9 25 486 https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/ef314ee16dc6f3005a246b3c5162924b.pdf 9d15122de11804dbff3894bbc1847047 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HE KEY CAUSESOF FLUE-CURED TOBACCO SIDE-MARKETING WITHIN THE SMALLHOLDER CONTRACT FARMING SCHEME IN ZIMBABWE AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource JABULANI VANCE MARUMAHOKO Description An account of the resource This study aimed to uncover the reasons for tobacco side-marketing within the smallholder tobacco<br />contract scheme in Zimbabwe. The study noted that in the year 2000 Zimbabwe introduced a<br />unique land reform programme, which was rather violent in some instances. Unfortunately the<br />majority of the new farmers had no experience in farming especially tobacco which required a lot<br />of skills and also lagged behind in technological advancement which was critical in producing<br />high yields and superior quality crop. Smallholder farmers who were once marginalised became<br />owners of large commercial farms. It has been noted that tobacco is a major contributor to the<br />Gross Domestic Product and Zimbabwe does not support the banning of tobacco by other global<br />players. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Zimbabwe Open University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 marketing small holder farmers tobacco farming https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/47b41ed319baea42ea103e341a13f182.pdf 67e378bea669586887a12f40e5e561af Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY OF ZIMBABWE’S PUBLIC AND PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES’ STAFF RETENTION STRATEGIES Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource TICHAONA MAPOLISA Description An account of the resource This study sought to find out staff retention strategies in selected Zimbabwe’s two public and two private universities. Three Human Resources personnel who were selected using stakeholder sampling and four Retained and seven Returnee lecturers who were selected using criterion sampling participated in the thesis’ multiple case study. The research instruments were the ‘self’, open-ended interviews, observation and documentary analysis. The interview data were analysed using NVivo data analysis software, while the observation and documentary data were analysed using the traditional thematic content analysis. With regards to staff retention’s strategies obtaining in Zimbabwe’s public and private universities, both sets of universities were found to have some conditions of service which served as part of the staff retention strategies. Chief among such conditions of service were provision of opportunities for research, staff development leave, contact, sabbatical and study leave. Regarding differences in staff retention strategies, public and private universities had different sources of income. The effectiveness of staff retention strategies in both kinds of universities was undermined by lack of funds, which was the greatest staff retention challenge in the studied universities. The effectiveness of particular staff retention strategies such as salaries, allowances, tuition waiver, staff development, as well as research and career opportunities was of varying degrees in the studied public and private universities. The study revealed that various mechanisms such as staff appraisal, departmental discussions and monitoring candidates undertaking their Doctor of Philosophy Degree studies among other mechanisms have been used by public and private universities to monitor staff retention strategies. Public and private university lecturers were not involved in the formulation and monitoring of staff retention strategies Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Zimbabwe Open University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 higher education public and private universities staff retention https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/5c23edf3861a3e1e929f1f45ef3439af.pdf 49a2b9d33ac6ef6be2cec28bc6d94072 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource CRITICAL EVALUATION OF TEACHER EDUCATION QUALITY AND THE IMPLICATIONS ON TEACHER QUALITY IN ZIMBABWE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource CUTHBERT MAJONI Description An account of the resource The study sought to evaluate teacher education quality and its implication on teacher quality in Zimbabwe. The researcher was spurred into investigating this area because of the misgivings of various stakeholders on the quality of today’s teacher in Zimbabwe. These teachers are said to be lacking the requisite knowledge, skills and attitudes required to effectively execute their duties. Teacher colleges are autonomous institutions and design their own curriculum, implement and assess their own students. Current teachers in Zimbabwe are blamed for low quality in the education system. This study was a qualitative study and the paradigm was interpretive. The multiple case study design was used to carry out this study. The participants in this study included student teachers, lecturers and graduates from the teachers colleges and mentors from schools. To select the sample the purposive sampling technique was used. To collect data interviews, focus group discussions, document analysis and open-ended questionnaires were used. Data were analysed using the grounded theory. The major findings of this research were that there were variations in quality in teacher education institutions. The study found out that the ZINTEC model was used as a model for training primary school teachers in Zimbabwe. The teacher education curriculum was found to be overloaded and was impacting negatively on quality and quantity of delivery. The study found subjective assessment of teaching practice and poor mentoring as factors negatively impacting on the quality of teacher training. Prevalence of negative lecturer- student relationships was compromising the credibility of the teacher training programme and its assessment processes. The study find out that graduates were not well prepared to teach effectively in the primary school because they lack adequate content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge. The study recommends the review of the whole teacher training system. There is need to standardise the teacher education curriculum and relook at the primary school curriculum to improve the quality of training. The teacher education conceptual framework should be re-defined and model of teacher training reviewed in the light of the findings of this study. Teacher education should be guided by a well-defined conceptual framework base of constructivist theory of learning. This study recommends the adoption of values, attitudes, skills and knowledge (VASK) model to improve quality of teacher preparation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Zimbabwe Open University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 educational assessment Educational management https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/4ad34e4ca45abcdb1b424d11bce369b1.pdf 0bfc31c75d4adce70237390f65bd35f6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource AINVESTIGATING THE GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING ROLE OF FEMALE SPIRIT MEDIUMS IN THE FIRST AND SECOND CHIMURENGA WARS IN ZIMBABWE, 1896-1980 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource LILIAN CHAMINUKA Description An account of the resource This study sought to appreciate the guidance and counselling roles played by the agency of female spirit mediumship during Zimbabwe’s liberation wars, 1896-1980, in order to describe African worldview’s link to contemporary guidance and counselling theory and practice. In so doing, the study offers gendered perspective research to the study of spirit mediumship in Zimbabwe. The study’s objectives included exploring the guidance and counselling offered by spirit mediums during