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                <text>THE PERCEPTIONS OF EDUCATION STAKEHOLDERS TOWARDS EXTRA LESSONS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN CHEGUTU HIGH DENSITY SUBURBS&#13;
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                <text>RICHARD BUKALIYA</text>
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                <text>This multi-case study was undertaken in three Chegutu urban secondary schools in Mashonaland&#13;
West Province. It investigated stakeholder perceptions towards extra lessons and provided&#13;
suggestions on how extra lessons could be implemented to the satisfaction of stakeholders, who&#13;
included, the Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education (MOPSE) and parents, teachers and&#13;
learners. The study adopted the interpretivism paradigm and the qualitative research approach. The&#13;
subjective epistemology was adopted because there was no one method of knowing what really&#13;
the role of extra lessons was. The study used interviews, document analysis and focus group&#13;
discussions to generate data. Purposive critical case sampling was used to select twenty-three&#13;
participants who took part in the study. Findings show that extra lessons had both positive and&#13;
negative roles. The extra lessons helped improve the academic performance of learners and helped&#13;
in covering up for inadequate time in the formal school system. They assisted in improving the&#13;
school image through good results and paved the way for the reduction of the teachers` workload.&#13;
Economically, teachers got extra remuneration from the extra lessons but they drained the family`s&#13;
meagre financial resources. However, teachers` professionalism was dented as some teachers&#13;
created demand for extra lessons by teaching less in formal school. One major conclusion drawn&#13;
from the findings is that extra lessons contribute to indiscipline at the school among learners but&#13;
they make learners shift their attention from the social ills of the community. From the findings, it&#13;
was recommended that MOPSE should set standards for service providers and invest in extra&#13;
lessons because they were assisting many in meeting the shortfalls of the mainstream system. To&#13;
mitigate challenges encountered during extra lessons, the ON-OFF model could be adopted as it&#13;
calls for support from all the educational stakeholders. Further studies on the role of extra lessons&#13;
could be undertaken in rural communities.</text>
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                <text>THE RELEVANCE AND ORIENTATION OF TEACHER EDUCATION IN ZIMBABWE: ALIGNING WITH&#13;
EDUCATION 5.0</text>
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                <text>CASSIAN MAKOTA &#13;
&#13;
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                <text> A. T. MUNZARA&#13;
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                <text>TICHAONA MAPOLISA</text>
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                <text>This paper seeks to understand and explain the relevance and orientation of teacher education (TE) in&#13;
Zimbabwe and is based on the multiple case study carried out by the author. Preliminary study&#13;
identified a gap in form of a misalignment of teacher education with Higher and Tertiary Education&#13;
5.0 policy in so far as entrepreneurship, innovation and industrialisation were lacking in TE curriculum&#13;
and practice. The new government policy of Education 5.0 was perceived to have revealed a&#13;
misalignment between the practiced Education 3.0 and the intended Heritage Based Education 5.0&#13;
Curriculum, because of the absence of entrepreneurship and innovation for industrialisation and&#13;
sustainable development in the former.&#13;
The study sought to add to literature on entrepreneurship and innovation in teacher education and&#13;
also promote the development of entrepreneurial and innovative teacher graduates for&#13;
industrialisation through heritage-based education 5.0 pre and in-service teacher education system in&#13;
the context of sustainable development. This study was guided by the constructivist philosophy and&#13;
the interpretivist paradigm. The study adopted the qualitative research approach and the embedded&#13;
multiple case study method because of the flexibility and diversity in data generation that they allow.&#13;
The study utilised the three case sites (teachers colleges) within the broader teacher education case&#13;
in Zimbabwe and that explains the embeddedness. The purposive, non-random probability sampling&#13;
procedure, featuring judgemental and convenience sampling was employed in the study. Data&#13;
generation process involved key and other informant interviews, focus group discussion, observations&#13;
and qualitative document analysis. Data was presented and analysed using the thematic and N-vivo&#13;
approaches respectively.&#13;
The study found that there was misalignment between the practiced Education 3.0 teacher education&#13;
curriculum and the intended Heritage based, HTE 5.0 informed curriculum and this was causing policy-&#13;
practice dissonance that could be inhibiting the realisation of SDGs, and thus called for curriculum&#13;
alignment and harmonisation through transformation. This study, therefore, suggested and&#13;
recommended the Programmatic Framework for Entrepreneurial Teacher Education for the&#13;
Zimbabwean context. The study contributes to policy alignment discourse by making multiple&#13;
theoretical insights. The study, therefore, complements the extant perspectives on curriculum policy&#13;
alignment and teacher education for industrialisation and sustainable economic growth</text>
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                <text>Global Scientific Journal </text>
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        <name>Design Thinking</name>
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        <name>Teacherpreneur.</name>
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                <text>ALIGNING TEACHER EDUCATION WITH EDUCATION 5.0 POLICY IN ZIMBABWE: CHALLENGES AND&#13;
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                <text> A. T. MUNZARA</text>
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                <text>This paper seeks to explore and explain the challenges and opportunities faced by implementers in&#13;
aligning teacher education with Higher and Tertiary Education 5.0 policy in Zimbabwe. While this study&#13;
appreciated the efforts that were being made to align the TE practice with the intended curriculum, it&#13;
was concerned that possible opportunities were probably not being exploited in the face of emerging&#13;
curriculum transformation challenges. There was the much publicised misalignment of teacher&#13;
education with Higher and Tertiary Education 5.0 policy in Zimbabwe. This misalignment scenario&#13;
culminated in initiatives like the University of Zimbabwe Vice Chancellor’s Teacher Education&#13;
