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                <text>FACTORS INFLUENCING UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ SAVING BEHAVIOUR IN ZIMBABWE-&#13;
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                <text>SOCIAL MARKETING IN PROMOTING PRO-ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR IN NOT-FOR-&#13;
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                <text>Environmental awareness has become an interesting area of study for organisations since they&#13;
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one of the key strategies that is being harnessed by organisations to promote sustainable&#13;
consumption and encourage environmental conscious behaviour. This study focused on how&#13;
conventional churches in Zimbabwe leveraged on social marketing to enhance pro-&#13;
environmental behaviour among their congregates. The study adopted a qualitative research&#13;
approach and an exploratory research design in data collection through focus group discussions&#13;
and interviews. As the world becomes more aware of consumerism on the environment,&#13;
organisations were increasingly focusing on sustainability through promoting pro-&#13;
environmental behaviours among consumers. The findings showed that not–for-profit&#13;
organisations like churches were aware of environmental issues and the leaders were also&#13;
promoting the adoption of environmentally friendly behaviour. It was also found that the&#13;
leaders were using different communication channels to share information related to&#13;
environmental issues. However, some study participants indicated that the church had nothing&#13;
to do with the natural environment. It was recommended that the churches needed to partner&#13;
with other organisations and stakeholders for effective use of social marketing to promote&#13;
sustainable behaviour.</text>
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                <text>A PROPOSED ECONOMIC MODEL ON THE NEXUS BETWEEN SOCIAL CAPITAL AND&#13;
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                <text>Open and Distance electronic Learning (ODeL) has transformed itself to become virtual with&#13;
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assignments and even supervise dissertations and theses online. The Zimbabwe Open&#13;
University (ZOU) has undergone a lot of transformation since becoming a fully pledged&#13;
university in 1999. ZOU started with class contact (face-to-face with tutor) and use of modules&#13;
but has made great strides towards full use of electronic learning (e-learning) in line with&#13;
contemporary global practices in ODeL. The study used the explanatory research design. A&#13;
questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data. The interview guide was used to collect&#13;
qualitative data. The study established that the majority of academics’ workload had increased&#13;
as the transition phase was taking longer than expected. A lot of administrative work, coupled&#13;
with inadequate training to effectively use the ZOU MyVista software learning platform,&#13;
pressure emanating from doctorate degree studies by most academics, the need to undertake&#13;
research and publish research papers as well as implementing a demanding quality assurance&#13;
system, all strained academics. On a positive note, the use of e-learning has expedited feedback&#13;
and communication to students, and it is also very convenient to them as they no longer have&#13;
to travel long distances or queue at regional campuses to see the regional programme&#13;
coordinators. The study recommended that more training on e-learning and availability of more&#13;
accessible infrastructure, namely computers and relevant software, would capacitate both&#13;
academics and students. There is also an urgent need to bring Part Time tutors on board, who&#13;
are the majority but currently left out of this e-learning drive, so that there is a strong learning&#13;
culture at ZOU for improved service delivery</text>
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                <text>EFFECTIVENESS OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text>The study analysed the effectiveness of the governance within the Zimbabwean commercial&#13;
banking sector. The study was based on the rationale that the Zimbabwean commercial banking&#13;
sector had witnessed a negative trend in terms of return on investment. The study adopted a&#13;
combination of exploratory and explanatory research designs and gathered data from 124&#13;
participants using questionnaires and interview guides. In terms of data analysis, the thematic&#13;
analysis, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and random effects panel regression was&#13;
adopted with data for 12 banks for the period 2018-2020. The study revealed that effective&#13;
boards can be rated based on board composition, independence and level of skill diversity.&#13;
Most of the banks in Zimbabwe are using a formal two-tier structure, whereas other banks&#13;
which are private owned are using a one-tier structure and others adopted the mixed tier system.&#13;
The study concluded that both the size of the governing board and audit committee composition&#13;
positively significantly influenced the Zimbabwean commercial banking sector.</text>
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&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>An assessment of consumer willingness to pay for ‘novel’ products is critical because it&#13;
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organic cabbage with the conventional cabbage as the benchmark. Data from 200 respondents&#13;
was collected using a mall-intercept survey from the 4th of July to the 10th of September 2023&#13;
using convenience sampling. The study targeted consumers that are 18 years and above as the&#13;
primary grocery shoppers of their households. This paper represents the first attempt to analyse&#13;
the consumer willingness to pay for organic foods in Zimbabwe to the knowledge of the&#13;
researcher. The modern approach to consumer demand theory (The Attribute/Lancaster Model)&#13;
regards consumption as an activity with goods as inputs yielding output in terms of a pool of&#13;
attributes. Unlike the traditional economic demand theory, it is able to explain why some&#13;
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willingness to pay. An average price premium of 61% was established. Lifestyle and organic&#13;
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willingness to pay. On the other hand, consumers who had high ethical values and were married&#13;
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                <text>Job hopping has become prevalent amongst Zimbabwean university lecturers. The study seeks&#13;