the liberation wars in Zimbabwe contextualizing it to mainstream guidance and counselling theory and practice; examining the connection of this guidance and counselling to African cosmology; explicating factors causing the marginalisation of female spirit mediums in the Chimurenga meta-narrative and lastly to contribute a home grown theory of guidance and counselling. The role of guidance and counseling by female spirit mediums is seldom mentioned in the works of other scholars. Existential phenomenology was employed as a research design to investigate the phenomena of spirit mediumship. Purposive sampling and snowballing were utilized to select the research participants and was determined by data saturation. Data were gathered through in-depth interviews guided by interview guides and observation schedules. Research findings revealed that female spirit mediums’ guidance and counselling role has not been contextualized within the mainstream Western oriented guidance and counselling theory and practice. The study concluded that the important female spirit mediumship guidance and counselling paradigm has remained outside the purview of mainstream guidance and counselling theory in Zimbabwe. It is recommended that the guidance and counselling services provided by the female spirit mediums should be recognized within conventional guidance and counselling practice. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Zimbabwe Open University https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/8e6c57c8b4e89238849cfb4c3025824b.pdf d5751b6a0c5ab19a4f265bf01f61c14e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF FACTORS HINDERING A- LEVEL STUDENTS WITH HIGH PASSES TO ACCESS UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN ZIMBABWE. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource KUTIWA KUZIWA LAWRENCE Description An account of the resource The study sought to investigate factors hindering increased access to higher education in Zimbabwe. The study was prompted by the increased number of A-level graduates who are failing to get the opportunity to university education yet higher education is the driver to knowledge creation, knowledge generation and innovation. The study employed the qualitative methodology informed by the interpretive philosophy. The case study design was employed in this study. Purposive sampling was employed to select information rich cases who in this case are A-level students who were pursuing teacher training in colleges and dean of students of colleges and universities. Open-ended questionnaires, semi-structured interviews focus groups and document analysis were the data generation tools. For data presentation and analysis, the constant comparative method was employed and themes were generated. The major findings of the study were that high achieving students are training as teachers yet they have points that qualify them to go to university. Policy issues, economic challenges, culture, gender and discrimination emerged as issues hindering potential students’ access to university education. The study concluded that there are barriers hindering Advanced-Level high achieving students’ access to university. In view of the conclusions above, the study recommends that educational policy on access to universities, be interpreted and implemented holistically. It is further recommended that the government avail funds and resource materials towards access to university and more information on access be disseminated to schools through, radios, newspapers and workshops. From the findings an emergent model has been crafted to illuminate haze ideas on how to increase access to university education in Zimbabwe Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Zimbabwe Open University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 student admission university education https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/eaf842029ecc2648e3e52a13afcb6f97.doc 3719f16eb6f6d42a86f2e9627e3f3fc9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource HIGHER EDUCATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: THE ROLE OF OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource PROFESSOR EMERITUS ANUWAR ALI Description An account of the resource In the light of globalisation and the world’s ever-changing social and economic landscape, higher education is now universally considered a critical force in contributing towards sustainable development. To enhance and improve higher education systems will be an imperative for every country to ensure that its people have the opportunity to gain knowledge for capacity building purposes as well as to create a knowledge-based society. This is all the more important for the developing regions, such as Asia and Africa. With a revived interest in higher education, many countries find it difficult to cope with the increasing demand for university places. Additionally, various global forces are influencing the way people perceive teaching and learning, as well as changing the way academic programmes are being delivered. Universities, courses and even learners are no longer restricted by regular notions of time and space. Higher education institutions need to be mindful of these forces if they are to remain relevant in such a dynamic and fast-paced environment. This paper will evaluate some salient features of the current higher education scenario and address the role of higher education in sustainable development, seen from the specific perspective of open and distance learning (ODL). Here, ODL will be given the spotlight, and its value to a country’s higher education system will be discussed. This paper will also share the experiences of Malaysia’s premier ODL institution, Open University Malaysia (OUM) in contributing towards human capital development in the country. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Zimbabwe Open University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 higher education Open and Distance Learning sustainable development https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/cbb7c03033081f98905889af9bb67aeb.pdf 67fd188601539d0af02821b791248094 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A STUDY OF THE FACTORS IMPACTING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RESULTS BASED MANAGEMENT (RBM) IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE IN ZIMBABWE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource RUDO GRACE GWATA Description An account of the resource This study determined that the availability of capacity to implement Results Based Management (RBM) is a major determinant of the success or failure of the strategy. The purpose of the study was to investigate the main factors that impacted on the implementation of the RBM strategy in the Zimbabwe Public Service. Over the past three decades, the principle of RBM has been adopted by many Governments and public organizations worldwide to improve the implementation of national programmes. In Zimbabwe, the strategy was introduced in 2005 with the expectation that there would be improvement in the Public Service delivery and subsequently the lives of all stakeholders within the delivery system. However, the results, like in many other countries, had not been realized as expected. The study sought to understand the factors that affected the implementation of the strategy from the perspective of individual managers in the Zimbabwe Public Service, to determine whether or not the implementation process could help to explain the limited impact of the strategy. Limited research had been done to explore the experiences of individuals in the implementation of Public sector reforms. Understanding the experiences of Civil Servants regarding RBM could help to identify strategies to improve implementation and hence increased impact of the management strategy. Such understanding can also provide insight into the formulation of future initiatives for the implementation of