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                <text>ENSURING EQUITABLE RESOURCE ALLOCATION AND GENDER SENSITIVE POLICIES IN&#13;
SUPPORTING FOOD PRODUCTION AND SECURITY IN SOUTHERN AFRICA&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>N. ASSAN</text>
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                <text>Gender disparities in resource allocation and non gender&#13;
responsive policies are important constraint to increasing food&#13;
production and security in Southern Africa. The discussion attempt to&#13;
explore the role of equitable resource allocation and development of&#13;
gender sensitive policies and their implications for improving food&#13;
production and security in Southern Africa. Gender responsive&#13;
policies are meant to catalyze a change process for ending gender&#13;
discrimination and securing women’s access to key productive&#13;
resources. It is believed that without specific attention to gender&#13;
issues in food production and security strategies, unknowingly policy&#13;
may reinforce inequalities between women and men, and may even&#13;
increase productive resources imbalances. It must be emphasized&#13;
that addressing gender resource allocation disparities and&#13;
development of gender sensitive policies is an integral part of&#13;
enabling women to guarantee their families’—and their own—well-&#13;
being. Little attention has been paid to the differential impacts of&#13;
resource allocation disparities and development of gender sensitive&#13;
policies on food production and security, or to which delivery&#13;
mechanisms may be more effective in addressing women needs and&#13;
concerns in food production and security. It is assumed that&#13;
traditional food production policies are not gender-responsive and&#13;
typically do not consult women who are the majority end-users,&#13;
improved varieties and technologies do not take into account women’s needs, preferences, and resources, as a result the high rate&#13;
of failure of intervention food production and security strategies.&#13;
However, policy makers should be aware that development and&#13;
implementation of gender responsive policies and equitable gender&#13;
resource allocation are likely to be mistaken for violation of social&#13;
norms or adversely affect gender relations within the household,&#13;
leading to less successful adoption and potential backlash against&#13;
women. Thus, interventions that seek to remove obstacles in gender&#13;
resource allocation need to consider the trade-offs inherent in&#13;
challenging and respecting gender norms.</text>
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                <text>Scientific Journal of Biological Sciences</text>
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                <text>2014</text>
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                <text>ENTREPRENEURSHIP CURRICULUM IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES IN&#13;
ZIMBABWEAN UNIVERSITIES&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>STEPHEN MWENJE</text>
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                <text>The thesis evaluated entrepreneurship curriculum implementation in Zimbabwean&#13;
universities. The thesis was prompted by shortfalls in capacitating students to create&#13;
entrepreneurial opportunities. The thesis was informed by the philosophy of pragmatism&#13;
and underpinned by theories of opportunity discovery and creation. Review of related&#13;
literature brought evidence on applicability of opportunity discovery and creation&#13;
theories. The study was a mixed method research that adopted a concurrent mixed&#13;
methods design. The population comprised of students and lecturers in 16 universities in&#13;
Zimbabwe. Two parallel samples were used. The quantitative sample was stratified and&#13;
random, with 94 lecturers and 235 students from all programmes, while the qualitative&#13;
sample was purposive, comprising lecturers and students from entrepreneurship degree&#13;
programmes. Questionnaires collected data for the quantitative inquiry while semi-&#13;
structured interviews and documentary reviews generated data for the qualitative inquiry.&#13;
Descriptive statistics presented and analysed quantitative data while thematic analysis&#13;
was used on qualitative data. Validity and reliability validated quantitative methods,&#13;
while trustworthiness validated qualitative methods. Triangulation synthesised theories&#13;
and methods while bracketing and member checking guided researcher’s values. Results&#13;
established limited incorporation of entrepreneurship curriculum into degree&#13;
programmes. Curriculum strategies were deficient in generating venture creation. The&#13;
study concluded that degree programmes fell short in capacitating students to search and&#13;
create entrepreneurial opportunities. The study proposed a model to incorporate&#13;
entrepreneurship curriculum into degree programmes. The study recommended that&#13;
university senates, deans and chairpersons develop action oriented entrepreneurship&#13;
curriculum. The study recommended research that consider university mandates.</text>
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        <name>curriculum implementation</name>
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                <text>EQUITY ON INFORMATION ACCESS OF LIBRARY SERVICES TO STUDENTS WITH SENSORY DISABILITIES AT SELECTED UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES IN HARARE, ZIMBABWE&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>KUDZAYI CHIWANZA</text>