Curriculum Transformation Programme, meant to address the gaps. However, there seemed to be&#13;
some emerging challenges that could derail such processes.&#13;
This study sought to add to literature on teacher education curriculum transformation and also&#13;
promote the development of entrepreneurial and innovative teacher graduates for industrialisation&#13;
and sustainable development. This study was guided by the constructivist philosophy and the&#13;
interpretivist paradigm. The study adopted the qualitative research approach and the multiple case&#13;
study method because of the flexibility and diversity in data generation that they allow. The purposive,&#13;
non-random probability sampling procedure, featuring judgemental and convenience sampling was&#13;
employed in the study. Data generation process involved key and other informant interviews, focus&#13;
group discussion, observations and qualitative document analysis. Data was presented and analysed&#13;
using the thematic and N-vivo approaches respectively.&#13;
The study found that there were emerging challenges and unexploited opportunities in aligning the&#13;
intended Heritage based, HTE 5.0 informed curriculum with TE practice in Zimbabwe. This study,&#13;
therefore, suggested and recommended the Programmatic Teacher Education Curriculum&#13;
Implementation Framework (PTECIF) for the Zimbabwean context. The study contributes to&#13;
curriculum transformation and policy-practice alignment discourse by making multiple theoretical&#13;
insights. The study, therefore, complements the extant perspectives on curriculum review and&#13;
transformation in teacher education for industrialisation and sustainable economic growth</text>
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                <text>Global Scientific Journals </text>
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        <name>Curriculum transformation</name>
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        <name>Entrepreneurship</name>
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        <name>Heritage Based Education 5.0</name>
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        <name>Industrialisation</name>
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                <text>EMERGING ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS IN DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS: HUMAN INTAKE, EMERGING HEALTH RISKS, AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS&#13;
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                <text>JERIKIAS MARUMURE&#13;
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                <text>TINOZIVA  T. SIMBANEGAVI &#13;
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                <text>ZAKIO MAKUVARA &#13;
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                <text>RANGARIRAYI KARIDZAGUNDI &#13;
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                <text>RICHWELL ALUFASI &#13;
&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>DARIUSZ HALABOWSKI &#13;
 &#13;
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                <text> CLAUDIOUS GUFE &#13;
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                <text>WILLIS GWENZI</text>
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                <text>NHAMO CHAUKURA </text>
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                <text> MARVELOUS GOREDEMA </text>
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                <text>Few earlier reviews on emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) in drinking water systems (DWS) focused on their&#13;
detection, behaviour, removal and fate. Reviews on multiple exposure pathways, human intake estimates, and&#13;
health risks including toxicokinetics, and toxicodynamics of EOCs in DWS are scarce. This review presents recent&#13;
advances in human intake and health risks of EOCs in DWS. First, an overview of the evidence showing that DWS&#13;
harbours a wide range of EOCs is presented. Multiple human exposure to EOCs occurs via ingestion of drinking&#13;
water and beverages, inhalation and dermal pathways are discussed. A potential novel exposure may occur via&#13;
the intravenous route in dialysis fluids. Analysis of global data on pharmaceutical pollution in rivers showed that&#13;
the cumulative concentrations (μg L-1) of pharmaceuticals (mean ± standard error of the mean) were statistically&#13;
more than two times significantly higher (p = 0.011) in South America (11.68 ± 5.29), Asia (9.97 ± 3.33), Africa&#13;
(9.48 ± 2.81) and East Europe (8.09 ± 4.35) than in high-income regions (2.58 ± 0.48). Maximum cumulative&#13;
concentrations of pharmaceuticals (μg L-1) decreased in the order; Asia (70.7) had the highest value followed by&#13;
South America (68.8), Africa (51.3), East Europe (32.0) and high-income regions (17.1) had the least concen-&#13;
tration. The corresponding human intake via ingestion of untreated river water was also significantly higher in&#13;
low- and middle-income regions than in their high-income counterparts. For each region, the daily intake of&#13;
pharmaceuticals was highest in infants, followed by children and then adults. A critique of the human health&#13;
hazards, including toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of EOCs is presented. Emerging health hazards of EOCs in&#13;
DWS include; (1) long-term latent and intergenerational effects, (2) the interactive health effects of EOC mixtures&#13;
and the challenges of multifinality and equifinality, and (3) the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease&#13;
hypothesis. Finally, research needs on human health hazards of EOCs in DWS are presented.</text>
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                <text>Elsevier</text>
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                <text>2024</text>
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        <name>Exposure risk factors</name>
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        <name>Human intake</name>
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        <name>Intergenerational effects</name>
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        <name>Multiple exposure routes</name>
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        <name>Toxicodynamics</name>
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        <name>Toxicokinetics</name>
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                <text>USING ECUMENICAL EXPERIENCES TO RESPOND TO NEW PUBLIC LIFE CHALLENGES</text>
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                <text>JOHN GAGA&#13;
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                <text>The description of the history of the church in Zimbabwe highlights the presence of a visibly&#13;
united church that has been actively involved in supporting public life since the colonial era.&#13;
The division within the Christian community is not a recent phenomenon but has existed&#13;
throughout colonial history. The Zimbabwe Heads of Christian Denominations (ZHOCD)&#13;