other national programmes. It is expected that this study will contribute towards providing the Zimbabwe Public Service, and possibly other organizations, with suggestions on how they can improve their service to stakeholders. The study used both secondary and primary data. The secondary data was obtained through extensive study of relevant literature while the primary data was obtained from an exploratory study that comprised purposive and snowball sampling of middle and top managers from Head Offices of government institutions. Semi-structured open ended questions were asked to 32 managers to explore their experiences and challenges in the implementation of RBM. Content analysis of the original transcripts was employed to identify emergent themes. A number of key findings emerged from this study including the inadequacy of skills, information, attitude as well as financial resources to effectively implement RBM. In the case of financial resources, the inadequacy was reportedly in terms of both timing and quantity. Also, there was inadequate performance by managers in both the planning and performance measurement functions which are the core components of RBM. The main conclusion drawn from this research is that managers, particularly those within the line Ministries, were implementing the strategy without the requisite capacity to allow for the realization of the benefits of RBM. This study argues for a results based capacity building model to effectively equip managers with the required capacity. That is, a model that focuses on results emphasizes full participation of stakeholders in the identification of knowledge needs, formulation of strategies, monitoring and evaluation of these strategies. Such monitoring and evaluation includes the review and adjustment of the related systems as well as the incorporation of learning and information sharing throughout the process. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Zimbabwe Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 public administration public service https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/3b6bf345e54b62a31458f1fc92d7ae7d.pdf 2f62cf517689f4f6b65f4489ba90bc4f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING DEGREED PRIMARY SCHOOL HEAD TEACHERS IN MANAGERIAL LEADERSHIP. THE CASE OF CHIPINGE DISTRICT, MANICALAND PROVINCE. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource GUTUZA CONSTANCE Description An account of the resource This study is an evaluation of the degreed primary school head teachers in Chipinge District of Manicaland Province. The study used a qualitative case study research design, with philosophical underpinnings of constructivism and phenomenology. A sample of 163 participants was used. Purposive sampling technique was used to select participants until saturation point. The researcher, interview guide, questionnaire with open ended questions and an observation checklist were used to generate data. Data were presented, analysed and interpreted using the Grounded Theory Approach. The major findings of the study were that, ODL degreed head teachers were more effective leaders and managers of primary schools than those who had no degrees. There has been marked development in infrastructure and notable improvement has also been noted in supervisory and management styles pass rate and positive head teachers-teacher relations. There are good working relationships between Head Teachers and School Development Committees. The study concluded that ODL has been successful in capacitating educational personnel to be effective leaders and managers of primary schools in Chipinge District. The controversy surrounding the credibility of ODL educational management degrees is no longer a cause for concern in the district judging by the accolades showered on the graduates and the programme. The study recommends that policy makers re-think corporal punishment and school fees polices. Another recommendation was for trainers to adopt a more practical approach in ICT and financial management courses. Finally it was recommended that ODL district offices be set up Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Zimbabwe Open University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Distance Education educational leadership https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/58d80088c77a3cae58efaf2de22494cf.pdf a97d98152abe69668ec9e30a84fa3129 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource DETERMINANTS OF AFFECTIVE ORGANISATIONAL COMMITMENT AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO THE PERFORMANCE OF SECONDARY SCHOOLTEACHERS IN ZIMBABWE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource RITTAH KASOWE Description An account of the resource Performance of secondary school students has been declining since 1984 to date. Although much has been done to improve conditions of teachers the Ordinary level ZIMSEC examinations appear to be declining. Factors contributing to the teachers‟effectiveness have not been well researched. Whereas teachers could be motivated by employers, what contributes to their affective commitment to the organisations in which they work is not known. The primary aim of the study was to make a critical analysis of variables contributing to affective organisational commitment of teachers. Stufflebeam‟s (1971) Context Input Process and Product Model informed the study. A mixed methods methodology approach was used. The study used statistical tests such as multiple regression alysis and step wise regression analysis on quantitative survey data. The quantitative data were gathered using two seven point Likert scales from 230 teachers, proportionately, stratified and systematic randomly sampled from 2340 teachers. SPSS was used to analyse the relationship between school performance and teachers‟ organisational commitment. Linear multiple step wise regression analyses were performed in order to find out the significance of the variables. The qualitative data were collected from purposively sampled 12 teachers, 2 heads of departments, 2 deputy heads, 4 school heads, 5 education inspectors and 1 Deputy Provincial Education Director. Semi-structured interviews and focus group discussion were used in order to to generate data which were analysed using NVivo. The study established factors such as biographical, organisational the community policies and teacher efficacy as strong determinants of affective organisational commitment. One of the significant outcomes of the study was an informed conceptualised BLOTPAS affective organisational commitment model that illustrates the relationship between the factors and teachers, as well as students and schools‟ performance. The study recommended to revamp education system operations Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Zimbabwe Open University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Organisational commitment Teaching https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/f7b80809023bade625a605499b2a6b16.pdf 6d683aba61831b95452cf6b6a584170f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource STRATEGIES AND APPROACHES TO SUSTAINABLE LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN SUB SAHARAN AFRICA Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource N. ASSAN Description An account of the resource Livestock is a dominant agricultural activity in Sub Saharan Africa, which is generally considered a key asset for most rural population and contribute to the livelihoods and nutrition of purely subsistence households. This discussion is a synthesis of possible strategies to consider for sustaianble livestock production, focusing on issues of climate change, gender, smallholder livestock support and use of indigenous knowledge systems, and how these may influence livestock production. There are many measures which need to be explored with the aim of making the livestock systems become driving forces of sustainable agricultural development. One