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                <text>ARIEL MUVHUNZWI</text>
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                <text>This study examines equity of information access for students with sensory disabilities relating to visual and hearing impairments at university libraries in Harare, Zimbabwe, identifying barriers and opportunities for inclusive library services. A mixed-methods approach was employed, incorporating surveys, interviews and observational assessments across three major university libraries: University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe Open University, and Midlands State University (Harare Campus). The study involved 35 students with sensory disabilities, 15 library staff members and accessibility audits of physical and digital library environments. Findings reveal significant inequities in information access, with physical inaccessibility of libraries, lack of infrastructure to support assistive technologies, and inadequately trained staff being primary barriers. Digital accessibility gaps were particularly pronounced, with navigation difficulties, incompatibility with access tools and inadequate labelling of links preventing effective use of online resources. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive relationships between assistive technology availability and staff knowledge (r = .65, p &lt; .01), and strong negative correlations between accessibility improvements and academic challenges (r = –.60, p &lt; .01). The study provides actionable recommendations for university administrators and librarians to improve accessibility and ensure equitable information access. This is the first comprehensive study examining sensory disability accessibility across multiple university libraries in Zimbabwe, contributing to limited African literature on this topic.</text>
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                <text>The Zimbabwe Open University Journal of Applied Social Sciences</text>
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                <text>2026</text>
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        <name>sensory disabilities</name>
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        <name>university libraries</name>
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                <text>ESTIMATING A LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODEL ON THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE ON DERIVATIVE MARKETS&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>WILBERT KUDAKWASHE CHIDAUSHE&#13;
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                <text>PROFESSOR TAVONGA NJAYA</text>
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                <text>The study explored the role of Artificial intelligence on the stability, efficiency, depth, and access&#13;
of derivative markets during the period 2009 to 2021. The study used mixed method research.&#13;
Cross sectional data of 60 countries from North America, Latin America and the Caribbean,&#13;
Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Middle East and North Africa, Sub-Sahara Africa, South&#13;
and Central Asia, East Asia, and the Pacific. Simple random sampling was used to select the 60&#13;
countries according to their Government Artificial Intelligence Index. Logistic regression was&#13;
applied on the cross-section data to determine the effect of Artificial Intelligence on derivative&#13;
markets in terms of financial efficiency, financial depth, financial access, and financial stability.&#13;
The proven role of Artificial Intelligence on derivative markets is to enhance financial inclusion&#13;
and financial stability through the provision of derivative trading platforms. The results of the&#13;
study showed that the use of Artificial intelligence on derivative markets is significantly and&#13;
positively related to financial access as measured by the percentage of digital payments. Further,&#13;
the test revealed that the use of Artificial Intelligence on derivative markets is significantly and&#13;
negatively related to financial stability as measured by stock price volatility. The study showed&#13;
that there was no effect on financial depth and efficiency arising from the use of Artificial Intel-&#13;
ligence on derivative markets. The study recommended that governments should put in place&#13;
adequate financial infrastructure as well as vibrant regulations prior to the use of Artificial&#13;
Intelligence on the derivative markets to avoid systemic risk build ups.</text>
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                <text>MET Mangement Review - MMR</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2068">
                <text>2024</text>
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        <name>Artificial Intelligence</name>
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        <name>Derivative Markets</name>
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        <name>Financial Development</name>
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      <tag tagId="937">
        <name>Government Artificial Intelligent Readiness Index</name>
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        <name>Logistic Regression</name>
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                <text>ESTIMATION OF THE IMPACT OF TOBACCO CURING&#13;
ON WOOD RESOURCES IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text>ITAI OFFAT MANYANHAIRE &#13;
&#13;
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                <text>WISDOM KURANGWA</text>