serves as an umbrella organisation that aims at re-uniting Christian efforts of Catholic,&#13;
Protestant, Evangelical, and Indigenous traditions, in order to have a collective influence on&#13;
democratic processes in Zimbabwe. The ZHOCD takes a combative approach towards state&#13;
tyranny and is proactive in seeking solutions for public life challenges. This active engagement&#13;
is beneficial for national agendas, that allow citizens to freely choose and join political parties&#13;
of their preferences. The individual actions and activities of the ZHOCD members contribute&#13;
towards the overall work of the churches in Zimbabwe. This demonstrates religious confidence&#13;
in addressing the political and economic impacts on human well-being. By fulfilling its mission&#13;
and tasks, the ZHOCD actively participates in the shaping public life in Zimbabwe</text>
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                <text>THE MORAL AUTHORITY AND PROPHETIC ZEAL OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH IN ZIMBABWE</text>
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                <text>This article aims to illuminate moral authority and prophetic zeal dynamics by analysing the&#13;
struggles encountered by congregations resisting state encroachments. Amidst Zimbabwe’s&#13;
political turbulence, the church operates at a critical juncture, grappling with the dual threats&#13;
of state capture and the dilution of prophetic integrity. The ecclesiastical prophetic voice,&#13;
traditionally positioned as society’s moral compass, has suffered profound erosion, trapped&#13;
within a nexus of mutually exploitative relationships among ruling elites, legal frameworks,&#13;
and acquiescent ecclesiastical leaders. Those dissenting from the Zimbabwe African National&#13;
Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) face systemic repression within the church, revealing a deep&#13;
moral crisis. Referencing Martin Luther King Jr’s assertion that the church must function as&#13;
the ethical justice of the state, this research underscores the potential decline into irrelevance&#13;
should prophetic zeal wane. This investigation employs Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to&#13;
bridge gaps concerning moral compromises within religious institutions, aligning practical&#13;
leadership insights with broader socio-political contexts. Employing qualitative methodologies,&#13;
including informal discussions and WhatsApp exchanges among church leaders and&#13;
congregants from diverse denominations, the study generates nuanced insights into the lived&#13;
experiences of church-state interactions and the preservation of prophetic integrity. Findings&#13;
indicate a pervasive trend of ecclesiastical subservience to state interests, signifying moral&#13;
decay and an imperative to restore the church’s ethical foundation. To maintain spiritual&#13;
relevance, a revival of prophetic assertiveness is essential, lest the church devolves into an&#13;
inconsequential social entity devoid of substantive moral engagement with the state</text>
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                <text>EXPLORING THE ZIMBABWEAN TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION JOURNEY: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS&#13;
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                <text>ALBERT MUFANECHIYA</text>
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                <text> BEKITHEMBA DUBE</text>
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                <text>The study explored the challenges that militate against the successful&#13;
implementation of Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in&#13;
Zimbabwe. The study gave an informed focus on biases and perceptions associated&#13;
with the academic curriculum. In addressing these challenges, it becomes possible&#13;
to create an environment where TVET education is valued and considered a viable&#13;
pathway for individuals, and national economic and social development. Using&#13;
critical discourse analysis, the study examined the perceptions of instructors and&#13;
students about TVET education and identified historical factors that continue to&#13;
contribute to the devaluation of TVET. The study findings revealed that the&#13;
historical undervaluing of TVET subjects in comparison with academic subjects&#13;
was borrowed from the colonial bottleneck education system that favoured&#13;
university education over technical skills and persists today. The study underscored&#13;
the need for a paradigm shift to TVET skills if economic development is to be&#13;
realised in Zimbabwe. This study recommends the need to re-evaluate the status of&#13;
TVET education given its contribution to the job market. This study understands the&#13;
historical roots of biases against TVET and provides insights for the reconstruction&#13;
of an effective TVET system in Zimbabwe that contributes toward ongoing&#13;
discourses on the importance of technical skills for national development. The study&#13;
recommends the need to reshape public perceptions around TVET which requires a&#13;
concerted effort and long-term commitment to changing societal attitudes toward&#13;
technical-vocational education.</text>
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                <text>E-Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences (EHASS)</text>
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        <name>echnical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET)</name>
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        <name>Labour Market</name>
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        <name>Practical Skills</name>
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                <text>THE DISTINCTION OF CLINT LE BRUYNS’ KAIROS&#13;
THEOLOGY IN SOUTH AFRICA&#13;
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                <text>This article, contextualised within the commemoration of 50 years of scholarship at the&#13;
Research Institute for Theology and Religion of the University of South Africa, examines&#13;
the enduring contributions of Clint Le Bruyns to the development of the Kairos brand of&#13;
public theology in post-apartheid South Africa. Le Bruyns engages contemporary&#13;
imperatives of a transformative framework, including economic justice, gender equity,&#13;
environmental sustainability, decolonisation and political responsibility by synthesising&#13;
insights from theology, development studies and social ethics. He critiques the persisting&#13;
inertia of faith communities in passive theological reflection rather than prophetic action,&#13;
wherein the church remains a pivotal agent of social justice and human flourishing. Le&#13;
Bruyns’ theological framework (dual role as a scholar and activist), intensely articulates&#13;
the communal dimensions of Kairos theology anchored in the foundational tenets of the&#13;
South African Kairos Document and complemented by insights from global decolonial&#13;
discourses that include Palestinian Kairos and Latin American Liberation Theology. He&#13;
