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                <text>SIGNIFICANCE OF PARITY, YEAR-SEASON AND PROLIFICACY IN INFLUENCING GOAT MILK&#13;
PRODUCTION TRAITS&#13;
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                <text>N. ASSAN</text>
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                <text>Milk production traits in goats are affected by different non&#13;
genetic factors and the knowledge of these factors is essential for&#13;
efficient management and for accurate estimation of breeding&#13;
values. Adjusting for the known non genetic factors is necessary to&#13;
increase efficiency of animal selection in dairy goats. The discussion&#13;
explores the significance of dam’s parity, year-season and prolificacy&#13;
in influencing milk production traits in goats. Much valuable research&#13;
already exists on the influence of non genetic factors in dairy cattle;&#13;
however, not much mention has been done pertaining to dairy goats.&#13;
This is on the assumption that the spectrum of non genetic factors&#13;
which affect milk production traits in goats are the same factors&#13;
which influnce milk production traits in cattle. The understanding of&#13;
different non genetic factors and their impacts is the first step in&#13;
improving goat milk production, and prerequisite for defining&#13;
appropriate management practices in the milk production process.&#13;
Knowledge of non genetic factors is important in matching goat milk&#13;
production to specific production system ensuring a sustainable level&#13;
of milk production.</text>
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                <text>Agricultural Advances </text>
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                <text>PATRON BEHAVIOURAL CHALLENGES: A FOCUS ON VIOLENCE IN PUBLIC LIBRARIES WITHIN GWERU, ZIMBABWE</text>
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                <text>MTHOKOZISI MASUMBIKA NCUBE</text>
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                <text>In Zimbabwe, the constitution indicates the freedom of expression, at the same time noting the&#13;
need for individuals to respective individual rights, including non-violent behaviours towards&#13;
others in the process of one’s expression. In addition, different legislative acts have been&#13;
instituted to prevent and alleviate violence within communities. For instance, public libraries&#13;
are governed by the National Library Documentation Services that stipulates conduct of library&#13;
staff members and patrons. Since several public libraries are managed by local authorities,&#13;
there are also bylaws that indicate the kind of behaviour that individual stakeholders are&#13;
supposed to conform to. In addition, libraries have their own rules and regulation that specify&#13;
on the kind of conduct and behaviour that staff and patrons are supposed to conform to.&#13;
Conversely, even with these legislations, policies, procedures, rules and regulations, public&#13;
libraries in Zimbabwe still face several behavioural challenges, including violent behaviour&#13;
from patrons and community members. Regrettably, there has been inadequate literature and&#13;
research around violence in libraries within a Zimbabwe context. Even within the global&#13;
context, there is lack of contemporary research on violence within public libraries. Therefore,&#13;
using a case of Gweru public libraries in Zimbabwe, this study endeavoured to reveal the causes&#13;
of violent behaviour within such libraries. Furthermore, the premise of the study was also to&#13;
expose the effects of violent behaviour within the libraries, as well as mitigation strategies that&#13;
the libraries could put in place to address violent behaviour.</text>
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                <text> Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)</text>
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                <text>AN INSIGHT INTO THE DEFINITIONS OF DISTANCE LEARNING AND&#13;
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                <text>Firstly, this article examines various definitions of Distance Learning with the aim of enabling&#13;
scholars to have a wider perspective of the concept. While the most basic definition relates to&#13;
education that takes place when the teacher and students are separated by physical distance,&#13;
developments in this area now encompass distance learning with technology (electronic,&#13;
print, voice and data). Technology in this respect is viewed as the bridge used to mediate&#13;
the gap between the tutor and the student. Secondly, the article also puts emphasis on the&#13;
types of comments on marked assignments, that can either help the learner to work hard&#13;
or destroy the learner’s interest to learn. Appropriate, positive and constructive comments&#13;
in marked assignments promote effective communication between the tutor and the learner.&#13;
Most importantly, prompt assignment return with constructive feedback and counselling, is&#13;
a possible decisive element for study success and goal achievement, for Distance Learners.&#13;
More suggestions on enhancing the tutor – student interaction are discussed.</text>
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                <text>PEDAGOGIC POSSIBILITIES OF ICTS AND TECHNOLOGY AFFORDANCES IN AN INCREASINGLY NETWORKED ENVIRONMENT IN SUPPORT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT</text>
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                <text>GABRIEL KABANDA</text>
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                <text>The research project seeks new opportunities/ directions of learning and teaching in an increasingly&#13;
networked world, and how they can benefit people in developing countries in support of sustainable&#13;
development. The research agenda is aimed at studying how interconnected information and&#13;
