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                  <text>Department of Counselling</text>
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                <text>AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF&#13;
OFFENDER REHABILITATION POLICIES IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text>GRANISIA MASONA MUSANGO</text>
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                <text>The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of offender&#13;
rehabilitation policies in Zimbabwe prisons in light of the efforts by stakeholders to&#13;
reform offenders. The primary objective of the study was to establish the extent to&#13;
which the correctional services are curbing ex-convicts from committing crimes. The&#13;
study was also aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of rehabilitation policies&#13;
implemented in Zimbabwe towards addressing the problem of re-offending.&#13;
Furthermore, the study sought to identify the reasons why released offenders continue&#13;
to commit crimes despite their participation in various rehabilitation programmes&#13;
during their period of incarceration. The methodology of the study was centred on the&#13;
interpretivist philosophy as practised in qualitative research methods. The study&#13;
participants included prisoners who were first time offenders, prisoners who were re-&#13;
arrested, prison officers who supervise the rehabilitation programmes and NGOs&#13;
responsible for various rehabilitation programme concerning prisoners. Data was&#13;
primarily generated through face-to-face interviews, telephone interviews, focus&#13;
group discussions and participant observation which were inevitable in this study by&#13;
nature of being a qualitative research where the researcher is the prime instrument of&#13;
data generation. Secondary data was sought from documents analysed from Harare&#13;
Central, Chikurubi Farm and Chikurubi Female Prisons records and statistics offices&#13;
and other stakeholders. The findings of the study revealed a host of challenges that&#13;
stall effective policy implementation chief among them being the deplorable living&#13;
conditions in the prisons. The negative attitude perspectives and stigma , among other&#13;
things, were seen to be the reasons for offenders getting into a vicious circle of re-&#13;
offending. The study recommended stakeholder cooperation in policy&#13;
implementation, monitoring and evaluation among other things</text>
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                <text>ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY </text>
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                <text>AN EXPLORATION OF PERSONAL EXPERIENCES OF DEAF PEOPLE IN ACCESSING,&#13;
PARTICIPATING AND COMPLETING HIGHER EDUCATION IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>PHILLIPA MUTSWANGA</text>
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                <text>The study qualitatively employed the phenomenology design to explore the&#13;
experiences of the 32 participants selected through snowballing and purposive&#13;
sampling to establish the extent to which Zimbabwean Universities enabled deaf&#13;
people to access, participate and successfully complete their studies. Point of&#13;
saturation determined the sample size. Access to higher education [HE] is&#13;
currently recognised as a bridge to a fulfilling life for all people but its applicability&#13;
to deaf people was reported by several studies as insignificant despite the&#13;
influences of robust legislations. Narratives, in-depth interviews, non-participant&#13;
observations, focus group discussions and document analysis were used to&#13;
collect data which was further thematically analysed. Emerging patterns and&#13;
themes were then generated and triangulated to augment the findings.&#13;
Augmentation made the data trustworthy and creditable although its&#13;
generalisability was not representative enough because of the sample size, a&#13;
limitation which triangulation took care of. The findings were guided by the social&#13;
justice principles of the ubuntu philosophy and the symbiotic transformative&#13;
theory. The study participants argued that institutions of higher education did not&#13;
include deaf people [PWDs] in their plans and that benchmarked the formidable&#13;
barriers which made their participation remain insignificant. However, the study&#13;
noted other contributing factors as; unfocused visions of universities,&#13;
inappropriate teaching styles, unfriendly infrastructures, negative attitudes and&#13;
styles of leadership. Furthermore, deaf participants felt that universities’&#13;
deliberate delay to respond to their applications was meant to frustrate them and&#13;
make them lose hope in persuing the status of their applications. The study&#13;
recommended that universities should redevelop their policies and provisions&#13;
with deaf people in mind. Further studies recommended that monitoring tools be&#13;
design as a measure to determine the preparedness of universities to deaf&#13;
applicants.&#13;
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                <text>AN EXPOSITION OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY AND PUBLIC RESPONSIBILITY WITH REFERENCE TO AFRICAN COUNTRIES&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>DR. S. B. M. MARUME</text>
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                <text>Research indicates that a reasonable number of scientists, scholars and practitioners argue that a&#13;
few terms and concepts political science, public administration and administrative law are used so freely, and&#13;
confusingly as public responsibility and public accountability. Furthermore, in many textbooks available the&#13;