of the major factors responsible for the declining livestock productivity in the region is the relegation to the background of the contributions of women in the issues of livestock production. On the other hand, climate change and variability is now widely regarded as the most serious challenge facing Sub Saharan Africa, with consequences that go far beyond the effects on the environment, hence affecting most communities indiscriminately. Despite the negative impact of climate change on livestock production and biodiversity conservation, poor resources peasant famers are incentivized to engage in these activities because of the wide spectrum of benefits accrued, such as cash income, food, manure, draft power and hauling services, savings and insurance, and social status and social capital. Since time immemmorial, indigenous livestock knowledge systems have been used in smallholder livestock farming sector, while strengthening livestock productivity. These are some of the key aspects in promoting livestock development, through economically and socially empowering local communities, and consequently providing a way to enable rural communities to break the cycle of poverty. In this discussion, some of the strategic steps that can be adopted for future sustainable livestock production, include and not limited to the following: promotion of gender equality and equity in livestock production systems in terms of equal access to livestock productive resources, boosting climate change mitigation startegies, and empowering women in livestock production decision making. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Scientific Journal of Animal Science Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Climate change Gender Livestock production Smallholder https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/a978eca1f98cd7beb91f1321d7b7bd15.pdf 14e630a0d6965aaa2cffc2a97dd484ab Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GENDER DIFFERENTIATED CLIMATE CHANGE DISCOURSE IN RURAL COMMUNITIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource N. ASSAN Description An account of the resource he discourse on climate change should provide adequate attention to gender differentiated roles and vunerability, either at the local community level and international climate change negotiations because the impact of climate change affects women and men differently. There is a missing link to scientific assessment of climate change and responses to climate through a gender dimension and the policies enacted to mitigate and adapt to its impacts. Currently, there is insufficient knowledge regarding gender differentiated impacts of climate change worldover. However, there has been a consensus that in trying to understand climate change in general, we need to appreciate gender and gender relations. The discussion explores the gender dimension of climate change and the policies enacted to mitigate and adapt to its impacts with the aim of developing gender sensitive approaches with regards to mitigation measures and adaptation strategies in rural communities in developing countrie. Women and men in most developing countries are especially vulnerable to climate when they are highly dependent on local natural resources for their livelihood. It is important to remember, however, that both men and women are not only vulnerable to climate change but they are also effective actors or agents of change in relation to both mitigation and adaptation. The relationship between women and the environment revolves around their concerns for providing family food security, fuel, water, and health care. As climate change research knowledge is accumulating at a remarkable pace, it is intersecting with disasters regarding developing nations in fascinating ways Yet, there remains a significant gap in integrated quantitative and qualitative methods for studying climate change perception and policy support in rural communities. Men and women extensive theoretical and practical knowledge of the environment and resource conservation should be given due consideration. Their potential contribution to climate mitigation by being part of the intervention strategy should be sufficiently exploited Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Scientific Journal of Pure and Applied ScienceS Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Climate change Developing countries Gender Rural communities https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/39cba187c7eddaf7740f23294e7cebdd.pdf 22e3cd6723aa69952d42ff5cff67fc23 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES IN ENHANCING FOOD PRODUCTION AND SECURITY IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS IN SUB SAHARAN AFRICA Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource N. ASSAN Description An account of the resource This discussion explores the opportunities and challenges in enhancing food production and security in the context of climatic variability in Sub Saharan Africa. The promotion of sustainable use of plant and animal products with emphasis on satisfying basic human needs, improving people’s standard of living, enhancing food security and reducing poverty have taken a center stage in Sub Saharan Africa. However, the efforts in this direction are being impacted negatively by climate change, through animal and crop production which have not been spared due to the natural disasters and environmental challenges which have affected all regions of Sub Saharan Africa indiscriminately. Climate is a particularly important driver of food production systems performance at the agriculture end of the food chain. It can affect the quantities and types of food produced as well as production-related income especially for the poor resource farmers. In order to be able to adequately address food production and security in the context of climate, there is need for the region to carry out thorough climatic vulnerability and adaptation assessments. Supporting research and training of experts to carry out vulnerability and adaptation assessments on crop and livestock production is crucial in order for respective countries to develop climate change adaptation measures to meet the obligation on food production and security. Sub Saharan Africa’s agro- ecological regions are variable and need to develop specific adaptive measures to reduce vulnerability to climate change. Due to the changing climatic conditions which the continent has already witnessed many severe climatic induced vulnerability such as decline in rainfall amounts and intensity, reduced length of rain season and increasing warm and occasionally very hot conditions has affected food production and security. Crop and livestock production systems will need to adapt to higher ambient temperatures, lower nutritional value of feed resources and new diseases and parasites occurrence. It can be seen that the present crop and livestock production systems based on pastoral or rangeland grazing husbandry systems, ecological destruction through climatic variability and overgrazing due to high stocking rates in areas where feed and water has been compromised due to high temperatures caused by climate change does not augur well for future livestock productivity. The understanding of climate change variables and their impacts is the first step in climate change research and prerequisite for defining appropriate adaptive responses by local crop and livestock farmers. Sustainable crop and livestock production supporting rural development should be compatible with the goals of curbing the effects of climate change. Production priorities should be directed towards promoting local crop and livestock genetic resources by providing comprehensive research support services on the impact of climate change. Both crops and livestock play important roles in farming systems, as they offer opportunities for risk coping, farm diversification and intensification, and provide significant