life circumstances such as intra-personal conflicts and educational issues. As observed by the authors, teachers and schools have realised that students spend more time at schools than with their parents, thus, most of their life issues which occasionally manifests in the form of intra-personal conflicts are more felt by schools than their homes. Though the paper acknowledges all that, it is also aware that some learners bring issues and concerns from their homes which may impact on their learning in various ways. Thus, counselling may be institutionalised. This awareness has made schools take over the task of providing psychological support to all learners. In the past schools have generally concentrated on teaching leaving counselling issues to counsellors within or outside their schools but a shift in thinking and consideration is developing. This paper persuades teachers to play the dual teacher/counsellor role so as promote prompt learning, coping with life situations where feedback is a reality and matches with the learners’ immediate focus. At the same time referrals to specialists should be afforded when necessary or when need-be.</text>
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                <text>INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES SOCIAL SCIENCES AND EDUCATION</text>
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                <text>A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF EXPERIENCES OF STREET VENDORS IN HARARE URBAN: A CASE OF FEMALES WHO ARE DEAF</text>
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                <text>DAVID CHAKUCHICHI</text>
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                <text>The presence of both male and female street vendors with hearing impairment on the city of Harare streets particularly young mothers gave impetus to this study. The study focused on identification of causes, effects and remedies to the issue of workplace child rearing by mothers with hearing impairment. Using the qualitative research paradigm the research employed the ethnographic design to collect data. Snowballing was used to select deaf participants who had vending experience of two years and above. The researchers were the main instruments using observations, narratives and in-depth interviews to collect information. Using six accounts of narratives and extensive in-depth interviews with six female street vendors with hearing impairment in the city of Harare, this study explored how their workplace child rearing practices impacted on the livelihoods of their children. The study identified unemployment and low education level as key prompters driving females with hearing impairment into vending for survival. Vending influenced the way most females who are deaf managed their children’s upbringing. The study noted with concern that, although vending promoted self sustainance and empowerment it had its own challenges such as, exposure to abuse and other negative street experiences. The family systems theory and the ubuntu philosophy formed the platform for this study. The findings from the study revealed a high need for the City Council of Harare to create decent authorised vending systems and how to mitigate challenges of street life. Increase in street toilets was highlighted as essential for both the vendors and their customers and the public in general. Revealed experiences from the study were expected to influence social policy on child rearing practices for parents with disabilities and the quality of parenting in line with the children’s rights.</text>
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                <text>A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF FACTORS HINDERING A- LEVEL STUDENTS&#13;
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                <text>The study sought to investigate factors hindering increased access to higher education in&#13;
Zimbabwe. The study was prompted by the increased number of A-level graduates who are&#13;
failing to get the opportunity to university education yet higher education is the driver to&#13;
knowledge creation, knowledge generation and innovation. The study employed the&#13;
qualitative methodology informed by the interpretive philosophy. The case study design was&#13;
employed in this study. Purposive sampling was employed to select information rich cases&#13;
who in this case are A-level students who were pursuing teacher training in colleges and dean&#13;
of students of colleges and universities. Open-ended questionnaires, semi-structured&#13;
interviews focus groups and document analysis were the data generation tools. For data&#13;
presentation and analysis, the constant comparative method was employed and themes were&#13;
generated. The major findings of the study were that high achieving students are training as&#13;
teachers yet they have points that qualify them to go to university. Policy issues, economic&#13;
challenges, culture, gender and discrimination emerged as issues hindering potential students’&#13;
access to university education. The study concluded that there are barriers hindering&#13;
Advanced-Level high achieving students’ access to university. In view of the conclusions&#13;
above, the study recommends that educational policy on access to universities, be interpreted&#13;
and implemented holistically. It is further recommended that the government avail funds and&#13;
resource materials towards access to university and more information on access be&#13;
disseminated to schools through, radios, newspapers and workshops. From the findings an&#13;
emergent model has been crafted to illuminate haze ideas on how to increase access to&#13;