communication technologies (ICTs) can expand the reach of educational opportunities and improve&#13;
learning outcomes as technology affordances. The main research question is - What are the pedagogic&#13;
possibilities of ICTs and technology affordances in an increasingly networked environment that can&#13;
impact/ benefit participative collaborative inclusive communities of learning in support of sustainable&#13;
development?</text>
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                <text>PEDAGOGY IN DISTANCE EDUCATION: IS EVALUATIVE JUDGEMENT AN EFFECTIVE PEDAGOGICAL TOOL FOR STUDENTS IN DISTANCE EDUCATION?</text>
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                <text>PAUL MUPA&#13;
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                <text>Distance education has expanded dramatically over the years and has become a needed component in the higher&#13;
education landscape especially in this COVID-19 era. Students in distance education need the ability to make&#13;
decisions about the quality of work and others. The argument advanced in this article is that evaluative judgement&#13;
should be used as a pedagogical tool by students in distance education so that they develop the capacity to improve&#13;
their reflective practices. Qualitative methodology was employed in this study. Learning facilitators from the&#13;
Zimbabwe Open University were purposefully sampled to generate data through semi-structured interviews. The&#13;
major findings of the study were that evaluative judgement is a very effective tool which enables students to see&#13;
whether what they are doing is right or wrong. It is used in assignment writing, term paper presentations, research&#13;
project writing, group discussions, peer assessment, teaching practice attachment and during examination writing. It&#13;
improves the depth and breadth of understanding matter and also improves the quality of interaction between the&#13;
student and the content. The study recommends that tutorial handbooks should be provided at orientation on the&#13;
importance of evaluative judgement to students in order to improve the quality of their work.</text>
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                <text>Zambia Journal of Distance Education</text>
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                <text>PERCEPTIONS AND ATTITUDES OF PARTICIPANTS TOWARD URBAN GARDENING. A CASE STUDY OF NUTRITION GARDENS IN MUCHEKE TOWN, MASVINGO</text>
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                <text>The main objective of the study was to determine participants’ attitude and perceptions towards urban gardening.&#13;
Characterising the participants and determining the challenges and benefits obtained from urban gardening were&#13;
also objectives of the study. Data was collect through questionnaire, focus group discussion and observations&#13;
from the field. The study made use of a sample of 40 participants. Statistical tools such as descriptive statistics&#13;
were employed and data was analysed through SPSS. The study revealed that urban gardening is an important&#13;
programme to the community and that it is a better way of generating income. Most of the participants indicated&#13;
that they can continue gardening without any form of assistance from donors. Benefits from urban gardening&#13;
include, additional income from sales of vegetables, vegetables for family consumption, and time to socialize.&#13;
Participants mentioned theft, dilapidating canals, one water point, and limited access to some of the vegetable&#13;
markets as challenges that they face. The nutrition gardening programme targeted mainly the widowed, orphans,&#13;
elderly and the sick. The study recommended that the city council should open more areas for urban gardening as&#13;
this has proved to be a source of food and income so that those that are unemployed and the poor can engage in&#13;
gardening. This will reduce urban poverty and create employment</text>
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                <text>PERCEPTIONS ON ECOLOGICAL SANITATION IN ZIMBABWE: THE CASE OF MASIYARWA COMMUNAL AREA IN ZVIMBA DISTRICT OF MASHONALAND WEST PROVINCE</text>
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&#13;
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                <text>Ecological sanitation technologies have taken prominence as sustainable ways of managing human&#13;
waste in communal settings. Since the introduction and adoption of such technologies in Zimbabwe&#13;
there has been limited evaluation of residents’ perceptions of these technologies. Thus, a Descriptive&#13;
Survey of residents’ perception on Ecological Sanitation Technologies was conducted using a pre-&#13;
tested questionnaire and key informant interviews with beneficiaries, triangulated with focus group&#13;
discussions, field observations, and secondary data sources. The cultural background of the&#13;
beneficiaries was observed to play a critical role in molding their perceptions towards the ecological&#13;
sanitation technologies (EcoSan). Generally, there was a negative perception towards the use of&#13;
humanure in leaf, stem, and root crops, with a clear show of disgust at the mention of such a&#13;
prospect. To achieve high levels of acceptability of the technologies, awareness campaigns should&#13;
target local community leaders (mainly councilors, chiefs, and kraal heads) as critical vehicles for&#13;
positive perception development and mobilization of the rest of the community.</text>
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                <text>PERSONAL ACCOUNTS OF TEACHERS ON FACTORS AFFECTING&#13;
QUALITY IN ZIMBABWEAN SCHOOLS&#13;
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                <text>KURASHA PRIMROSE</text>
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                <text>The study sought to determine what the factors affecting quality. The study was&#13;