livelihood benefits and food security. The chapter therefore, concludes that the effectiveness of biophysical responses of crop and livestock production systems to specific environmental challenges that are anticipated as a result of climate change, and then the range of adaptive measures that might be taken by local producers to ameliorate their effects will be the prerequisite for defining appropriate societal responses and meet food security targets Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Scientific Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Climate change Crop Livestock Sub Saharan Africa https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/6213dca17b9927cdab87cddd0d73566f.pdf 12bc2ce408c183584b7ccecceee78878 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource ENSURING EQUITABLE RESOURCE ALLOCATION AND GENDER SENSITIVE POLICIES IN SUPPORTING FOOD PRODUCTION AND SECURITY IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource N. ASSAN Description An account of the resource Gender disparities in resource allocation and non gender responsive policies are important constraint to increasing food production and security in Southern Africa. The discussion attempt to explore the role of equitable resource allocation and development of gender sensitive policies and their implications for improving food production and security in Southern Africa. Gender responsive policies are meant to catalyze a change process for ending gender discrimination and securing women’s access to key productive resources. It is believed that without specific attention to gender issues in food production and security strategies, unknowingly policy may reinforce inequalities between women and men, and may even increase productive resources imbalances. It must be emphasized that addressing gender resource allocation disparities and development of gender sensitive policies is an integral part of enabling women to guarantee their families’—and their own—well- being. Little attention has been paid to the differential impacts of resource allocation disparities and development of gender sensitive policies on food production and security, or to which delivery mechanisms may be more effective in addressing women needs and concerns in food production and security. It is assumed that traditional food production policies are not gender-responsive and typically do not consult women who are the majority end-users, improved varieties and technologies do not take into account women’s needs, preferences, and resources, as a result the high rate of failure of intervention food production and security strategies. However, policy makers should be aware that development and implementation of gender responsive policies and equitable gender resource allocation are likely to be mistaken for violation of social norms or adversely affect gender relations within the household, leading to less successful adoption and potential backlash against women. Thus, interventions that seek to remove obstacles in gender resource allocation need to consider the trade-offs inherent in challenging and respecting gender norms. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Scientific Journal of Biological Sciences Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Food production policy Southern africa Women Resources https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/563739d5981fd57408cfcc892c51b659.pdf cdb2ab8d2cec11fe95a243b3a89bfcf8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource ENGENDERED CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT AND RESPONSE KNOWLEDGE, AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR ADAPTATION, VULNERABILITY AND RESILIENCE IN SUB SAHARAN AFRICA Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource N. ASSANA, P. SIBANDA Description An account of the resource Gender is a socio-economic variable which can be used to analyze adaptation, vulnerability and resilience of people against climate change and variability in local communities in Sub Saharan Africa (Assan, 2014). Climate change refers to the variation in the global or regional climates over time. It describes changes in the variability or average state of the atmosphere over time scales ranging from a decade to millions of years (Ayoade, 2003). Gender- differentiated impacts of climate change on women and men in developing countries will have detrimental effects on agricultural productivity, biodiversity and ecosystem services. This is because they have the least capacity or opportunity and knowledge to prepare for the impacts of a changing climate given their limited resources (Nelson et al. 2010). According to Nellemann et al., (2011) adaptation, vulnerability and resilience of people to climate change depend upon a range of conditions. These vary from their degree of exposure and dependency upon weather patterns for livelihoods and food security, to varying capacities in adaptation, which are influenced by gender, social status, economic poverty, power, access, and control and ownership over resources in the household, community and society. Climate change is a global phenomenon, with impacts that are already being experienced on a human level, and around the world, many of the most vulnerable communities are already struggling to cope with the impacts of climate change. Therefore, it is reasonable to suggest that climate change is reshaping human civilization and our knowledge on how we respond to climate change calamities will determine the future of mankind. It is recognised that it is those who are already the most vulnerable and marginalised who experience the greatest impacts (IPCC, 2007), and are in the greatest need of adaptation strategies in the face of shifts in weather patterns and resulting environmental phenomena. There is need for gender sensitive adaptation strategies in the face of existing climate change impacts on human activity and food security, including how these are manifested in different contexts. Men and women experience particular gendered vulnerabilities in climate change induced disasters, therefore there is need to identify the extent to which lack of gender sensitive disater preparedeness action have led to greater risk, and to map out possible engendered strageties for interventions to mitigate the impacts of possible disasters. Empowered with appropriate knowledge, men and women can effectively use this knowledge to advance sustainable use of biodiversity in most communities as a result lessening the impact of climate change. Useful synergies exist which can be used by both men and women for adaptation and mitigation in local communities include conservation agriculture, avoiding deforestation, forest conservation and management, agro-forestry for food and energy, land restoration, recovery of biogas and waste and in general, a wide set of strategies that promote the conservation of soil and water resources by improving their quality, availability and use efficiency. Knowledge on climate change mitigation measures and adaptation strategies should be accurate and available to general populace to accommodate the anticipated changes.The aim of this study is to assess gender disparities in climate change impact and response knowledge in Sub Saharan Africa. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Scientific Journal of Review Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Adaptation Climate change Gender knowledge Sub Saharan Africa Vulnerability https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/838c3488290be535b5a3ffce0d3f6e24.pdf 60642de9bc46654f5adc64e75207247a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource COMMUNITY BASED SMALL SCALE COMMERCIAL CATTLE BREEDING PROGRAMME IN MANGWE DISTRICT OF ZIMBABWE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource N.T. BIDIA A.B. DUBE A, C.T. KHOMBEA N. ASSAN Description An account of the resource The objective of the study was to assess the impact of the introduction of improved indigenous beef cattle bulls on productivity, herd population dynamics and socioeconomic factors in small scale commercial livestock production areas of Mangwe district in Zimbabwe. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to all 20 participating farmers in the breeding scheme. The data collected included household demographics, herd structure, breeding practices, management, marketing, socio-economic impacts, challenges and impacts of withdrawal of funds on the breeding project by donors. Data analysis was perfomed using statistical package for social science (SSPS), version 16 for descriptive statistics. The herd sizes increased by 77%, 96%, 71%, and 60% for the White Brahman, Black Brahman, Tuli and Nguni, respectively. The highest number of offspring was sired by the White Brahman (4 per year per farmer).The Tuli and Nguni bulls contributed the least number of offspringof 2 per year per farmer. The mean age at first calving from the progeny of the White Brahman, Black Brahman, Tuli and Nguni were 36 ± 0 , 34,5 ± 2.12 , 33.75± 2.26, 35 ± 1.73 months, respectively. The main challenges affecting the programme were lack of adequate feed, uncontrolled mating and lack of functional fences. The withdrawal of support funds on the breeding programme resulted in collapse of the restocking program and lack of improvement of water points. It was concluded that improved indigenous cattle genetic resources can survive, reproduce under low input communal systems. Therefore, community based breeding schemes are a viable and sustainable option in improving beef production in the country Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Agricultural Advances Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Cattle breeding Indigenous cattle Small scale commercial Zimbabwe https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/a6c9e8d98d173084b9c792426c90f382.pdf eeb742b14422c0db9c73e805aa2c24ea Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource CUSHIONING WOMEN AGAINST GENDER INEQUALITY THROUGH PROMOTING INDIGENOUS CHICKEN PRODUCTION IN SUB SAHARAN AFRICA Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource N. ASSAN Description An account of the resource Poultry sub sector is a privileged entry point for promoting gender equality. Gender inequalities in poultry and livestock activities are now more and more acknowledged by governments, scientists, and farmers in sub Saharan Africa. This is on the background that gender inequality has translated into loss of opportunities or potential gains on agricultural production and food security. This has been exacerbated by the fact that the progress in empowering women in agriculture and reducing gender inequality has been slow despite this realization. The paper presents an overview of the development of the indigenous chickens sector in sub Saharan Africa and its implication on addressing gender equality. The assumption is that despite the multitude of socio-economic constraints faced by women in agriculture they are capable of raising indigenous chickens for the welfare of their households, hence promoting indigenous chickens can give women a chance to control more income, reducing gender inequality. Achieving gender equality and women’s empowerment is critical to the success of these development goals. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Scientific Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Gender inequality Indigenous chicken Sub Saharan Africa Women https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/c7d8fbdd22a4dd442af6c32820ac126c.pdf afbd4617d5a936d2ca18347f4f4d875b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource FACTORS AFFECTING YIELD AND MILK COMPOSITION IN DAIRY ANIMALS Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource NEVER ASSAN Description An account of the resource Milk is a nutritious, cost-efficient source of protein, minerals and vitamins. Cattle, goats and sheep have been the major sources of milking for human consumption. However, these species’ milk yield and composition is known to be influenced by genetic and non-genetic factors. This is on the background that genetic factors such as the genotype are difficult to control, unless through selective breeding. There are variations in milk yield and composition, not only between, but also within species, because of diversity among genotypes, management practices, stage of lactation, etc., and also interactions among these factors. These environmental and physiological factors (stage of lactation, pregnancy, prolificacy, etc) greatly influence the amount and composition of milk that is actually produced. Some non-genetic factors, such as the nutrition and management of the milking animals can be manipulated by the dairy farmer to improve milk yield and produce high quality milk. This book attempts to explore the influence of genetics a n d some non-genetic factors on yield and milk composition in cattle, goat and sheep Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lambert Academic Publishing Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 diary animals milk https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/6e33e390a7b3dff11b9bf88e77906639.pdf ef75d6748294a81ce3c34f1e5270519a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource CONSEQUENCES OF STAGE OF LACTATION ON YIELD AND MILK COMPOSITION IN SHEEP Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource NEVER ASSAN Description An account of the resource The stage of lactation was an important source of variation on the contents of all milk components in most studies. A systematic studies on the influence of lactation stage on milk yield and milk composition is of foremost importance to evaluate the milk production ability of milking animals. However, it logical to note that the shape of the lactation curve that describes the level of milk yield in the course of lactation differs among the different species. The highest total solids and fat contents were observed in the late lactation stage, which might be due to low milk yield. There was no variation in solids non-fat content during the different lactation stages, which implies that the variation in total solids was actually influenced by the variation in milk fat. Therefore, the present discussion attempt to explore the influence of stage of lactation on milk yield and milk composition in sheep Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Scientific Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Sheep Stage of lactation Yield Composition https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/f8d2cbd29b68aec25c55db87609a341f.pdf e20aac9d0557fba2d0bff6dab2d38702 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource PROSPECTS FOR INDIGENOUS CHICKENS GENETIC IMPROVEMENT AND CONSERVATION IN ZIMBABWE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource NEVER ASSAN Description An account of the resource The multitude functions of indigenous chickens, which include the provision of high quality protein meat and eggs, cash through sales and socio-cultural roles, cannot be underestimated. Indigenous chickens is one of the genetic resources which Zimbabwe has failed to give adequate attention for the betterment of the majority of the rural poor population. Despite the indigenous chickens dual selected and raised for meat or egg production, there does remain a considerable and largely unexploited genetic potential for increased production. The review explores the prospects for indigenous chickens genetic improvement and conservation in on the background that indigenous chicken are a heterogeneous population with no standardized characteristics and performance. This is mainly due to environmental and genetic constraints with bright prospects for genetic manipulation or Considerable genetic differences exist between local indigenous chickens populations, and production rates of local populations should be evaluated before introducing genetic improvement programs. The reported among population genetic diversity the degree to which populations differ and can assist in improvement and conservation efforts Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Agricultural Advances Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/495eaf1f733b44a1a656af929d1c234a.pdf 6233fabe2efc200bab0eccaa468e7e84 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Website A resource comprising of a web page or web pages and all related assets ( such as images, sound and video files, etc. ). Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource EFFECT OF BREED, STAGE OF LACTATION AND NUTRITION ON MILK PRODUCTION TRAITS IN GOATS Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource N. ASSAN Description An account of the resource This discussion attempt to explore the influence of breed, stage of lactation and nutrition on milk yield and major milk components in goats. Different breeds protray different lactation curves, this is possibly that their genomes from a genetically point of view are different. Crosses of pure breeds and local goat genetic resources will improve milk production in an extensive traditional system because they will be able to deal with low input that characterize the traditional extensive farming systems. However, nutrition is a vital component in an attempt to maximise milk synthesis in goats, as a result correct feed management is desirable through appropriate estimation of roughage to concentrate intake in order to optimize the utilization of feed supplements. It is suffice to suggest that feeding high producing dairy goat may be a major constraint in milk production, which implies greater attention to diet composition, feed quality, and the physical form of feedstuffs is required. The rate and extent to which a dairy goat is capable of drawing upon body reserves to meet the energy requirement at different stages of lactation is critical in determining her ability to produce and sustain a high level of milk production. In order to increase goat milk production and to ensure high feed efficiency, goat farmers need to pay close attention to the lactation curves of dams within their herds Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Scientific Journal of Review Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Breed Stage of lactation Goat milk production Nutrition https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/b3b69ff1d34f5c6b34bb73b1ae4ae370.pdf 08d1b746e066dd867280dae99f542bcf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ENGENDERED INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS IN SMALLHOLDER ANIMAL AGRICULTURE IN SUB SAHARAN AFRICA Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource N. ASSAN M. MGCINI Description An account of the resource The subject of gender and animal agriculture has attracted attention in recent years, primarily from the need to addressing the gender divide and fulfilling the special needs of women in food production. Animal agriculture is severely constrained by the presence of a wide range of factors that affect both production and productivity of livestock, especially in the poor rural farming communities that don’t have the access to modern and/or conventional livestock management skills. Women in particular, face a number of interlinked constraints that reduce their sustainable contribution of indigenous knowledge to animal agriculture and food security. As a result of this scenario, enhancing animal agriculture; gender equality and utilization of indigenous knowledge as means of promoting food security and reduce poverty has been a challenge in Sub Saharan Africa. It is believed that within the small-holder livestock production systems which is characterized by a generally low input-output system, the sustainability of animal agriculture efforts need to consider indigenous knowledge system as a dominant factor in improving production. Identifying indigenous knowledge systems in animal agriculture that support women’s roles and effort as livestock owners, processors and users of livestock products while strengthening their decision-making power and capabilities, are key aspects in promoting women’s economic and social empowerment, and consequently provides a way to enable rural women to break the cycle of poverty. Women play an important role in animal agriculture through management, processing and marketing, acting as animal care providers, livestock feed gatherers, and animal birth attendants. They take care of milking of animals, although not all women control the sale of milk and its products. Raising awareness concerning the value of gendered indigenous knowledge related to the sustainable use and management of animal agriculture is crucial for alleviating food insecurity and enhancing rural development. The discussion attempt to explore the role of engendered indigenous knowledge systems as they relate to animal agriculture and their implications for improving animal agriculture and food security in Sub Saharan Africa Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Scientific Journal of Review Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/b87207e5eaaaacdc90ad0800f43be67d.pdf 22e3cd6723aa69952d42ff5cff67fc23 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES IN ENHANCING FOOD PRODUCTION AND SECURITY IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS IN SUB SAHARAN AFRICA Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource N. ASSAN Description An account of the resource his discussion explores the opportunities and challenges in enhancing food production and security in the context of climatic variability in Sub Saharan Africa. The promotion of sustainable use of plant and animal products with emphasis on satisfying basic human needs, improving people’s standard of living, enhancing food security and reducing poverty have taken a center stage in Sub Saharan Africa. However, the efforts in this direction are being impacted negatively by climate change, through animal and crop production which have not been spared due to the natural disasters and environmental challenges which have affected all regions of Sub Saharan Africa indiscriminately. Climate is a particularly important driver of food production systems performance at the agriculture end of the food chain. It can affect the quantities and types of food produced as well as production-related income especially for the poor resource farmers. In order to be able to adequately address food production and security in the context of climate, there is need for the region to carry out thorough climatic vulnerability and adaptation assessments. Supporting research and training of experts to carry out vulnerability and adaptation assessments on crop and livestock production is crucial in order for respective countries to develop climate change adaptation measures to meet the obligation on food production and security. Sub Saharan Africa’s agro- ecological regions are variable and need to develop specific adaptivemeasures to reduce vulnerability to climate change. Due to the changing climatic conditions which the continent has already witnessed many severe climatic induced vulnerability such as decline in rainfall amounts and intensity, reduced length of rain season and increasing warm and occasionally very hot conditions has affected food production and security. Crop and livestock production systems will need to adapt to higher ambient temperatures, lower nutritional value of feed resources and new diseases and parasites occurrence. It can be seen that the present crop and livestock production systems based on pastoral or rangeland grazing husbandry systems, ecological destruction through climatic variability and overgrazing due to high stocking rates in areas where feed and water has been compromised due to high temperatures caused by climate change does not augur well for future livestock productivity. The understanding