university education in Zimbabwe</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe Open University </text>
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                <text>A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE POTENTIAL FOR CEREAL&#13;
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                <text>The study addressed the challenges of low cereal production in the Central Region of&#13;
Mozambique. There is a persistent low level cereal production as evidenced by acute hunger&#13;
prevailing in the region, despite the condusive environment, example favourable climatic&#13;
conditions and good fertile soil for cereal production in this region.&#13;
The study sought to close the knowledge gap left by the scarcity of research in this area. More&#13;
specifically, this study investigated the main causative factors for the low production of cereals&#13;
in this part of the country. The study utilized the qualitative research paradigm, and multiple&#13;
technical methods were used in the investigation including interviews, field observation,&#13;
document review, questionnaires and group discussion as the main method of data collection.&#13;
Data were analysed and categorized for common themes and patterns. The central theme of the&#13;
analysis highlights the overall cereal production of the central region of Mozambique in relation&#13;
to the other regions. The findings revealed that cereal production in the central region of&#13;
Mozambique is very low due to a number of different interrelated number of factors, among&#13;
others lack of new or modern farming techniques such as irrigation, use of high yielding varieties&#13;
of seeds and utilization of mechanical power for cultivation of cereals on a large scale.&#13;
The concluding discussion addresses the implications for improving training approaches to&#13;
farmers, to help them develop valid and coherent personal-practical theories that match with&#13;
production reality. It also concludes that grain production in the central region of Mozambique is&#13;
low due to lack of new technologies, lack of quality seed, lack of funding for this sector by&#13;
government and gross under utilization of natural resources as most of the work is done&#13;
manually hence low grain production.&#13;
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                <text>A FRAMEWORK FOR THE DIGITISATION OF RECORDS AND ARCHIVES&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>This research study investigates the digitisation of records and archives at two selected state&#13;
universities in Zimbabwe, namely, Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU) and Harare Institute of&#13;
Technology (HIT). The two state universities have embarked on digitisation of their records and&#13;
archives resources in line with new technological trends of carrying out business online in both&#13;
teaching and administration. Mukred et al. (2019), and Mukred and Yusof (2018) stated that digital&#13;
technology in the educational sector can play a positive role in building on traditional learning&#13;
and teaching methods, enabling students to have easy access to the information they need and&#13;
leveraging academic achievements. However, Ambira, Kemoni and Ngulube (2019) observed that&#13;
digitisation, in most cases, is disjointed and uncoordinated, with each section adopting its strategy&#13;
and approach. Such practices negate the collective principle and responsibility of working jointly&#13;
towards delivering goods and services to stakeholders (Ambira et al. 2019).&#13;
The objective of this study was to determine whether the state universities were using a model or&#13;
framework for managing the digital records and archives, as digitisation of records and archives&#13;
must be a well-planned project with adequate resources and framework of operation (Tsvuura &amp;&#13;
Ngulube 2020). Another objective was to identify the gaps that exist in the digitisation of records and&#13;
archives in the two selected state universities and recommend ways of filling those gaps, if they exist</text>
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                <text>South African Journal of Information Management</text>
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                <text>A FRAMEWORK OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE SYSTEMS FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF&#13;
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&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>MARIMA NERIA</text>
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                <text>Poor governance practices have remained entrenched in both the public and private sectors despite the adoption of various legal frameworks and institutional measures aimed at promoting corporate governance practices. A close analysis of the focus of many studies conducted to date on corporate governance, reveal the existence of a gap in the search for an institutional framework of corporate governance systems for the state-owned enterprises in Zimbabwe. Poor governance has continued to haunt SOEs leading to poor service delivery. Therefore, this study using qualitative content analysis sought to develop an institutional framework of corporate governance systems for the performance of state-owned enterprises in Zimbabwe. Evidence from the study indicates that poor corporate governance in SOEs has been driven by such factors as political interference, lack of political will, poor rules and regulation in the running of SOEs among a host of other challenges. Basically, the institutional framework of corporate governance systems for the performance of state-owned enterprises in Zimbabwe that maybe adopted should comprise of the following: engage stakeholders so that they can have by-in on policies, scan and learn from best practices from elsewhere, rationalise SOEs, listing of SOEs on Public Exchanges, review and improve policy and legislation, capacity building, enhance political will, invest in corporate governance research, establish independent boards and the&#13;