uses this background in his ecumenical dialogues to equip grassroots movements&#13;
to transcend denominational divides in grappling with the complexities of moral&#13;
renewal and social transformation in South Africa. Kairos theology serves as both a&#13;
historical artefact and active, engaging scholarship and praxis (i.e. robust public theology)&#13;
from an interdisciplinary perspective in view of historical injustices of colonialism and&#13;
apartheid</text>
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                <text>MORAL REGENERATION, MULTI-FAITH PERSPECTIVES AND INTERCULTURAL EXCHANGE REPRESENTATIONS IN ZIMBABWE’S RELIGIOUS EDUCATION CURRICULA AND TEXTBOOKS&#13;
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                <text>GIFT MASENGWE</text>
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                <text>FRANCIS MACHINGURA</text>
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                <text>&#13;
DAVID BISHAU&#13;
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                <text>EBSCOhost: eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) </text>
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                <text>MIGRANTS, CRIMINALS AND STATE SECURITY&#13;
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                <text>This article discusses the policy aims of the South African Department of&#13;
Home Affairs (DHA) because it exposes foreign nationals, women and&#13;
migrants to differential treatment in South Africa today. The study involved&#13;
migrant labourers in Polokwane and Gauteng working on the farms, mines&#13;
and industries. Economic opportunities offered by South Africa after 1994&#13;
turned it into a migrant-receiving country, requiring legal control to potential&#13;
visitors, refugees or foreign labourers to avert the problem of fugitives&#13;
running away from the law. Participants for the qualitative study were&#13;
randomly and conveniently drawn from a sample of Zimbabweans and&#13;
Mozambicans. Media Assisted Interviews (MAIs) also Mobile Instant&#13;
Messaging Interviews (MIMIs) used a mobile messenger, WhatsApp in the&#13;
study. Participants ranged from those with expired visas to those without&#13;
passports at all. The study established a correlation between the&#13;
contemporary immigration policy and the South African Apartheid Aliens&#13;
Control Act of 1991 that restricted foreign African nationals but did not&#13;
restrict white foreign nationals. The South African immigration policy has&#13;
justified both politicians and nationals to act violently against foreign African&#13;
nationals causing great turmoil among migrants in South Africa. The study&#13;
found out that South Africa’s immigration policy criminalises all migrants&#13;
and securitises nationals through fear by reports such as the seven percent proportion of children of foreign natives born in South Africa becoming&#13;
native foreigners. This study is couched in new discourses of decoloniality&#13;
by emphasising on use of regional, continental, and international templates to benchmark progressive immigration policy aims for South Africa.</text>
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                <text>ENHANCING THE FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY OF ZIMBABWE’S PUBLIC&#13;
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MOBILISATION&#13;
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                <text>IMPLEMENTATION OF FINANCIAL RESOURCE MOBILISATION PROGRAMMES TO&#13;
INCREASE FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY IN ZIMBABWE’S PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES: A&#13;
PANACEA OR A PIPE DREAM?&#13;
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                <text>The study sought to examine how innovative financial resource mobilisation&#13;
projects/programmes enhanced the financial sustainability of the public universities of&#13;
Zimbabwe. A combination of correlation and survey research design informed by the positivist&#13;
research philosophy were employed in the study. The unit of analysis was confined to six public&#13;
universities in Zimbabwe from which a sample of 229 respondents were selected through&#13;
systematic random sampling from an accessible population of 1 450 employees in the&#13;
respective revenue generating units and participated in the Rensis Likert scale questionnaire&#13;
survey. Quantitative data were validated using tests for normality, kurtosis and skewness,&#13;
homoscedasticity, multicollinearity, and prior power of the entire model of the study. The test&#13;
results fell within acceptable values for correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis.&#13;
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Since p-value &lt; α (0.05), H0 (the null hypothesis): Innovative financial resource mobilisation&#13;
has no significant effect on the financial sustainability of Zimbabwe’s public universities, was&#13;
rejected and the alternate hypothesis accepted. It was deduced that innovative financial&#13;
resource mobilisation enhanced the financial sustainability of the public universities of&#13;
Zimbabwe. Therefore, the more the public universities implemented innovative financial&#13;
resource mobilisation programmes, the more the financial sustainability. It was recommended&#13;
that lucrative financial resource mobilisation strategies like 'grant-winning' research and&#13;
extension, provision of consultancy and advisory services, sale of merchandise in strategic&#13;
business units, bond issues financing, endowment financing, and foundations be implemented&#13;
to maintain the financial sustainability of the public universities of Zimbabwe.</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe Journal of Business, Economics and Management</text>
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                <text>EFFECTIVENESS OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN ZIMBABWE</text>
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                <text>The study analysed the effectiveness of the governance within the Zimbabwean commercial banking sector. The study was based on the rationale that the Zimbabwean commercial banking sector had witnessed a negative trend in terms of return on investment. The study adopted a combination of exploratory and explanatory research designs and gathered data from 124 participants using questionnaires and interview guides. In terms of data analysis, the thematic analysis, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and random effects panel regression was adopted with data for 12 banks for the period 2018-2020. The study revealed that effective boards can be rated based on board composition, independence and level of skill diversity. Most of the banks in Zimbabwe are using a formal two-tier structure, whereas other banks which are private owned are using a one-tier structure and others adopted the mixed tier system. The study concluded that both the size of the governing board and audit committee composition positively significantly influenced the Zimbabwean commercial banking sector.</text>