impression is created that the two concepts are synonymous if not equitable. As shown in this article, this is, however, not quite true. What follows is a reasoned exposition of terminological and semasiological distinctions between public accountability and public responsibility.</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Business and Management Invention</text>
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        <name>and synonymous</name>
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                <text>AN EXPOSITION OF QUALITIES OF LEADERSHIP</text>
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                <text>DR. S. B. M. MARUME&#13;
&#13;
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                <text> PROF D. NDUDZO</text>
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                <text>Leadership, an important universal polymorphic phenomenon found in all cultures of all ages, in all&#13;
groups and based on certain sources of influence and power, exhibits certain qualities. These qualities of&#13;
leadership will constitute the subject – matter of this article</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Engineering Science Invention</text>
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                <text>AN INCLUSIVE MODEL OF EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FOR ZIMBABWE&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>This study sought to determine an inclusive framework for education expenditure that enhances&#13;
economic development for Zimbabwe. The study used the ARDL-ECM in the determination&#13;
of the relationship between the two variables, using data for the period 1980 to 2021. E-views&#13;
Version 12.0 Statistical Package was used to run the regressions. Data were obtained from the&#13;
International Monetary Fund and World Bank. The study found an inverse relationship between&#13;
expenditure on education and economic development in Zimbabwe for both the short-run and&#13;
long-run periods. Guided by the Zimbabwe Education 5.0 Model, the study recommends that&#13;
a stand-alone research budget be made available for the institutions of higher education. It is&#13;
also true with the industry that expects the best from graduates to fund research done by the&#13;
institutions of higher education. It follows, therefore, that the industry must have constant&#13;
liaison with the institutions of higher education, presenting challenges which they are facing&#13;
for research to be conducted with the view of proffering solutions. In fact, facilitators from the&#13;
institutions of higher education must be able to research on the needs of the economy, and&#13;
impart knowledge on students, guided by the predetermined economic needs. It is from the&#13;
research that the institutions would have conducted that would inform the content of teaching&#13;
and community outreach. The students would then benefit from the researched teaching, thus,&#13;
enabling them, and the facilitators to cause innovation and industrialisation</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe Journal of Business, Economics and Management</text>
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                <text>AN INSIGHT INTO THE DEFINITIONS OF DISTANCE LEARNING AND&#13;
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF TUTOR COMMENTS IN DISTANCE LEARNING&#13;
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                <text>PAULINE MANJENGWA</text>
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                <text>Firstly, this article examines various definitions of Distance Learning with the aim of enabling&#13;
scholars to have a wider perspective of the concept. While the most basic definition relates to&#13;
education that takes place when the teacher and students are separated by physical distance,&#13;
developments in this area now encompass distance learning with technology (electronic,&#13;
print, voice and data). Technology in this respect is viewed as the bridge used to mediate&#13;
the gap between the tutor and the student. Secondly, the article also puts emphasis on the&#13;
types of comments on marked assignments, that can either help the learner to work hard&#13;
or destroy the learner’s interest to learn. Appropriate, positive and constructive comments&#13;
in marked assignments promote effective communication between the tutor and the learner.&#13;
Most importantly, prompt assignment return with constructive feedback and counselling, is&#13;
a possible decisive element for study success and goal achievement, for Distance Learners.&#13;
More suggestions on enhancing the tutor – student interaction are discussed.</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe International Journal of Open &amp; Distance Learning </text>
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                <text>AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECTS OF&#13;
SEXUAL VIOLENCE ON THE HEALTH OF&#13;
WOMEN IN GWERU URBAN&#13;
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                <text>Sexual violence could be a menace to the health of women, so this study sought to&#13;
investigate the effects of sexual violence on the health of women. The research&#13;
hypothesis was that there is no relationship between sexual violence and the&#13;
reproductive, psychological and physical health problems. The objectives were to&#13;
expose the types of sexual violence and how women react to it in addition to&#13;
establishing the prevalence of the psychological, physical and reproductive health&#13;
(including STI and HIV/AIDS) problems resulting from sexual violence. A mixed&#13;
methodology with a pragmatic approach was used to carry out the research. The&#13;