of climate change variables and their impacts is the first step in climate change research and prerequisite for defining appropriate adaptive responses by local crop and livestock farmers. Sustainable crop and livestock production supporting rural development should be compatible with the goals of curbing the effects of climate change. Production priorities should be directed towards promoting local crop and livestock genetic resources by providing comprehensive research support services on the impact of climate change. Both crops and livestock play important roles in farming systems, as they offer opportunities for risk coping, farm diversification and intensification, and provide significant livelihood benefits and food security. The chapter therefore, concludes that the effectiveness of biophysical responses of crop and livestock production systems to specific environmental challenges that are anticipated as a result of climate change, and then the range of adaptive measures that might be taken by local producers to ameliorate their effects will be the prerequisite for defining appropriate societal responses and meet food security targets Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Scientific Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Climate change Crop Livestock Sub Saharan Africa https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/2d52ace27a89816f4ac7d0ec0e3c1b8c.pdf fcf9748ecf30a0d6585b4bd268f317b2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF ADEQUATE AND INADEQUATE INORGANIC FERTILIZER RATES ON THE YIELD LEVELS OF PAPRIKA IN MUTASA RESETTLEMENT AREA, MANICALAND PROVINCE, ZIMBABWE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource CULVER MVUMI adequate/ inadequate fertilizer Paprika rate https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/d2139f9948d40c9076e17baf4b665914.pdf ae1b0e67535f9e0f36b2e508ff57ee3f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource WOMEN RE-DEFINING THEMSELVES IN THE CONTEXT OF HIV AND AIDS: INSIGHTS FROM TENDAYI WESTERHOF’S UNLUCKY IN LOVE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource ANNA CHITANDO Description An account of the resource 8 Women Re-defining Themselves in the Context of HIV and AIDS: Insights from Tendayi Westerhof’s Unlucky in Love Anna Chitando Introduction In a literary landscape that has been dominated by male voices, Westerhof’s auto/biographical text subverts several assumptions, principally the unstated underprivileging of female agency. She fur- ther performs a sacrilegious desecration through a triumphalist nar- rative of a taboo subject: HIV and AIDS and openly celebrating her personhood, even though mired in divorce and disease. This chapter focuses on Westerhof’s Unlucky in Love (2005), a novel about a woman who marries and divorces. Rumbidzai (Rumbi for short) is a mother of four. She is HIV positive and strives to make her life meaningful in an environment that is characterised by oppressive masculinities. This chapter attempts to resolve what has been left hanging by Tagwira with regards women’s vulnerability to HIV and AIDS, their survival strategies, as well as their attempt to reconstruct positive identi- ties. Theoretically, this chapter is informed by the critical works of African womanists and feminists such as Grace, Saadawi, Gaidzanwa and Moyana. Saadawi (2007) insists that women must refuse to suc- cumb to patriarchal dictates. In a recent chapter on Saadawi, Zucker (2010) has brought out Saadawi’s determination to empower women. Firdaus, a key personality in Saadawi’s Woman at Point Zero, murders a man and recovers control of her destiny. Zucker comments on the novel: In Woman at Point Zero, El Saadawi shows us what a human being will do in spite of cultural sufferings to feel some degree of personal power and freedom. She has woven a multi-generic tale of a woman whose life embodies an inter-gendered outlook; Firdausi has suffered as women do in her culture and has grad- ually assumed aspects of masculine power generally off-limits to Egyptian women. Indeed, her coming to power results from her re-authoring her life against the gendered constraints of her soci- ety. Firdaus earns her own money and decides how to publicly spend it. She selects the job that avails her of a better lifestyle and chooses with whom she will or will not have sex. And finally, she acts out her rage at the appropriate target. (Zucker 2010:248–249) This powerful passage demonstrates that, when cornered, women are willing to “murder” patriarchy in order to re-define themselves and recover their agency. Gaidzanwa (1985:14) questions male author- ity that only feels that “motherhood is respectable and held in high esteem as long as it goes with or is preceded by socially approved wifehood”. How men prescribe inferior roles that women have to play in society is also underscored by Moyana (2006), whose anal- ysis of the portrayal of women in some of Mungoshi’s short stories shows that women are supposed to be underlings in society. Moyana goes on to show that, against this phallocentric logic, some female characters are determined to defy patriarchy and that it is these assertive women who create the basis from which it is conceivable to imagine that women can challenge the multiple sources of their oppressions. Ngoshi and Pasi (2007) add that the agency of people affected by HIV and AIDS must be framed as subjects, not objects. These perspectives on women struggling to realise their freedoms in a context of HIV and AIDS and the male-induced stigma are used in this chapter to unravel how black women fight for their voices and to be heard in predominantly patriarchal and capitalist society Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Palgrave Macmillan Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource 2014 HIV nd AIDS Women https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/5dce336b1b72491a6892443ab2f83c71.pdf 47b15700e70e215033aadab4f757e226 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource WOMEN EMPOWERMENT THROUGH OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING IN ZIMBABWE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource TAVONGA NJAYA Description An account of the resource The primary aim of the study was to uncover demographic and socio-economic details and reasons for opting for open and distance learning. Although the focus was on women learners, the study adopted a gender approach in assessing access to university education through open and distance learning in order to study both men and women. This helped to interrogate, articulate and analyse the gender construction of distance education learners and delivery of open and distance learning at the Zimbabwe Open University. Women constitute a substantial proportion of those marginalised by conventional systems of learning at university level. The problems of access to tertiary education are mostly restrictive socio-economic factors. Data collection techniques included interviews, focus groups and document reviews. Using the elicitation approach, forty-five learners and seven graduates were selected on the basis of representativeness in terms of academic level and discipline. Data were analysed using statistical tests and descriptive or thematic analysis. The study revealed that a significant number of respondents were working married women with children who found open and distance learning framework more compatible with their multiple tasks; household chores, education, wage work, family, relatives and community at large. The findings showed that open and distance learning helped women to circumvent constraints of time, space, resources and socio-economic barriers thereby significantly contributing to their empowerment. A majority of women took a break to attend to their multiple duties either during or after undergraduate studies Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Empowerment gender approach household learner open access. women