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                <text>Globally, tax authorities are relying on e-government-driven solutions like online tax systems to&#13;
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study investigated the impact of online tax system on tax compliance among Small and Medium&#13;
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effect of online tax filing security on tax compliance among SMEs, to examine SMEs’ perception&#13;
towards online tax filing system and to identify the computer literacy levels of online tax filing on&#13;
tax compliance of Small to Medium Enterprises in Harare Central Business District. The study&#13;
used the survey descriptive research design in which quantitative data was gathered through self-&#13;
administered questionnaires and primary data techniques. The target population was 13000 SMEs.&#13;
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random sampling. The STATA software package was used to analyze the data collected using&#13;
descriptive statistics and regression analysis. The study found out that online tax filing security,&#13;
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significant relationship with tax compliance. From regression analysis, it was revealed that the&#13;
77.28% which explains a substantial portion of the variance in tax compliance, suggesting that&#13;
SMEs in Harare CBD have adopted the online tax filing system</text>
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&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>Many practitioners (Wilton, 2011; Abad et al., 2017; Arenas-Torres et al., 2021; Ali et al., 2022) now acknowledge that the diversity of a Board of Directors is a strength in corporate boards and the adoption of diversity in corporate boards is increasingly gaining steam as a best practice in corporate governance worldwide. Recent developments (Somathlike, 2018; Cha &amp; Jung, 2009; Saidu, 2019; Osazuwa et al., 2016; Darmadi, 2011; Bathula, 2008, Khidmat et al, 2020; Ali et al., 2022; Dedunu &amp; Anuradha, 2020) worldwide also demonstrate that the world is changing by legal writ and through moral imperatives that make boardroom diversity a critical component of sound corporate governance. The board of directors in organisations is responsible for making strategic decisions such as mergers, acquisitions, creating financial structures and executive hiring or firing. In the Zimbabwean situation, the existence of boards has not prevented scandals and economic meltdowns that remain the order of the day just like in other developing or underdeveloped countries. The response has been to institute board diversity policies that focus on independent directors who replace executive directors to reduce scandals. This study examines the impact of board diversity, firm characteristics, and performance of Zimbabwe Stock Exchange-listed companies for the period 2009-2015. The study employed the quantitative methodology to establish the impact of board diversity on the performance of thirty-five (35) firms listed on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange using panel data collected over the period 2009 – 2015. The agency theory and the social categorisation and identification theory are the main theories that guided this study. The board diversity variables used were gender, education, and board executives. The level of board diversity was measured using the Blau (1977) index. Firm performance was measured using profitability, market share, efficiency, liquidity, and leverage. Firm size, board size, the number of years the firm has been listed on the ZSE, the firm sector such as food, financial, services, real estate and food and manufacturing were used as moderating variables in the study. The results show that gender and executive diversity were moderately diversified with mean diversity indexes of 0.32 and 0.36 respectively. Education was diversified with a mean index of 0.60. Using panel-corrected standard errors (PCSE) regression analysis, the study established that the level of board diversity has a significant relationship with firm performance. Board gender diversity was found to have a positive and significant impact on profitability as measured by returns per share and gross profit; efficiency as measured by asset turnover; market share as measured by Tobin's Q ratio and market value; and liquidity as measured by current ratio. Board gender diversity had no impact on leverage as measured by the debt-equity ratio. Board executive diversity was found to have a positive and significant impact on firm profitability and market share while it had a negative and significant relationship with market value, efficiency, liquidity, and leverage. Board education diversity was found to have a positive and significant impact on firm profitability, market share, and liquidity while it had a negative and significant impact on firm efficiency and leverage. Non-board diversity variables were also found to significantly affect firm performance. On the one hand, the major factors that promoted board diversity were firm size, liquidity, leverage, operating experience (years listed), market share (Tobin's Q), and being in the service sector. On the other hand, board size and being in the food, financial, real, industrial and manufacturing sectors negatively and significantly affected diversity. Based on the above results, the study recommended that firms should come up with board diversity-enabling policies to enhance firm performance.  However, further studies could be undertaken on individual variables to validate the study</text>
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        <name>and firm performance</name>
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                <text>IMPLEMENTATION OF FINANCIAL RESOURCE MOBILISATION PROGRAMMES TO&#13;
INCREASE FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY IN ZIMBABWE’S PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES: A&#13;
PANACEA OR A PIPE DREAM?&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>The study sought to examine how innovative financial resource mobilisation&#13;
projects/programmes enhanced the financial sustainability of the public universities of&#13;
Zimbabwe. A combination of correlation and survey research design informed by the positivist&#13;
research philosophy were employed in the study. The unit of analysis was confined to six public&#13;
universities in Zimbabwe from which a sample of 229 respondents were selected through&#13;
systematic random sampling from an accessible population of 1 450 employees in the&#13;
respective revenue generating units and participated in the Rensis Likert scale questionnaire&#13;
survey. Quantitative data were validated using tests for normality, kurtosis and skewness,&#13;
homoscedasticity, multicollinearity, and prior power of the entire model of the study. The test&#13;
results fell within acceptable values for correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis.&#13;
Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, and inferential statistics. The&#13;