research design was the casual comparative method where two groups that is the&#13;
sample and control groups were selected to allow comparing of the results. The&#13;
purposive sampling method was used at Msasa Project and Gweru hospital to obtain&#13;
the sample group of 30 women who were sexually violated. The control group of 30&#13;
women who were not sexually violated was obtained by convenient sampling at Gweru&#13;
Hospital MCH department. The data was obtained by triangulating interviews, focus&#13;
groups and documentary analysis and analysed by descriptive statistics as well as using&#13;
the SPSS for ANOVA, t-test and chi square. The research revealed that sexual violence&#13;
does affect the health of women reproductively, psychologically and physically. The&#13;
prevalence of STI and HIV related to sexual violence was 0.33 and 0.37 respectively.&#13;
However the women were reluctant to report sexual violence because of their culture&#13;
which makes it difficult to define sexual violence. The researcher suggests that men be&#13;
educated on the rights of women and the effects of sexual violence and the&#13;
3&#13;
organisations dealing with women health issues should involve men. The women who&#13;
report sexual violence should also be assessed for psychological problems as it was&#13;
found to be the most common health problem associated with sexual violence. Abortion&#13;
should be made accessible to the victims of sexual violence so that they are not&#13;
burdened by an unwanted child</text>
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                <text>ZIMBABWE</text>
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                <text>AN INVESTIGATION OF ICT STRATEGIES IMPLEMENTED BY SCHOOL LEADERS TO ENHANCE EARLY&#13;
CHILDHOOD CLASS MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF HARARE PRIMARY SCHOOLS&#13;
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                <text>MERJURY SOSAI ZINGWENA</text>
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                <text> LEWIS MADHLANGOBE </text>
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                <text>Digital technologies are increasingly reshaping global education systems; consequently, integrating Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) into Early Childhood Education (ECE) has become a critical priority for educational stakeholders. This qualitative study sought to understand how school leadership’s ICT-oriented strategies enhanced the management of Early Childhood Development (ECD) classes across Harare Northern Central District. Using purposive sampling, in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 school heads and administrators from public, trust and private institutions. Anchored in Social Cognitive Theory, the study employed thematic analysis to identify recurring patterns and meanings within the data. Findings reveal that while school leaders actively pursued ICT integration, their approaches varied significantly based on resource availability, policy clarity and access to training. Key strategies identified include ICT infrastructure development, curriculum alignment with digital tools, enhanced leadership training and the establishment of monitoring mechanisms. However, implementation was mainly hindered by infrastructural development gaps, low digital competence among staff and inadequate support systems in relation to technology usage. In response to these challenges, school leaders proposed context-drivensolutions such as tailored professional development, strengthened school-community partnerships and enhanced government support. Based on these insights, the study recommends the formulation of localised ICT integration frameworks, investment in digital infrastructure at the ECD level and the promotion of inclusive ICT capacity-building initiatives for educators and school leaders. Further research should explore the impact of specific ICT tools on ECD learning outcomes and conduct longitudinal studies to assess the long-term effects of leadership strategies on digital integration in early education settings. This study contributes to and extends policy debates on equitable digital transformation in Zimbabwe’s early education.</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Education</text>
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                <text>2026</text>
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                <text>AN IT PROJECT MANAGEMENT&#13;
FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSING&#13;
THE DYNAMISM OF CULTURE&#13;
UNDER GLOBALIZATION:&#13;
EVIDENCE FROM ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text>JR SAM TAKAVARASHA</text>
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                <text>GILFORD HAPANYENGWI,</text>
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                <text>DONALD CHIMANIKIRE</text>
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                <text>66 International Journal of Information Technology Project Management, 4(4), 66-81, October-December 2013&#13;
Copyright © 2013, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited.&#13;
ABSTRACT&#13;
Culture has been analysed in information systems (IS) projects as one of the soft issues that cause project&#13;
failure. Increased outsourcing and collaboration call for an understanding of the dynamism of cultures in the&#13;
wake of global influences as a first step towards managing cross cultural Information Technology (IT) proj-&#13;
ects. In this study, the authors propose a way of assessing cultural dynamics in the context of trans-national&#13;
collaboration in IT projects. Using a mixed methods approach consisting of survey and semi-structured&#13;
interviews for collecting evidence in Zimbabwe, a framework for assessing the current state of communalist&#13;