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universities. The investigation employs qualitative methodologies and uses data saturation to&#13;
determine sample size. Poor remuneration, lack of resources, work pressure, red tape and lack&#13;
of career growth were found to be causes of job hopping amongst lecturers in Zimbabwean&#13;
universities. Brain drain, poor quality of graduates, increased workload, recruitment and&#13;
administration costs and unfilled posts were found to be negative impacts of job hopping of&#13;
lecturers in the Zimbabwean universities. Competitive remuneration, mentoring, decreasing&#13;
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                <text>Professor Canaan Sodindo Banana (5 March 1936 – 10 November 2003) was a complex person with a complex historical context that began with his birth frommixed parentage. His father, a practitioner of Christianity and a herbalist, further influenced him to see no difference between African ancestors and Hebrew patriarchs. He became a cleric in the Zimbabwean Methodist Church from where he was exposed to the World Council of Churches (WCC) Programme to Combat Racism (PCR). In 1971, he resigned from the church after it voted against the PCR, which he felt was justified. Instead, in 1973, he travelled to the  United States, without a passport, probably to free himself from oppression.  When he returned to Zimbabwe and joined politics, to fill the gap created by the &#13;
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consciousness as well as the violence that emerged from the colonial powers in Banana’s life. This context shaped his character and personality, so much so that “what he became to us was a product of his historical context”. Banana defied the sense of security found in colonial borders, and his attempt to free himself from the constraints of hegemony were useful lessons for hid Kairos moments</text>
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                <text>The importance of assessing learning outcomes using a variety of assessment strategies or techniques and&#13;
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countries. Continuous Assessment (CA) has been introduced as part of the examination and assessment innovation&#13;
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summative assessment in order to improve the assessment and evaluation of pupils’ performance, and ultimately&#13;
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a data generating instrument, questionnaires, interviews, Focus Group Discussion, documents analysis, and&#13;
observations. The generated data was analysed through Thematic Content Analysis. Results showed that the CA&#13;
practices done by most of the teachers were faulty and deviated remarkably from policy guidelines except for&#13;
practical learning areas. Teachers do not possess the required competencies for the implementation of CA. It was&#13;
also observed that the tasks weighed the teachers down. Their greatest attention was on measuring cognitive&#13;
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                <text>CHALLENGES AFFECTING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CONTINUOUS&#13;
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                <text>Continuous Assessment (CA) has been introduced as part of the examination and assessment innovation in the&#13;
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process of teaching, learning and assessment. This change has led to the introduction of standardised CA at&#13;
secondary level. The qualitative study was to analyse CA practises in secondary schools of Bulawayo&#13;
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contribution to the pupils. The qualitative methodology and a case study method were employed. Qualitative data&#13;
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                <text>Continuous Assessment (CA) has been introduced as part of the examination and assessment innovation in the&#13;
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assessment in order to improve the assessment and evaluation of pupils’ performance, and ultimately the whole&#13;
process of teaching, learning and assessment. This change has led to the introduction of standardised CA at&#13;
secondary level. The qualitative study was to analyse CA practises in secondary schools of Bulawayo&#13;
Metropolitan Province. The study specifically sought to find out the different assessment strategies and their&#13;
contribution to the pupils. The qualitative methodology and a case study method were employed. Qualitative data&#13;
was generated through the researcher as a data generating instrument, questionnaires, interviews, Focus Group&#13;
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approach, in which the quantitative paradigm was dominant. This approach allowed for a systemic&#13;
integration of quantitative and qualitative data. Questionnaires were administered to 630 randomly&#13;
selected participants. The determinants of financial inclusion which are access, quality, usage and&#13;
welfare were measured using paired sample T-test, Chi-square and Logistic regression. The&#13;
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12.9 percent (Nagelkerke R Square) of the variation in active account holders and correctly&#13;
classified 63.5 percent of cases. Respondents who are aware of Savings Account are 2.881 times&#13;
more likely to have an active account while those aware of Debit Card are 1.712 times likely to&#13;
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significantly determines one’s ability to own an active account. The recommendations from this&#13;
study are directed to policy makers in the financial services sector. Access to mobile accounts from&#13;
Zimbabwe mobile phone networks has now become a very easy process. The financial services&#13;
sector can derive benefits by creating strategic alliances with mobile phone service providers in&#13;
order to introduce a robust product offering that rides on mobile money wallets. Partnerships can&#13;
be created between the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ), mobile phone service providers and an&#13;
international payment card provider in order to expand digital payments. This payment&#13;
interoperability will not only ensure digital financial inclusion but will also be a strategy for&#13;
harnessing diaspora remittances. Future research should be conducted to determine the impact of&#13;
transaction taxes and the general cost of mobile transaction fees to financial inclusion.</text>
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