Overall regression results showed that right-tailed, was F(3,164) = 12.7208, p-value = 0.000.&#13;
Since p-value &lt; α (0.05), H0 (the null hypothesis): Innovative financial resource mobilisation&#13;
has no significant effect on the financial sustainability of Zimbabwe’s public universities, was&#13;
rejected and the alternate hypothesis accepted. It was deduced that innovative financial&#13;
resource mobilisation enhanced the financial sustainability of the public universities of&#13;
Zimbabwe. Therefore, the more the public universities implemented innovative financial&#13;
resource mobilisation programmes, the more the financial sustainability. It was recommended&#13;
that lucrative financial resource mobilisation strategies like 'grant-winning' research and&#13;
extension, provision of consultancy and advisory services, sale of merchandise in strategic&#13;
business units, bond issues financing, endowment financing, and foundations be implemented&#13;
to maintain the financial sustainability of the public universities of Zimbabwe</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe Journal of Business, Economics and Management</text>
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        <name>innovative</name>
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        <name>lucrative</name>
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                <text>HOW TO IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF STATE UNIVERSITIES: AN INTEGRATION OF&#13;
STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT PROCESSES&#13;
CAXTON SHONHIWA&#13;
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                <text>The paper interrogates the performance of Zimbabwean State Universities and proposes the&#13;
integration of strategic management and performance management. The contention was that&#13;
the strategic management process could not lead to high institutional performance because it&#13;
was divorced from the sphere of managing institutional performance, and the removal of the&#13;
operational staff from the strategic planning process. A constructivist paradigm was adopted&#13;
as it was viewed to be the best suited to allow the researcher to become one with participants&#13;
and ‘get’ into their psych to extract their lived experiences. A group of well-informed persons&#13;
from the target institutions was purposively identified and interviewed over some time. The&#13;
acquired data were transcribed and then analysed for meaning. The findings were that the&#13;
strategic planning process should be integrated with the performance management process. The&#13;
operational staff must be involved and participate in both processes for purposes of process&#13;
ownership and buy-in. their participation resulted in corporate objectives being cascaded down&#13;
to the operational level without their loss of meaning. The conclusion was that the performance&#13;
management process should be integrated with the strategic planning process if state&#13;
institutions were to achieve their vision</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe Journal of Business, Economics and Management</text>
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        <name>and integration process</name>
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                <text>THE EFFECT OF SUPPLY CHAIN RESILIENT STRATEGIES ON OPERATIONAL&#13;
PERFORMANCE OF HUMANITARIAN ORGANISATIONS IN ZIMBABWE DURING THE&#13;
COVID-19 PERIOD&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>DUMISANI MAWONDE</text>
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                <text>REGIS MUCHOWE&#13;
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                <text>The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic disrupted the supply chains, and this created acute&#13;
shortages of materials and products in both local and global markets. This situation demanded&#13;
humanitarian organisations to implement supply chain resilient strategies in order to secure the&#13;
supplies of their procurement requirements on time and keep their operations running. This&#13;
study, therefore, examined the effects of supply chain resilience strategies on operational&#13;
performance of humanitarian relief organisations in Zimbabwe during the Covid-19 period. A&#13;
pragmatic research philosophy and a descriptive survey research design were employed. A&#13;
sample of 28 supply chain professionals from humanitarian relief organisations was randomly&#13;
selected from a targeted population of 30 for the questionnaire and 25 of them responded&#13;
whereas interviews were conducted with 5 supply chain management professionals.&#13;
Quantitative data were scrutinized by means of SPSS &amp; AMOS programmes (versions 22.0)&#13;
whilst qualitative data from interview was analysed using thematic scrutiny. Structural&#13;
Equation Modelling (SEM) was used to determine the results and convergent validity of the&#13;
measurement model was tested. The study findings show that supply chain resilience strategies&#13;
have positive significant effect on operational performance of humanitarian relief organisations&#13;
during the Covid-19 period. The study concluded that, in Zimbabwe, humanitarian relief are&#13;
familiar with supply chain resilient strategies and that the supply chain resilient strategies&#13;
which were analysed have a positive and significant effect on material availability, delivery&#13;
flexibility and delivery time. The study recommends humanitarian relief organisations to be&#13;
agile in their supply chain departments, to push for cross sector collaborations and to implement&#13;
supply chain preparedness strategies as this is critical in improving their operational&#13;
performance during Covid-19 period.</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe Journal of Business, Economics and Management</text>
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                <text>ATTAINING ORGANISATIONAL SUCCESS IN ZIMBABWE’S STATE UNIVERSITIES: PERCEPTIONS OF THE OPERATIONAL STAFF&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>The researcher sought to establish the perceptions of operational staff on their understanding&#13;
of organisational success. The perception of organisational success is usually a reflection of&#13;
where the owner of the perception stands in the organisation. A constructivist philosophy was&#13;
adopted to engage a group of purposefully selected operational staff members in in-depth&#13;
interviews through a face-to-face mode and then by WhatsApp. The purposefully selected&#13;
members of the operational staff were asked three questions, and they discussed these questions&#13;
over a period of two months. At the end of the period, transcripts of the discussions were given&#13;
to relevant members for their authenticity check and validation. Further to that process, the&#13;
responses were coded, and themes were formulated from which the perceptions of operational&#13;
staff were derived. The staff perceived that their hard work, the awards they received from the&#13;