basically qualitative. Personal accounts of teachers were sought yielding qualitative&#13;
data. The research employed the descriptive survey design. In this study, a sample of&#13;
263 teachers from four districts of Masvingo province in Zimbabwe was chosen using&#13;
the convenience sampling technique. The study found out that departmental members&#13;
were clear about the vision towards which they were working at, had a reasonable&#13;
understanding of what excellence entailed and hailed the department for teamwork.&#13;
However, they insisted that the need for staff growth, matching resources, research&#13;
culture, communication, tutorial package, incentives and proper assessment&#13;
management are prerequisites for departmental excellence in open and distance&#13;
learning. The study among others recommended that the idea of excellence be&#13;
pursued, backed by recourses, training, incentives and a research culture.</text>
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                <text>European Social Sciences Research Journal</text>
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                <text>&#13;
PESTICIDAL PROPERTIES OF CHIVE (ALLIUM SCHOENOPRASUM)AGAINST CABBAGE APHID (BREVICORYNE BRASSICAE) IN RAPE (BRASSICA NAPUS)&#13;
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                <text>SHADRECK KATURUZA, </text>
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                <text>The cabbage aphid is of agricultural concern vectoring at least 20 viral pathogens in crucifers. The&#13;
aphids have demonstrated tolerance to a number of synthetic pesticides. Botanical pesticides are&#13;
reasonably sustainable and effective in suppressing cabbage aphid populations in crucifers hence&#13;
improved crop quality and yield per hectare. An experiment was run to test the efficacy of various&#13;
concentrations of a botanical pesticide derived from chive (Alliumschoneoprasum&#13;
in controlling cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) in rape. The experiment was laid out in a&#13;
Complete randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and four replicates as follows; 12g chive&#13;
extract, 8g chive extract, 4g chive extract and 0g control (water spray). Analysis&#13;
separate mean mortality was done using Gens tat version 18 and least significant difference at 0.05&#13;
probability level was used to separate means. SPSS version 20 was used in estimating LC&#13;
excel was used in calculating the regression equation. Significant differences (p&lt;0.05) were observed&#13;
throughout the trial, where highest mortality rates were observed in 12g chive extract (94.5%) and&#13;
lowest mortality in control (12.2%) was observed. Pesticide concentration atLC&#13;
was estimated as a concentration of 7g/l. There were no observed signs of phytotoxicity even though&#13;
other studies have shown that chances are high when the dose is increased. The experiments revealed&#13;
that chive leaf extracts had pesticidal effects hence can be used to effectively control cabbage aphid in&#13;
rape by smallholder vegetable producers.&#13;
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                <text>International Journal of Current Research</text>
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                <text>POLITICAL PARTIES</text>
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                <text>olitical Science studies domestic politics of a state or states, and contains political dynamics as one&#13;
of its sub-fields of study which in turn has as one of its sub-sub-fields – political parties, a special topic for&#13;
examination of this article. As a factual statement, political parties occupy an important place and play a&#13;
significant role in the governmental process of a state having democratic political institutions. However, in&#13;
countries with government systems characterized by a combination of authorization, a term which signifies non-&#13;
democratic government, and democratic parties; parties resembling those found in democracies are likely to&#13;
develop, but their importance depends on the degree to which representatives of the people are permitted to&#13;
participate in the determination of governmental policy. Under thoroughly authoritarian governments the right&#13;
to organize parties is either denied or confined to the membership of the ruling oligarchy. Consequently, party&#13;
systems of the type which operate in a democratic or partly democratic environment fail to materialize. As&#13;
events of the twentieth and 20th centuries and 21st centuries have demonstrated, authoritarian governments may&#13;
be controlled by the leaders of an organization, known as a party, which monopolizes the field of organized&#13;
political activity. Examples are the Communist Party of the former Russia; the Communist Party of China; and&#13;
the socialist Party of Cuba under Fidel is Castro. Cases of this kind are often attributable to a combination of&#13;
authoritarianism and totalitarianism. And in this article consideration is first given to the nature of political&#13;
parties, to different varieties of parties, and to the functions which parties normally perform. Thereafter the&#13;
discussion covers such matters as the character of party organization, the several kinds of party systems, and&#13;
the reasons why political parties are invaluable in a democracy</text>
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                <text>IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering</text>
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                <text>POOR PERFORMANCE OF PUPILS IN MATHEMATICS AT GRADE SEVEN EXAMINATIONS IN&#13;
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                <text>RITTAH KASOWE</text>
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                <text>This present study‟s main focus was to analyse the causes of poor performance of pupils in Mathematics at&#13;