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                <text>This paper estimates the impact of tobacco curing on wood resources in Zimbabwe. The estimation was done using&#13;
the year 2009 and 2010 tobacco production statistics for small scale farmers obtained from the Tobacco Industry&#13;
Marketing Board (TIMB). The total mass of tobacco produced was multiplied by a factor 14 kilogrammes of wood&#13;
required to cure one kilogramme of tobacco. The estimation of the annual forest woodland clearance per every&#13;
hectare of tobacco cured was calculated using 0.6 hectares of forest woodland per every hectare factor obtained&#13;
from literature. Wood consumption increased significantly across all major tobacco producing regions of the&#13;
country. This was driven by a marked increase in the number of farmers and the size of land put under tobacco&#13;
across provinces. There was 19% increase in hectarage of forests cleared to cure tobacco which may be linked to the&#13;
growing shrinkage of forests in the country. Miombo woodlands were major sources of wood fuel due mainly to their&#13;
high energy value and their ecological dominance within the tobacco farming regions. Despite efforts by the tobacco&#13;
industry to provide farmers with coal for curing tobacco, small holder farmers continue to use wood fuel with&#13;
negative impacts on wood resources. There is need for the stakeholders in the tobacco industry to educate farmers&#13;
and enhance the use of coal, creation of woodlots and adoption of the energy saving technologies</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Development and Sustainability</text>
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        <name>consumption</name>
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        <name>curing</name>
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                <text>This study explored gender parity in wood technology programmes at a technical and vocational education and training institution in Harare, Zimbabwe, amidst rising female enrolment in higher education. A mixed-methods approach, using a concurrent nested design, was employed to collect both quantitative data from enrolment registers, attendance records and performance lists, and qualitative data through focus groups, interviews and questionnaires with eight lecturers and 30 students. The findings revealed that Gender Parity Index (GPI) for enrolment in wood technology programmes was 0.44. The study also showed that female students slightly outperformed males in theoretical assessments but were outperformed in practical tasks requiring gross motor skills. Females showed higher lesson attendance and better organisational skills but faced higher dropout rates due to gender-based discrimination and challenges in balancing academic and household responsibilities. Suggested strategies to improve gender parity include gender sensitisation workshops, mentorship, flexible schedules and childcare support..</text>
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                <text>EVALUATING THE INFLUENCE OF ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS ON THE IMPLEMENTATION&#13;
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                <text>Despite the growing importance of sustainable practices in the tourism and hospitality sector,&#13;
the adoption of internationally recognized Environmental Management Systems (EMS)&#13;
remains notably low among hotels in the region. The purpose of this study was to investigate&#13;
the economic constraints affecting the implementation of EMS within hotel chains in Harare,&#13;
Zimbabwe. Through the use of a mixed-methods approach, qualitative content analysis was&#13;
performed on the websites of four predominant hotel chains, while quantitative data were&#13;
collected via a stratified random sampling technique involving 185 hotel employees using a&#13;
structured questionnaire. Findings indicated that none of the surveyed hotels hold international&#13;
EMS certificates, although local initiatives are implemented. Key economic challenges&#13;
identified included the high costs associated with eco-friendly technologies, economic&#13;
instability, and regulatory hurdles, which collectively impede the adoption of comprehensive&#13;
EMS practices. The analysis revealed a significant negative relationship between economic&#13;
constraints and EMS implementation, highlighting that operational challenges and economic&#13;
uncertainty are paramount barriers. Consequently, it was recommended that hotel operators&#13;
engaged in collaboration with policymakers and seek financial incentives to facilitate EMS&#13;
adoption. Further training programmes focused on enhancing sustainability knowledge are&#13;
essential to overcoming these constraints. This research contributes valuable insights to the&#13;
discourse on sustainable practices in Zimbabwe's hospitality industry, emphasizing the need&#13;
for strategic interventions to align economic viability with environmental stewardship</text>
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                <text>EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING&#13;
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                <text>This study is an evaluation of the degreed primary school head teachers in Chipinge District&#13;
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philosophical underpinnings of constructivism and phenomenology. A sample of 163&#13;
participants was used. Purposive sampling technique was used to select participants until&#13;
saturation point. The researcher, interview guide, questionnaire with open ended questions&#13;