organisation and the achievement of the assigned targets meant that the organisation was&#13;
succeeding. The recommendation was that operational staff members need to be involved in&#13;
strategic planning sessions where organisational goals are derived and cascaded from the&#13;
corporate level down to the operational level to make them understand the importance of hard&#13;
work at each level and by every worke</text>
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                <text>AN INCLUSIVE MODEL OF EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FOR ZIMBABWE&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>This study sought to determine an inclusive framework for education expenditure that enhances&#13;
economic development for Zimbabwe. The study used the ARDL-ECM in the determination&#13;
of the relationship between the two variables, using data for the period 1980 to 2021. E-views&#13;
Version 12.0 Statistical Package was used to run the regressions. Data were obtained from the&#13;
International Monetary Fund and World Bank. The study found an inverse relationship between&#13;
expenditure on education and economic development in Zimbabwe for both the short-run and&#13;
long-run periods. Guided by the Zimbabwe Education 5.0 Model, the study recommends that&#13;
a stand-alone research budget be made available for the institutions of higher education. It is&#13;
also true with the industry that expects the best from graduates to fund research done by the&#13;
institutions of higher education. It follows, therefore, that the industry must have constant&#13;
liaison with the institutions of higher education, presenting challenges which they are facing&#13;
for research to be conducted with the view of proffering solutions. In fact, facilitators from the&#13;
institutions of higher education must be able to research on the needs of the economy, and&#13;
impart knowledge on students, guided by the predetermined economic needs. It is from the&#13;
research that the institutions would have conducted that would inform the content of teaching&#13;
and community outreach. The students would then benefit from the researched teaching, thus,&#13;
enabling them, and the facilitators to cause innovation and industrialisation</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe Journal of Business, Economics and Management</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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        <name>ARDL</name>
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        <name>Economic Growth</name>
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        <name>Education Expenditure</name>
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                <text>DETERMINANTS OF FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY IN ZIMBABWE’S PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>MAXWELL CHIWODZA</text>
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                <text>TICHAONA MAPOLISA</text>
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                <text>The study investigated how innovative financial resource mobilisation projects/programmes&#13;
improved the financial sustainability of Zimbabwe's public universities. Correlation and survey&#13;
research designs guided by positivist research theory were utilised. The unit of analysis was&#13;
limited to six public universities in Zimbabwe. Two hundred and twenty-nine respondents were&#13;
randomly chosen out of 1 450 employees in the separate revenue-generating units to participate&#13;
in the Rensis Likert scale questionnaire survey. Quantitative data were validated using tests for&#13;
normality, kurtosis and skewness, homoscedasticity, multicollinearity, and prior power of the&#13;
entire study model. The test findings were within acceptable limits. The multiple linear&#13;
regression model results revealed that organisational structure, cost management, financial&#13;
administration, institutional support, and own income generation all had positive coefficients,&#13;
indicating a positive relationship with financial sustainability. A negative relationship was&#13;
found between strategic planning and financial sustainability, implying that the more strategic&#13;
planning procedures implemented, the worse the financial sustainability. The alternate&#13;
hypothesis: Innovative financial resource mobilisation having no substantial effect on the&#13;
financial sustainability of Zimbabwe's public universities, was accepted. It was concluded that&#13;
the innovative financial resource mobilisation improved the financial sustainability of&#13;
Zimbabwe's public universities.</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe Journal of Business, Economics and Management&#13;
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        <name>income stream</name>
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        <name>internally generated revenue</name>
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        <name>Strategy</name>
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                  <text>Staff  Publications</text>
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                <text>PUBLIC DEBT SERVICING IN ZIMBABWE: CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS&#13;
&#13;
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>KEITH TICHAONA TASHU</text>
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                <text>TAFADZWA MOYO</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe has been classified as being in debt distress and government debt has risen&#13;
substantially from just over 48% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2013 to an estimated&#13;
82% in 2017. Large fiscal deficits experienced by the country have partly been the result of an&#13;
elevated public wage bill, which continues to absorb more than 80% of revenue in the country.&#13;
More so, the deficits have also been financed through an overdraft facility at the Reserve Bank&#13;
of Zimbabwe (RBZ) bailouts of state-owned enterprises, and widespread mismanagement of&#13;
public funds. Zimbabwe is officially burdened with public debt of approximately US$17.5&#13;
billion of which US$14.043 billion is external debt stock alongside ZWL$2.235 trillion worth&#13;
of domestic debt. The total Public and Publicly Guaranteed (PPG) debt increased by 27.5%&#13;
from 2021 figure of US$13.722 billion which is an unusual increase in a single year only. This&#13;
research examines challenges associated with debt servicing in Zimbabwe as well as&#13;
implications of unsustainable public debt. Some identified challenges exacerbating public debt&#13;
include lack of compliance by the government with legislative provisions on borrowings,&#13;
public debt defaults, misappropriated public debts and fragmented public debt institutional&#13;
framework. High debt creates uncertainty, deterring investment and innovation, and has a&#13;
negative impact on economic growth. Unsustainable debt burdens compel governments to&#13;
spend more on debt servicing and less on public service delivery. It is therefore recommended&#13;