Grade Seven examinations in farm schools in Mrewa District of Zimbabwe. The research used the quantitative research&#13;
methodology and adopted the descriptive survey design. The target population included all primary schools in Mrewa&#13;
District in Matabeleland Province in Zimbabwe. Random sampling was used to arrive at a sample of 200 respondents&#13;
made up of 117 females and 83 males. All the information was collected through a questionnaire. The study revealed&#13;
that there was a serious shortage of human, material, financial and in fractural resources that negatively impacted on&#13;
pupils‟ performance in the Grade Seven Mathematics examinations. There was also a very high teacher turn-over due to&#13;
the poor working conditions as well as political volatility in the environment. The study recommends that teachers&#13;
should not be allowed to transfer during the course of the year to allow for continuity and stability in the teacher&#13;
establishment.</text>
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                <text>Scholars Journal of Economics, Business and Management</text>
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                <text>POTENTIAL OF FARM-PRODUCED CROP RESIDUES AS PROTEIN&#13;
SOURCES FOR SMALL-MEDIUM YIELDING DAIRY COWS&#13;
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                <text>NOBBERT T. NGONGONI&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>CLETOS MAPIYE&#13;
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                <text>BARTHOLOMEW MUPETA&#13;
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                <text>MICHAEL CHIMONYO</text>
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                <text>The nutritive value of fifteen crops and by-products were investigated in terms of the protein and energy&#13;
value for rumen microbial protein synthesis using in-situ and mobile bag techniques. The sunflower&#13;
feedstuffs and the cotton seed cake have low digested carbohydrates, which may limit optimum microbial&#13;
protein synthesis, while forage legumes and cereals have higher digested carbo-hydrates (P&lt; 0.05). Thus,&#13;
one way of improving protein digestibility protein rich crops is to feed them with cereal crops. The cereal&#13;
grains (maize, sorghum and pearl millet) and the forage legumes (groundnut and cowpea tops) showed a&#13;
negative protein balance value, suggesting that nitrogen limited optimum microbial protein synthesis in&#13;
relation to the available carbohydrates (P&lt; 0.05). The nitrogen (N) content of the ram press sunflower cake&#13;
(43 g/kg DM) was within the range of the N content found in the commercial dairy concentrates (32 - 57 g/kg&#13;
DM). However, the N in the sunflower was more degradable in the rumen (92%) than that in the commercial&#13;
dairy concentrate (P &lt; 0.05). It can therefore, be concluded that the ram press sunflower cake is potential&#13;
source of N for small-medium yielding dairy cows</text>
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                <text>African Journal of Agricultural Research</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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        <name>Crop residues</name>
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        <name>energy</name>
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        <name>Microbial protein</name>
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                <text>POVERTY AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN AFRICA: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT</text>
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                <text>DR. JEPHIAS MATUNHU</text>
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                <text>The desktop study is on poverty and underdevelopment, which continues to be a matter of concern in the&#13;
developing world. According to Chen and Ravallion (2008), about 1.4 billion people (one in four) lived&#13;
on less than $1.25 a day in 2005. The above situation is likely to worsen in Africa where governments are&#13;
failing to eradicate poverty alone. Giant transnational corporations (TNC) are increasingly called upon to&#13;
champion poverty reduction in the continent. Notably, of the world’s 100 largest economic entities, 51 are&#13;
giant TNCs and the world’s 200 largest corporations have combined sales that are greater than the combined&#13;
GDP of all countries in the world. This desktop research assumes that bodies corporate are the key&#13;
institutions for eradicating poverty in Africa; and so are called upon to make a significant contribution to&#13;
the society that they operate in and depend upon for their economic and financial might. More specifically,&#13;
this paper examines the role of giant TNCs in poverty reduction in a continent that has high poverty levels&#13;
but endowed with plentiful resources</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe International Journal of Open &amp; Distance Learning</text>
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                <text>2011</text>
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        <name>gian</name>
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        <name>transnational corporations</name>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                <text>PREVENTIVE STRESS MANAGEMENT</text>
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                <text>DR. S. B. M. MARUME</text>
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                <text>Because inter-group conflict is inherent in the nature of modern organized institutions,&#13;
management should be capable of resolving this conflict before the dysfunctional consequences affect&#13;
organizational performance. The ability to prevent minimizes, and to resolve conflicts successfully is an&#13;
important skill or competency which administrators or managers must develop. The various strategies for&#13;