culture is proposed. The study showed that in spite of the inroads of Westernization and Commercialization,&#13;
a culture of sharing prevails although it is affected by sensitivity to cost burden and inroads of individualism</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Information Technology Project Management</text>
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        <name>Cultural Impact</name>
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        <name>Information Technology (IT)</name>
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        <name>IT Project Management</name>
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        <name>Westernization</name>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>In Zimbabwean secondary schools, performance of school pupils accelerated in a declining manner since 1984 to date. Although	 much	 has been done to improve conditions of the teacher since the teachers	 are	 at	 the helm of students	 learning, students’ performance has	 continued	 to	 decline. Despite training obtained from teachers colleges,	 what is contributing to their	effectiveness has	 not been well	researched.	 Affective organisational commitment of secondary school teachers in Zimbabwe still remain an inadequately	researched area.	Prior research	has indicated	that teaching	 efficacy determine teacher performance.	 Whereas teachers could be motivated by employers, the gendered	 outcomes	 of	 their teaching efficacy to their performance and level of	affective commitment in Zimbabwean secondary	schools has not been	 adequately investigated.	 The primary purpose of the study	was to	make	 a critical analysis of teaching efficacy factors influencing secondary	 school	teachers’ affective organisational commitment in	Zimbabwe.	 Stufflebeam(1971)’s	Context Input Process and Product decision	 facilitation model of evaluation approach was used to	analyse the factors. The approach specified	the imbalances in	each phase of	evaluation focusing on teaching	 efficacy factors and how they contributed to affective organisational commitment of secondary	 school	 teachers.	 The	 study	 used	 qualitative	&#13;
data	 gathering	 methods	 to	 generate	 data	 from	 26	 participants	 purposively sampled.	The sample included 12teachers,3Heads of	 departments, 2 Deputy heads, 4 School heads, 4 Provincial Education	 inspectors, and 1	Deputy Provincial Education Director using Semi	structured face to face interviews and focus group discussions were	used as data gathering instruments in order to triangulate the evidence	 obtained.	 Generated data was	analysed using NVivo to come up with	 three	 themes. The study established that  factors such as professionalism,	 teacher competence, age, teaching	 experience,	recognition, staffing of teachers, subject specialisation, centrality	of	passion within the teacher and lack	 of ownership of educational	 policies determine teacher efficacy	of secondary school teachers and their level of affective organisational commitment hence impacting	 negatively	 on pupils’	 and schools’ performance. The study recommended that Educational planners need to stay	abreast of the	formal	and informal	 impulse of	 teacher commitment by	providing support, constant	 supervision, staffing of teachers, staff development workshops,	 chat	 platforms	 and continual refocusing of	 selection	 and	 recruitment policies in teachers’ colleges. Future researchers might	wish	to	expand this study	to Private	schools to	determine whether results	presented	here reflect the general situation in	all	schools, since	this	study was conducted in schools owned by Public Service Commission	only.</text>
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                <text>Rittah	Kasowe</text>
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                <text>Prof	Ignatius	I.	Dambudzo</text>
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                <text>2014</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe Open University</text>
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                <text>Management</text>
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                <text>AN STUDY ON HOW TEACHING EFFICACY IS INFLUENCING AFFECTIVE ORGANISATIONAL COMMITMENT OF SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS IN MASHONALAND CENTRAL PROVINCE OF ZIMBABWE.&#13;
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                <text>AN UNDERSTANDING OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMAN RIGHTS SUPPORTS&#13;
PROGRAMMES OFFERED BY RESTORATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN&#13;
DARWEDALE DISTRICT OF HARARE,ZIMBABWE</text>
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                <text>JOHN MBWIRIRE</text>
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                <text>The main objective of this study was to have an in-depth understanding of human rights and human rights support programmes offered by civic&#13;
organizations in harsh political and economic community in a hyper inflammatory environment. This was carried out with specia l reference to&#13;
Restoration of Human Rights Zimbabwe (ROHR Zim) as a case study. A qualitative approach using study focus group discussions and in-depth&#13;
interviews were the research instruments used. The study showed that human rights support programmes were offered after political, economic&#13;
and social crackdown in a crisis ridden community using participatory approaches. In addition, more effort and commitment wa s needed to&#13;
enhance and improve human rights support programmes in line with the technological and economical, socio -cultural and global trends.&#13;
Communities should also strive to improve human rights support programmes condition, which were generally bad in many societi es of&#13;