that, the government needs to establish a clear legal and organisational framework on public&#13;
debt, expand the revenue base and debts auditing.</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe Journal of Business, Economics and Management </text>
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                <text>2023</text>
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        <name>Debt</name>
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        <name>Loans</name>
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        <name>transparency</name>
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                <text>A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE MAIZE WAREHOUSING STRATEGIES ADOPTED IN ZIMBABWE, USA, BANGLADESH, ETHIOPIA, AND NIGERIA TO REDUCE MAIZE POST- HARVEST STORAGE LOSSES</text>
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                <text>DR EDDINE EDSON MUDYAZHEZHA</text>
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                <text>PROF ROBERT MUSUNDIRE</text>
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                <text>DR MICHAEL MUSANZIKWA</text>
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                <text>The focus of this paper was to examine the warehousing strategies adopted in Zimbabwe to&#13;
reduce maize post-harvest storage losses and compare them to those adopted by the United&#13;
States of America (USA), Bangladesh, Nigeria, and Ethiopia. The aim was to draw valuable&#13;
lessons for Zimbabwe to reduce maize post-harvest storage losses and ensure food security.&#13;
Despite many schemes which have resulted in significant increase in maize productivity, the&#13;
problem of food shortages especially for maize has persisted continually in Zimbabwe. Primary&#13;
data was collected from 36 Grain Marketing Board of Zimbabwe (GMB) managers,&#13;
Supervisors, and employees in all its ‘Class 1’ depots, Zimbabwe, the Ministry of Lands,&#13;
Agriculture, Fisheries, Water, and Rural Development (MLAFWRD) and agricultural experts&#13;
through in-depth interviews. Quota, purposive and snowball sampling methods were used to&#13;
select the study participants. The study revealed that there was a huge difference in the maize&#13;
warehousing strategies used in the USA, Bangladesh, Nigeria and Ethiopia and the strategies&#13;
used in Zimbabwe in terms the responsibility for grain storage, grain storage methods, in-&#13;
storage grain monitoring, grain post-harvest services, post-harvest grain storage training. The&#13;
study concluded that Zimbabwe really needs to invest in maize warehousing in order to reduce&#13;
post-harvest storage losses. The study recommended the participation of the private sector in&#13;
maize storage in Zimbabwe, investment in hermetic storage, provision of maize drying services&#13;
at all Grain Marketing Board depots, training of all maize handlers in Zimbabwe on effective&#13;
maize storage practices and the establishment of post-harvest retail shops in all the 10 provinces&#13;
in Zimbabwe</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe Journal of Business, Economics and Management </text>
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                <text>2023</text>
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        <name>post-harvest losses</name>
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        <name>storage technology</name>
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        <name>warehousing</name>
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                <text>TRADE LIBERALISATION-CAPITAL INFLOW: AN INCLUSIVE FRAMEWORK FOR ZIMBABWE&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>SHAME MUKOKA</text>
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                <text>This study sought to determine a framework of upholding trade liberalism for increased capital&#13;
inflows in the form of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) for Zimbabwe. The study used the&#13;
ARDL-ECM in the determination of the nexus between the two variables, for the data covering&#13;
1980 to 2021. E-views Version 9.0 Statistical Package was used to run the regressions. Data&#13;
were obtained from the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe, International Monetary Fund and World&#13;
Bank. The study found that in the short-run, trade openness has a significant inverse&#13;
relationship with capital flows (FDI), whilst in the long-run there is a significant positive&#13;
relationship between them for Zimbabwe. The study recommends that there be duty free on&#13;
capital goods, that the government give incentives on exporters, that all goods exported go&#13;
through the process of value addition, that the government provide subsidies on exporters and,&#13;
that the government ensure efficiency at ports through infrastructure develop</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe Journal of Business, Economics, and Management </text>
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                <text>2023</text>
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                  <text>Staff  Publications</text>
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      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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                <text>LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SERVICES IN SUPPORT OF DISTANCE EDUCATION:THE CASE OF ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY, MASHONALAND CENTRALREGIONAL LIBRARY&#13;
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>&#13;
GODFREY TSVUURA</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2167">
                <text>Distance education at tertiary level in Zimbabwe has been widely accepted and adopted by many&#13;
people. More often, distance education students face difficulties in getting required information&#13;
to complete assignments and prepare for examinations. The study sought to examine the library&#13;
and information services in support of distance education at Mashonaland Central Regional&#13;
Library in Bindura.&#13;
The research methods were mixed-research designs in which both qualitative and quantitative&#13;
techniques were employed. These included review of related literature, interviews and&#13;
questionnaires. The findings were that the lack of computers and internet services were the major&#13;
constraints that hindered the students from using the library. This had been indicated by 91% of&#13;
the respondents. Recommendations were that the regional library should increase the provision&#13;
of library and information services to its distance education students.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2168">
                <text>NUST</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2169">
                <text>2013</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="218">
        <name>Distance Education</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="991">
        <name>Library and information services</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