preventing, minimizing and resolving intergroup conflicts can be classified into three main categories which will&#13;
be the focal point of this article</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="997">
                <text>Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science</text>
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        <name>and MBO technique</name>
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        <name>avoidance</name>
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                <text>PRODUCTION, MARKETING AND CHALLENGES FACED BY SMALLHOLDER RABBIT FARMERS: A CASE OF MT DARWIN, ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text>DELIWE SYLVESTER TEMBACHAKO &#13;
&#13;
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                <text>MAY MREMA</text>
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                <text> ANYWAY KATANHA</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>The study focused on the production marketing of rabbits and the challenges faced by the&#13;
smallholder rabbit farmers in the four wardsof Mt Darwin District. The wards were purposively selected. A&#13;
descriptive survey method was employed to 85 smallholder rabbit farmers identified through snowballing&#13;
method. Results confirm that rabbits are kept mainly for consumption purposes, as66% of the rabbits produced&#13;
were consumed and only 34% were sold. The major challenges faced by farmers in producing and marketing&#13;
rabbits were inadequate extension services, inadequate feeds, lack of markets and some religious beliefs.&#13;
Farmers do not normallymarket their rabbits and anysurplus rabbits are sold to neighbours and local markets&#13;
onwilly-nilly basis, no marketing strategies are employed. There is the need for widespread awareness of the&#13;
importance of rabbits by government, stakeholders and NGOs through the various media. Extension service&#13;
needs to be intensified in the rabbit enterprisein the rural communities.The government and NGOs should aid&#13;
the development of rabbit industry and marketing to the outside markets since the income received could help&#13;
reduce poverty among smallholder farmers</text>
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standardized instrument tagged “Psychological Factors Assessment Questionnaire and&#13;
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                <text>The study sought to determine distance education students’ experiences in access to and success in e-&#13;
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from all faculties in the Zimbabwe Open University’s Masvingo Regional Campus was extracted using&#13;
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students use computer related gargets such as cell phones, television remote control the majority of&#13;
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workshops targeting all students, e-learning support centre and e-learning course must be put in place&#13;
to enable Zimbabwe Open University students to benefit from e-learning</text>
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                <text>HIV AND AIDS WORKPLACE POLICY FOR THE ZIMBABWE OPEN&#13;
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                <text>This study sought to evaluate the friendliness of the HIV and AIDS workplace policy&#13;
for the Zimbabwe Open University. This was a case study of one regional centre. Thirty six&#13;
purposively selected fulltime lecturers and support staff participated in this research. Data&#13;
was collected through open-ended questionnaires and analysed thematically. The results&#13;
indicated that the policy is at best non-existent and at worst disconnected from real&#13;
workplace complexities. Consequently, HIV positive workers appear isolated because they&#13;
are not supported nor valued at the workplace. Most glaringly, HIV disproportionately&#13;
affects women workers more than their male counterparts. In some instances these are even&#13;
overloaded, shunned or stigmatised. Consequently, the workers in this study think HIV&#13;
positive workers are disenfranchised threatening the university social fabric. They then&#13;
advocated for an end to workplace discrimination and stigmatisation of HIV positive&#13;
workers whose status must be kept in confidence, workload minimised, substantial resources&#13;
invested in their well being and their immediate relatives catered for in medical Aid benefits.&#13;
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innovative policies that are worker friendly. Further studies need to be done on supporting&#13;
HIV positive workers at the workplace.</text>
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                <text>This study sought to explore the perspectives of young women in Masvingo with the aim of better informing them on&#13;
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inductive content analysis identified emerging themes and patterns in the participants’ conversations. The study&#13;
revealed that, although young women were informed and motivated to prevent HIV, poverty and inequality were&#13;
significant barriers, limiting their power to protect themselves. The research adds evidence to the current argument&#13;
that failure to address the disempowering effects of poverty and gender inequality limits the effectiveness of current&#13;
HIV prevention for young women. HIV prevention must now address poverty and gender vulnerabilities, promoting a&#13;
protective environment, rather than focusing on influencing individual sexual behaviour</text>
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                <text>International J. Education &amp; Research</text>
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                <text>This study explored the key elements in applying learning organisation concepts in changing&#13;
environments of uncertainty and discontinuity in the Zimbabwe Open University. Drawing on the interpretive&#13;