and an observation checklist were used to generate data. Data were presented, analysed and&#13;
interpreted using the Grounded Theory Approach. The major findings of the study were that,&#13;
ODL degreed head teachers were more effective leaders and managers of primary schools&#13;
than those who had no degrees. There has been marked development in infrastructure and&#13;
notable improvement has also been noted in supervisory and management styles pass rate and&#13;
positive head teachers-teacher relations. There are good working relationships between Head&#13;
Teachers and School Development Committees. The study concluded that ODL has been&#13;
successful in capacitating educational personnel to be effective leaders and managers of&#13;
primary schools in Chipinge District. The controversy surrounding the credibility of ODL&#13;
educational management degrees is no longer a cause for concern in the district judging by&#13;
the accolades showered on the graduates and the programme. The study recommends that&#13;
policy makers re-think corporal punishment and school fees polices. Another&#13;
recommendation was for trainers to adopt a more practical approach in ICT and financial&#13;
management courses. Finally it was recommended that ODL district offices be set up</text>
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                <text>EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS IN ZIMBABWE'S&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>Despite persuasive heuristics and pragmatic promotion for the use of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs)&#13;
to infuse dynamism into public sector infrastructure development, little is known about their progress in&#13;
Zimbabwe's state universities. This study traces the evolution and validation of PPPs as an alternative&#13;
funding option for the development of educational infrastructure in Zimbabwean state universities and&#13;
compares it with other traditional funding options. This descriptive qualitative research methodology,&#13;
grounded in constructivist research philosophy and bolstered by a multiple case study research design&#13;
collected data through in-depth key informant interviews. Nineteen key informant participants were&#13;
selected through criteria and critical purposive sampling techniques, while secondary data was sourced&#13;
from relevant literature. This study established that there has been a low uptake and implementation&#13;
inertia of educational infrastructure PPPs in Zimbabwean state universities since their adoption and&#13;
standardization in 2010. Although the concept was introduced back in 1998 and initial PPP frameworks&#13;
were developed in 2004, it wasn't until 2010 that serious emphasis was placed on adopting them in&#13;
Zimbabwean state universities. Various justifications were identified for the adoption of PPPs in this&#13;
sector and PPPs emerged as a viable alternative to traditional funding sources such as the national&#13;
budget, institutional funds and loan financing. PPPs were viewed as a sustainable approach that could&#13;
help state universities bridge their infrastructure gaps. The study recommends that state universities&#13;
adopt a business oriented approach and operate as social enterprises if they are to attract a significant&#13;
pool of quality private investors in PPP arrangements.</text>
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&#13;
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                <text>Public entities in Zimbabwe have been experiencing frequent corporate failures that are&#13;
attributed to endless scandals that include embezzlement of funds, unscrupulous rewarding of tenders and nepotism. The primary objective of the study was, therefore, to examine the malfeasances that contribute to poor corporate performance among state entity boards in Zimbabwe. The Agency Theory and Political Theory informed the study. The pragmatism research philosophy, mixed research approach and cross-sectional survey research design were adopted. The study population comprised permanent secretaries, CEOs, executive and non- executive directors from all public entities across Zimbabwe. A sample of 261 participants was used for collecting quantitative data and 25 participants for collecting qualitative data. The stratified sampling and purposive sampling techniques were applied to sample quantitative and qualitative data respectively. Semi-structured questionnaires and in-depth personal interviews were applied to collect and generate data from participants. The study established that poor recruitment procedures and board inefficiencies were behind the underperformance of public entities. The results indicated that government policy on how public entities are governed indeed moderates the relationship between board malfeasances and corporate performance. The respondents urged the government to transform the public entities by applying stern measures to curb corruption and employing the right people to boards.&#13;
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                <text> ZIMBABWE JOURNAL OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT  (ZJBEM)</text>
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challenges, student challenges, methodological challenges, infrastructural challenges, and policy challenges. The study recommends intensive training of PhD supervisors. The study also recommends the need for universities to run workshops with doctoral supervisors to provide them with the fundamentals of doctoral thesis coaching and mentoring. Candidates need workshops from the onset of the PhD journey. Universities need to up skill their PhD supervisors so that they guide their candidates to produce quality work.</text>