unbundling monoliths and disposing non-essential SOE’s and strengthen rule or law. However, there is still need for studies on how these can be harnessed for promoting good corporate governance in SOEs</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe Journal of Business, Economics and Management </text>
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                <text>A PARADOX: LIBRARY SCHOLARS NOT USING THE LIBRARY ELECTRONIC RESOURCE</text>
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                <text>The advent of electronic resources in university circles towards the end of the 20th century ushered a novel and fresh landmark for library patrons, as such resources offered timely and current sources of information. The Zimbabwe Open University Library also embraced such an innovation by providing varied electronic resources to its patrons. Information scholars within the university were, thus, expected to take a leading role in accessing and using such resources as it is within their scope and domain of study. However, contrary to such anticipation, their access and usage is low, disappointing, and fragmented. Therefore, the premise of this study was to investigate the reasons behind such low usage of electronic resources by these students through a case of the Zimbabwe Open University Midlands Regional Campus Library. Using the qualitative methodology, the study employed a multimethod approach. Expert and captive sampling techniques were used to select library staff members and students respectively. The study found that students in the Department of Library and Information Science mostly preferred the use of Google, the university modules, and social media platform as the major information sources. The study found that electronic resources offered through the library’s website were one of the list preferred information sources because of varied reasons, which included the website not opening, download delays, power outages in the library, digital illiteracy, information overload, complicated user interface and logging challenges. As a way forward, there are several ways of enhancing the usage of such resources, which include increasing the library’ bandwidth, regular update of the website, installation of uninterrupted power supply (UPS), provision of further information literacy training and advertising the electronic resources by the library.</text>
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                <text>A PROPOSED ECONOMIC MODEL ON THE NEXUS BETWEEN SOCIAL CAPITAL AND&#13;
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                <text>A QUALITATIVE STUDY ON BEST PRACTICES IN TECHNOLOGY AFFORDANCES, ICT AND GOOD GOVERNANCE IN MANAGING HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN ZIMBABWE </text>
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                <text>The emergence and growth of unethical leadership in the corporate world in Zimbabwe militate against competitiveness of the nation. Governance issues of higher education institutions in Zimbabwe have affected their strategic response to new technological innovations and programmes associated with open educational resources (OERs), massive open online courses (MOOCS), e-learning and mobile learning in an increasingly networked environment. The purpose of the research was to evaluate the corporate governance issues that affect technology affordances and IT governance in an increasingly networked environment and the impact on strategic response to the new technologies in teaching and learning. The research methodology used was qualitative where focus group discussions were held with various groups involved in the management of higher education institutions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted on selected levels of university management on technology affordances, IT governance and business-IT alignment. Stratified sampling technique was used as the target population was stratified according to levels of management in higher education institutions, starting from the level of University Council going down to IT Managers and key users. The results show that there are corporate governance problems between the Vice Chancellor and Chairperson of the University Council, and the critical success factors were determined. However, all the higher education institutions involved in the study indicated the common problem of poor alignment between the business strategy and IT. Corporate governance and IT governance facilitate a conductive environment for technological progress and responsiveness to technological innovations such as e-learning.</text>
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                <text>GLOBAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL STUDIES</text>
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                <text>A RELOOK AT THE USEFULNESS OF INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS (IKS) IN COUNSELLING: A FOCUS ON VIEWS OF ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY MASTER OF SCIENCE IN COUNSELLING STUDENTS. </text>