paradigm and grounded theory, an open–ended questionnaire generated data from a convenient sample of 20&#13;
lecturers and 120 students. Findings suggest that ODL institutions are pivotal for effective collaborative engagement&#13;
to meet institutional goals. Thus, they need to apply organisational learning concepts and function as “learning&#13;
organizations”. This may be achieved by fostering both collaborative and individual life-long learning, professional&#13;
development and intellectual stimulation, research, creativity and innovation. Transformational leadership and&#13;
autonomy, collective accountability and responsibility and, appropriate incentive schemes also emerged as important.&#13;
The study suggests re-designing of the ODL university leadership and aligning it to the dictates of modern learning&#13;
organisations. Being mindful of such issues may assist the university in navigating its way through the uncertainties&#13;
in the terrain.</text>
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                <text>PEER ASSESSMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION: THE ROADMAP FOR DEVELOPING EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS IN POTENTIAL JOB SEEKERS&#13;
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                <text>OWENCE CHABAYA </text>
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                <text>The focus of the study was on the assessment of students’ attitudes towards both being assessed by and assessing&#13;
other students’ work.Concerns about graduate employment issues, the world over, suggest that employers are&#13;
concerned by the lack of employability skills exhibited by entry-level job applications. It is also suggested that&#13;
employers consider it the responsibility of higher education institutions to develop and sharpen such skills. The&#13;
current study seeks to identify peer assessment as a potential strategy for developing employability skills and aims to&#13;
examine, from a students’ perspective, the process of introducing peer assessment into higher education teaching&#13;
programmes. Data were gathered from a sample of undergraduate students following a semi-structured interview.&#13;
The study found that students expressed a positive attitude towards peer assessment but had concerns relating to&#13;
their capability to assess peers and to the responsibility associated with assessing peers. Students felt that peer&#13;
assessment would raise standards in higher education and equip graduates with the needed employability skills. The&#13;
study recommends that peer assessment should be adopted as regular practice on undergraduate programmes&#13;
wishing to equip students with a complete repertoire of employment-relevant skills</text>
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                <text>E-INFRASTRUCTURE ACCEPTANCE IN E-HEALTH, E-&#13;
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THE QUEST FOR THE USER ACCEPTANCE VARIABLE&#13;
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                <text>One of the best ways to achieve global literacy is through communication, collaborative learning,&#13;
research, and problem solving. Technology helps tremendously in these areas, so it is a great tool&#13;
to use in this process. As e-infrastructures gain ground in many African countries and at the same&#13;
time promises a new way of delivering health, education and agriculture. New technologies&#13;
should be readily acceptable in order to deliver these essential services to the populace.&#13;
However, against a background of previous studies pointing to e-learning as a monster under the&#13;
bed (Chiome, Kurasha and Mupa, 2011) and after 98% of the students failed to voluntarily&#13;
register for an e-learning blended programme, this research set out to find the factors affecting&#13;
user acceptance of e- infrastructures in health, agriculture and education. This was a survey of&#13;
institutions engaged in e-agriculture, e-health and e-learning in Zimbabwe. A purposive sample&#13;
of 65students who were exposed to e-infrastructures was interviewed in order to determine the&#13;
user acceptance variable applicable in Zimbabwe. The study found out that e-infrastructure users&#13;
made rational choices faced with alternatives, belief in the usefulness or lack of it of the system,&#13;
too much effort put into using technology, content richness, e-infrastructure usefulness and&#13;
update regularity of the e-infrastructure are some of the absolutely vital technology acceptance&#13;
variables. The research argues that the ability to navigate the complex life and work&#13;
environments in the globally competitive information age requires e-infrastructure developers to&#13;
pay rigorous attention to technology acceptance to engage e-infrastructure users other than the&#13;
“early adopters” with the opportunities in e-infrastructures.</text>
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                <text> Proceedings and reports of the 6th UbuntuNet Alliance annual conference</text>
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                <text>PUBLIC FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATION&#13;
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                <text>DR. S. B. M. MARUME</text>
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                <text> PROF. D. NDUDZO</text>
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                <text>According to one of the leading American public administration scientists, Felix A. Nigro&#13;
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administration which operates through the instrument of budget and encompasses the entire budgetary cycle,&#13;
that is, formulation of the budget; enactment of the budget; execution of the budget; accounting and auditing</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Business and Management Invention</text>
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