developing countries. This research study recommends that human rights activists, organizations and state departments should collaboratively&#13;
work together in coming up with human rights support programmes which are cultural specific utilizing available resources and expertise</text>
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                <text>ANALYSIS OF THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT POLICIES IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text>Public transport is an essential component of urban life in Zimbabwe, yet it is beset by operational inefficiencies, regulatory fragmentation and safety concerns. This paper examines the effectiveness of public transport management policies by analysing the roles, coordination and challenges of key regulatory bodies, including the Zimbabwe Republic Police (ZRP), Ministry of Transport and Infrastructural Development (MOT), Harare City Council (HCC), Vehicle Inspection Department (VID), Traffic Safety Council of Zimbabwe (TSC) and the Zimbabwe National Road Administration (ZINARA). A mixed-methods approach was adopted, utilising document analysis of statutes, semi-structured interviews with 20 key stakeholders and a quantitative survey of 120 transport operators and users in Harare and Bulawayo. The results reveal significant dissatisfaction among commuters regarding safety and service reliability, with 75% of surveyed passengers reporting safety concerns. Qualitative findings highlight major themes of fragmented coordination among regulatory bodies, severe resource constraints hindering enforcement and the necessary but unregulated role of informal operators (Mawere, 2017). The study concludes that while a robust legislative frameworkexists, its implementation is undermined by a lack of inter-agency collaboration, inadequate funding and decaying infrastructure (Moyo, 2018). The paper recommends the establishment of a national task force to harmonise policies, increased budgetary allocations for enforcement, strategic investment in transport infrastructure and the development of an integrated policy that</text>
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ZIMBABWE JOURNAL OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT&#13;
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                <text>APPROACHES TO ADMINISTRATIVE LEADERSHIP</text>
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                <text>Man, the different situations in which he finds himself, the diversity of aims, objectives and functions&#13;
that he purpose and that are laid down for him and the many types of frames of reference in which he finds&#13;
himself, are all together so complex and complicated that we cannot evolve anything like a universal formula&#13;
for leadership. In fact the most that we can say and we can say it all generic elements of administration – is that&#13;
the success of leadership in the final analysis is determined by the knowledge of the leader and of the people he&#13;
leads. This knowledge includes knowledge of things outside the group’s own frame of reference. All this&#13;
constitute the subject – matter of this article.&#13;
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                <text>ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND TRAINING: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES IN THE ZIMBABWEAN MINING INDUSTRY&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>Artificial intelligenceis Each and every aspect of our society has been changed by artificial intel-&#13;
ligence. Artificial intelligence still a new phenomenon in Zimbabwe. The main thrust Each and&#13;
every aspect of our society has been changed by artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence is&#13;
still a new phenomenon in Zimbabwe. The main thrust of this research was to understand the&#13;
opportunities and challenges of artificial intelligence in training activities in the mining industry.&#13;
This study was guided by understand training activities that can be transformed by artificial&#13;
intelligence. The study determined the challenges of using artificial intelligence in training. The&#13;
investigator obtained data through telephone interviews that were conducted with 10 participants&#13;
from the Zimbabwe Mining Industry. The investigation employed judgemental, convenient and&#13;
snowball sampling. The study found that there is low use of artificial intelligence in the training&#13;
activities, but there are activities that can be undertaken by artificial intelligence that include&#13;
induction, online training, and refresher courses. Expensiveness, lack of skills, loss of jobs, cul-&#13;
tural and ethical implications were found to be challenges associated with the use of artificial&#13;
intelligence in the employee appointment process. Efficiency, effectiveness, enhanced trainee&#13;
experience, reduced costs and organisation brand were found to be benefits of employing artifi-&#13;
cial intelligence in training. The study recommends partnerships to be developed among mining organisations, higher and tertiary education, and technology enterprises to develop artificial intelligence software that can cost-effectively meet the needs of trainers.</text>
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                <text>ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ACADEMIC DECISION-MAKING AND STUDENTS’ RECORDKEEPING: A CASE OF AN ODEL UNIVERSITY&#13;