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                <text>Using the qualitative approach, the study determined views of Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU) Master of Science in Counselling (MScC) students on the usefulness of Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) in counselling. Data was collected from purposively selected participants as follows: ZOU MScC students in training (N=10); ZOU MScC awaiting graduands (N=10) and Counselling lecturers from ZOU regional centres (N-10) and two focused groups of MScC students [each with 10 participants]. Findings from the focused group discussions and document analysis were used to augment the unstructured interview findings. Issues of the paradigm shift towards IKS in development, controversies on intellectual property of IKS and contributions of IKS to knowledge development were the main thrust behind this study. Data was descriptively analysed and coded according to emerging themes and patterns. Narrative accounts of analysed documents supported the findings and where possible critical analyses on raised issues were made. Results revealed that, ZOU’s Open Distance Learning (ODL) delivery mode was the best tool to disseminate IKS. The study participants found their learning material better IKS biased than at undergraduate programme. That meant that, there was need to relook at the undergraduate programme to make it IKS conversant. The study recommended that, IKS be ingrained into all study matters for sustainable developments in Zimbabweans’ livelihoods and it further suggested that, through IK one tended to understand the self better as an African. That was further proposed to be supported by marked IKS days where people from diversified institutions showcased how their systems embraced IKS.</text>
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                <text>THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES INVENTION </text>
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                <text>A RESOLUTION FRAMEWORK FOR THE PROBLEM OF DROUGHT IN BULILIMA DISTRICT IN MATABELELAND&#13;
SOUTH PROVINCE OF ZIMBABWE&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>Faced with recurrent droughts and other extreme weather events, subsistence farming&#13;
communities found in arid and semi-arid regions of the world have continuously utilized&#13;
inherent experiences and alternative livelihood sources to cope with adverse effects of an ever&#13;
changing climate. Clearly, there are two extreme ends in this narrative, with one extreme end&#13;
being climate change that has amplified the impact of extreme weather events such as drought&#13;
and the other extreme being the resilience of communities that are impacted by such weather&#13;
phenomena. Over the years, subsistence farmers have utilized their life experiences and&#13;
learning to cope with adverse effects of weather related extremes, yet such capabilities have&#13;
been overlooked in scientific research, policy and practice. There is a tendency to treat&#13;
subsistence farmers, who mostly are found in arid and semi-arid regions of the world; as&#13;
helpless victims of drought and other weather extremes, as passive recipients of knowledge.&#13;
Such farmers have over the years contributed to world knowledge through their experiential&#13;
learning by doing and they have perfected collaborative ways of building resilience to shocks.&#13;
More than 80% of their knowledge comes from daily experiences, insights and intuitions that&#13;
are then condensed into a complete world view capacities based resilience. These communities&#13;
have existed in such locations and regions without getting extinct.&#13;
Subsistence farmers in rural Zimbabwe in Bulilima district of Matabeleland South are&#13;
constantly at risk of drought and have lived with the recurrent phenomenon for many decades;&#13;
suffered food insecurity, livelihoods destruction, disrupted well-being because they are&#13;
dependent on rain-fed agriculture, yet they continue to live and exist in the same locations.&#13;
This study employed a Case Study method embedded in interpretivist paradigm and utilized&#13;
open ended household questionnaires and interview guide to generate data. Data generation&#13;
was guided by the principle of data saturation and data was analysed using emerging themes&#13;
on excel, human stories and through the use of NVivo.&#13;
The study revealed that participants were not passive victims of drought, as demonstrated by&#13;
various alternative livelihoods that they adopted in coping with the phenomenon. Some of the&#13;
adaptive coping strategies adopted by participants were; reduced meals per day, reliance on&#13;
casual labour, dependence on remittances, and to some extent participants utilized their own&#13;
production. Markets and wild fruits (wild foods gathering) also played a major role.&#13;
Participants were enterprising and innovative, and employed their indigenous knowledge&#13;
systems to predict weather patterns in the absence of conventional modern weather predictions.&#13;
The local communities adopted alternative livelihoods and income sources in order to cope&#13;
with drought</text>
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                <text>ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY </text>
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        <name>Climate change</name>
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        <name>coping mechanisms</name>
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        <name>Disaster Risk</name>
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        <name>Food insecurity</name>
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        <name>management</name>
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        <name>Shocks</name>
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