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                <text>The study explored the challenges that militate against the successful&#13;
implementation of Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in&#13;
Zimbabwe. The study gave an informed focus on biases and perceptions associated&#13;
with the academic curriculum. In addressing these challenges, it becomes possible&#13;
to create an environment where TVET education is valued and considered a viable&#13;
pathway for individuals, and national economic and social development. Using&#13;
critical discourse analysis, the study examined the perceptions of instructors and&#13;
students about TVET education and identified historical factors that continue to&#13;
contribute to the devaluation of TVET. The study findings revealed that the&#13;
historical undervaluing of TVET subjects in comparison with academic subjects&#13;
was borrowed from the colonial bottleneck education system that favoured&#13;
university education over technical skills and persists today. The study underscored&#13;
the need for a paradigm shift to TVET skills if economic development is to be&#13;
realised in Zimbabwe. This study recommends the need to re-evaluate the status of&#13;
TVET education given its contribution to the job market. This study understands the&#13;
historical roots of biases against TVET and provides insights for the reconstruction&#13;
of an effective TVET system in Zimbabwe that contributes toward ongoing&#13;
discourses on the importance of technical skills for national development. The study&#13;
recommends the need to reshape public perceptions around TVET which requires a&#13;
concerted effort and long-term commitment to changing societal attitudes toward&#13;
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                <text>The study sought to find out undergraduate students and research supervisors’ views on&#13;
factors affecting the completion of research projects by Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU)&#13;
students. Student, supervisor and institutional related factors were the focus of the study.&#13;
Descriptive survey method was used in the study due to the normative nature of the data&#13;
collected. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data. The sample of the study&#13;
comprised 50 students who had failed to complete their research projects on schedule as&#13;
well as 24 research project supervisors. Convenience sampling was used in selection of the&#13;
students. Supervisors available at the time of the study formed part of the sample. Findings&#13;
were that the time given to students to do their research project was inadequate. Lack of&#13;
library, Internet and typing facilities as well as finance for travelling to and from the supervisor&#13;
hampered students’ research progress. The study concluded that student and institutional&#13;
factors contributed to failure by students to complete their research projects on schedule.&#13;
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projects; over three semesters</text>
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                <text>Milk is a nutritious, cost-efficient source of protein, minerals and vitamins.&#13;
Cattle, goats and sheep have been the major sources of milking for human&#13;
consumption. However, these species’ milk yield and composition is known&#13;
to be influenced by genetic and non-genetic factors. This is on the&#13;
background that genetic factors such as the genotype are difficult to&#13;
control, unless through selective breeding. There are variations in milk yield&#13;
and composition, not only between, but also within species, because of&#13;
diversity among genotypes, management practices, stage of lactation, etc.,&#13;
and also interactions among these factors. These environmental and&#13;
physiological factors (stage of lactation, pregnancy, prolificacy, etc) greatly&#13;
influence the amount and composition of milk that is actually produced.&#13;
Some non-genetic factors, such as the nutrition and management of the&#13;
milking animals can be manipulated by the dairy farmer to improve milk&#13;
yield and produce high quality milk. This book attempts to explore the&#13;
influence of genetics a n d some non-genetic factors on yield and milk&#13;
composition in cattle, goat and sheep</text>
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                <text>FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO INJURIES AMONG HANDBALL PLAYERS&#13;
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                <text>Sport injury has become an inescapable occupational menace in physical and sporting circles&#13;
due to the current high entry of people into sport for competition and entertainment reasons.&#13;
This inclination has seen a shift of interest from therapeutic process towards more of injury&#13;
protective mechanisms with regard to players’ physical uprightness. This study aimed at&#13;
identifying the main risk factors that contributed to injury occurrence during training and&#13;
competition in Masvingo Province tertiary handball between 2014 and 2015. It sought to&#13;
determine and examine the relationships between external and athlete-triggered risk factors,&#13;
injury outcomes and their impact on player performance. This study was an epidemiological&#13;
prospective cohort design with 153 college players, 18-30 years drawn from ten male and&#13;
female handball teams of Masvingo Province. It was conducted with the view to recommend&#13;
plausible preventive safe playing environments from the existing high cumulative injury&#13;