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                <text>The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into higher education is reshaping traditional processes of academic decision-making and students’ recordkeeping. This study explores the use of AI in academic decision–making and students’ recordkeeping at Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU). A qualitative research methodology was adopted along with purposive sampling technique in which a sample of 5 heads of sections who deal with students’ recordkeeping were chosen as they have knowledge about the problem at hand. Data collected were analysed in thematic strands. Findings underscore that at ZOU, AI is being used to generate educational materials such as study guides, quizzes, automate administrative tasks like students grading as well as in other e-learning platforms such as My Vista, students support services, coursework material preparation and writing by students, data analytics and in widespread research. The study concludes that while AI offers significant opportunities to improve the management of students’ recordkeeping and academic decisions, its deployment must be guided by ethical principles, legal compliance, and capacity-building initiatives tomaximise benefits and mitigate risks. The study recommends the need for human oversight, inclusive data practices and robust governance frameworks to ensure fairness and accountability in AI-enabled academic decision-making and students’ recordkeeping.</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe Open University Journal of Applied Social Sciences</text>
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                <text>ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF ADEQUATE AND&#13;
INADEQUATE INORGANIC FERTILIZER RATES ON&#13;
THE YIELD LEVELS OF PAPRIKA IN MUTASA&#13;
RESETTLEMENT AREA, MANICALAND&#13;
PROVINCE, ZIMBABWE&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF CONSERVATION&#13;
AGRICULTURE ON MAIZE YIELD IN&#13;
NYAKATSAPA, MUTASA DISTRICT, MANICALAND&#13;
PROVINCE: IMPLICATIONS ON EXTENSION&#13;
ADVICE TO FARMERS IN PROMOTING THE&#13;
AGRICULTURE&#13;
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                <text>he study assessed the effects of conservation agriculture on maize yield in&#13;
Nyakatsapa, Mutasa district. 20 ca farmers, 20 farmers doing conventional farming&#13;
system and area AEW were used as research subjects in 2011/2012 farming season.&#13;
Questionnaires and interviews were used as research instruments. Mean yields&#13;
under ca and conventional tillage were compared and analysed using ‘Z’ statistical&#13;
test at 0.025level of significance. Results showed that maize mean yield from ca&#13;
was significantly higher than the mean yield from conventional system. Hectare of&#13;
all ca farmers increased from 40.5ha in 2009/2010 to 100ha in 2011/2012 season.&#13;
Yield in 2009/2010 was 1 t/ha but rose to 2.3t/ha by 2011/2012 season. Agritex, ZFU&#13;
and NGO provided extension service to Nyakatsapa ca farmers. Agritex provided&#13;
every type of extension. ZFU and NGO did not conduct any field days on ca.&#13;
Extension records revealed that (15/20) was attendance on field days and (19/20) on&#13;
field demonstrations. Results revealed that fertilizer and seed were the main inputs&#13;
given. The study therefore, recommends that farmers in Nyakatsapa use&#13;
conservation agriculture which produces higher yields than conventional system&#13;
in maize production. Soil, nutrients and moisture are conserved.</text>
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                <text>Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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        <name>Conservation agriculture</name>
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                <text>ASSOCIATION BETWEEN WANTING CIRCUMCISION AND&#13;
RISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR IN ZIMBABWE: EVIDENCE&#13;
FROM THE 2010–11 ZIMBABWE DEMOGRAPHIC AND&#13;
HEALTH SURVEY&#13;
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                <text>ANTONY CHIKUTSA &#13;
&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>ALFRED C NCUBE&#13;
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                <text>SHEPHARD MUTSAU</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Zimbabwe adopted voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) as an additional HIV prevention&#13;
strategy in 2009. A number of studies have been conducted to understand the determinants of VMMC uptake but&#13;
few studies have examined the characteristics of men who are willing to get circumcised or the link between&#13;
wanting circumcision and risky sexual behaviour. This study investigated the relationship between wanting male&#13;
circumcision and engaging in risky sex behaviours. This was based on the assumption that those who are willing to&#13;
undergo circumcision are already engaging in risky sexual behaviours</text>
              </elementText>
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                <text>Reproductive Health </text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2015</text>
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        <name>HIV prevention</name>
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              <name>Title</name>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>ATTAINING ORGANISATIONAL SUCCESS IN ZIMBABWE’S STATE UNIVERSITIES: PERCEPTIONS OF THE OPERATIONAL STAFF&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>CAXTON SHONHIWA</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>The researcher sought to establish the perceptions of operational staff on their understanding&#13;
of organisational success. The perception of organisational success is usually a reflection of&#13;
where the owner of the perception stands in the organisation. A constructivist philosophy was&#13;
adopted to engage a group of purposefully selected operational staff members in in-depth&#13;
interviews through a face-to-face mode and then by WhatsApp. The purposefully selected&#13;