incidences players experienced. A total of 242 incidental injuries players sustained were from&#13;
contact and non-contact situations. Contact injuries were greater in matches than training in&#13;
both gender but with high figures being reported in females than men. Most injuries were&#13;
located in lower limb than upper limb appendages. The most vulnerable sites were the knee,&#13;
ankle/foot, shoulder, wrist, fingers, elbow and hip. The principal injury mechanisms that&#13;
significantly contributed to injury sustenance were plant and cutting, shooting, blocking,&#13;
turning, landing and dribbling. Findings were that injury occurrence is related to the interface&#13;
between externally and athlete-related risk factors implying that injury occurrence is not&#13;
confined to a single inciting factor, but to a host of variables. Handball training regimes need&#13;
to focus on basic proprioceptive, sensomotoric, and neuromuscular aspects to address the&#13;
frequently injured body limps. Exercise-based injury prevention programs, education on&#13;
injury aetiology, identification of injury trends and situational risk factors, should be&#13;
iii&#13;
practically instituted and ingrained as correctional concerns by coaches and associations in&#13;
handball.</text>
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                <text>FACTORS INFLUENCING UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ SAVING BEHAVIOUR IN ZIMBABWE-&#13;
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                <text>FRESH WATER SOURCES POLLUTION: A HUMAN RELATED THREAT TO&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>MAXWELL CONSTANTINE CHANDO MUSINGAFi</text>
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                <text>This paper is mainly an overview of the challenge of human induced water sources pollution in South Africa.&#13;
The major line of argument in this paper is that the rapidly growing population, urbanisation, agricultural,&#13;
industrial and mining activity in South Africa pose a threat to availability, accessibility and quality of potable&#13;
water resources in the country. This is more acute in the major centres of economic activity; for example in&#13;
the Gauteng Province, where the Johannesburg and the Tshwane metropolitan municipalities are situated. To&#13;
make matters worse these cities are located upstream of the water system drainage in the catchment area and&#13;
effluent disposal is directly into the raw water reservoirs posing serious threat to both human life and the&#13;
ecosystem. The government of South Africa has to take pollution control policies and their implementation&#13;
as a serious governance issue. The country has to take a clue from the developed countries where pollution-&#13;
control laws have helped to clean up rivers, lakes and streams. Our final conclusion is that, in South Africa,&#13;
like anywhere else in the world, freshwater management and governance is of critical importance to avoid&#13;
artificial freshwater shortages. The supply and demand for water, and therefore its abundance or scarcity,&#13;
depend significantly on the management of the resource and its use. Poor management may create functional&#13;
water scarcity even in a country with seemingly abundant supplies of fresh water.</text>
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        <name>fresh water</name>
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                <text>FROM TRANSITION TO TRANSFORMATION: EXPLORING THE INDUCTION OF NEW LECTURERS IN TEACHERS’ COLLEGES IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text>This study investigates the experiences and strategies pertinent to the induction of new lecturers in teachers' colleges, with a specific emphasis on those transitioning from secondary school teaching to primary education. The research identifies critical gaps within current induction programmes, particularly a lack of emphasis on essential pedagogical skills, effective assessment practices and the management of adult learners. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with 15 lecturers and thematic analysis was employed to interpret and analyse the findings. The results reveal that although induction programmes are in place, they predominantly concentrate on operational aspects, such as familiarisation with college services and administrative processes, which ultimately leaves new lecturers inadequately prepared for the professional demands of teaching. A significant finding was the prevalent assumption that lecturers would naturally adapt to the pedagogical requirements of higher education, despite the substantial differences in teaching approaches between secondary and primary education. Furthermore, the study uncovered notable deficiencies in training related to assessment practices and the supervision of teaching practices. In response to these identified gaps, the study proposes several strategies for enhancing induction programmes, including the reintroduction of short-term attachments to primary schools, the development of comprehensive mentorship programmes and targeted training on adult learning principles. These strategies are designed to bridge the existing gaps in the preparation of new lecturers and to facilitate smoother transitions into teaching roles. The paper concludes by advocating for the implementation of structured and well-rounded induction programmes that address both operational and professional dimensions, thereby improving lecturer effectiveness and enhancing the overall quality of teacher education.</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Education</text>
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                <text>2026</text>
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                <text>GENDER AND SMALLHOLDER LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION, IMPROVEMENT&#13;
AND CONSERVATION IN AFRICA&#13;
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                <text>N ASSAN</text>
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                <text>Policy makers, developmental agents and researchers are now aware of the need to incorporate gender issues in smallholder livestock production planning and development in order to improve livestock productivity in Africa. This discussion attempt to explore the role of gender in smallholder livestock production,genetic improvement and conservation.Strategies to improve livestock production and conservation within the smallholder livestock sector will not be successful unless gender related issues are taken into account.Ownership of different livestock species by men and women in smallholder livestock production sector has been documented, often cattle and larger animals are owned by men, while goat keeping and backyard poultry production are largely women's domains. Therefore, it is assumed that taking cognizance of gender differentials in smallholder livestock production intervention programs will result in effectively implementation of livestockdevelopment programs ensuring more optimal outcomes. The rationale for gender integration in livestock improvement and conservation is driven by the fact that different household members typically hold different livestock responsibilities; they also may have different livestock priorities and livestock production constraints. Gender sensitive livestock policy initiatives such as training women in livestock improvement and conservation in smallholder livestock production sector should be adopted in order to address specific concerns and priorities of women as major stakeholders in livestock production.Gendered asymmetries in access to livestock and services not only do a great disservice to women and men livestock smallholder farmers, but they also stifle the potential for more sustainable and effective actions along a given livestock improvement program. In most cases , where livestock improvement and conservation programs are being carried out, the lack of gender consideration constrains the development of holistic approaches to achieve desirable goals.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="339">
                <text>Scientific Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences</text>
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        <name>Gender</name>
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        <name>Genetic improvement</name>
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        <name>Keywords</name>
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        <name>Livestock production</name>
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                <text>GENDER DIFFERENTIATED CLIMATE CHANGE DISCOURSE IN RURAL COMMUNITIES IN&#13;
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES&#13;
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                <text>he discourse on climate change should provide adequate attention to&#13;
gender differentiated roles and vunerability, either at the local community&#13;
level and international climate change negotiations because the impact of&#13;
climate change affects women and men differently. There is a missing link&#13;
to scientific assessment of climate change and responses to climate through&#13;
a gender dimension and the policies enacted to mitigate and adapt to its&#13;
impacts. Currently, there is insufficient knowledge regarding gender&#13;
differentiated impacts of climate change worldover. However, there has&#13;
been a consensus that in trying to understand climate change in general, we&#13;
need to appreciate gender and gender relations. The discussion explores&#13;
the gender dimension of climate change and the policies enacted to&#13;
mitigate and adapt to its impacts with the aim of developing gender&#13;
sensitive approaches with regards to mitigation measures and adaptation&#13;
strategies in rural communities in developing countrie. Women and men in&#13;
most developing countries are especially vulnerable to climate when they&#13;
are highly dependent on local natural resources for their livelihood. It is&#13;
important to remember, however, that both men and women are not only&#13;
vulnerable to climate change but they are also effective actors or agents of&#13;
change in relation to both mitigation and adaptation. The relationship&#13;
between women and the environment revolves around their concerns for&#13;
providing family food security, fuel, water, and health care. As climate&#13;
change research knowledge is accumulating at a remarkable pace, it is&#13;
intersecting with disasters regarding developing nations in fascinating ways Yet, there remains a significant gap in integrated quantitative and&#13;
qualitative methods for studying climate change perception and policy&#13;
support in rural communities. Men and women extensive theoretical and&#13;
practical knowledge of the environment and resource conservation should&#13;
be given due consideration. Their potential contribution to climate&#13;
mitigation by being part of the intervention strategy should be sufficiently&#13;
exploited</text>
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                <text>Scientific Journal of Pure and Applied ScienceS</text>
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