members of the operational staff were asked three questions, and they discussed these questions&#13;
over a period of two months. At the end of the period, transcripts of the discussions were given&#13;
to relevant members for their authenticity check and validation. Further to that process, the&#13;
responses were coded, and themes were formulated from which the perceptions of operational&#13;
staff were derived. The staff perceived that their hard work, the awards they received from the&#13;
organisation and the achievement of the assigned targets meant that the organisation was&#13;
succeeding. The recommendation was that operational staff members need to be involved in&#13;
strategic planning sessions where organisational goals are derived and cascaded from the&#13;
corporate level down to the operational level to make them understand the importance of hard&#13;
work at each level and by every worke</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2203">
                <text>Zimbabwe Journal of Business, Economics and Management</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>2023</text>
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        <name>and organisational performance</name>
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        <name>Organisational success</name>
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        <name>strategic planning</name>
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              <name>Title</name>
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      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>BOARD APPOINTMENT PROCESSES AND THEIR IMPACT ON CORPORATE PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC ENTITIES IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text>GARIKAI   MANYERUKE</text>
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                <text>OBERT  SIFILE  </text>
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                <text> TINASHE RUVINGA&#13;
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of appointment systems for public entity boards in Zimbabwe in enhancing meritocracy, given the contribution of the parastatals&#13;
to the national economy. Most public entities in Zimbabwe have been drowned in scandals, which have left them underperforming and recording losses over the years. The AgencyTheory, Upper Echelon Theory and Political Theory informed the study. The study adopted a pragmatist research philosophy, a mixed research paradigm and a cross-sectional survey research design. The target population of the study comprised permanent secretaries and board&#13;
members from the 107 public entities in Zimbabwe. A sample size of 261 participants was used for collecting quantitative data, and 25 participants were used for collecting qualitative data. Stratified sampling and purposive sampling techniques were employed to sample participants for quantitative and qualitative data respectively. Semi-structured questionnaires and in-depth&#13;
personal interview guides were used to collect and generate data from participants. Cronbach’s alpha (α) was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. The data was analysed using SPSS Version 25 and AMOS Version 21. The study concluded that the Corporate Governance Unit was the most appropriate institution to be designated as the appointing authority for state entity boards. The appointing authority needs to be granted the full mandate&#13;
of establishing nomination committees that conduct board selection processes for all public entities. The study also concluded that government policies moderated the relationship between&#13;
meritocracy in the appointment of public entity boards and organisational performance. The study recommended that the government should avoid the frequent state interference and violations of statutory provisions in the board appointment process. Further studies could focus on the effectiveness of a boards appointment system in the private sector in Zimbabwe</text>
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                <text>ZJBEM </text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2025</text>
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        <name>Appointing authority</name>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>BOARD DIVERSITY, FIRM CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF COMPANIES LISTED ON THE ZIMBABWE STOCK EXCHANGE (ZSE) (2009-2015)&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>ZVINAIYE CHIMBADZWA</text>
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                <text>Many practitioners (Wilton, 2011; Abad et al., 2017; Arenas-Torres et al., 2021; Ali et al., 2022) now acknowledge that the diversity of a Board of Directors is a strength in corporate boards and the adoption of diversity in corporate boards is increasingly gaining steam as a best practice in corporate governance worldwide. Recent developments (Somathlike, 2018; Cha &amp; Jung, 2009; Saidu, 2019; Osazuwa et al., 2016; Darmadi, 2011; Bathula, 2008, Khidmat et al, 2020; Ali et al., 2022; Dedunu &amp; Anuradha, 2020) worldwide also demonstrate that the world is changing by legal writ and through moral imperatives that make boardroom diversity a critical component of sound corporate governance. The board of directors in organisations is responsible for making strategic decisions such as mergers, acquisitions, creating financial structures and executive hiring or firing. In the Zimbabwean situation, the existence of boards has not prevented scandals and economic meltdowns that remain the order of the day just like in other developing or underdeveloped countries. The response has been to institute board diversity policies that focus on independent directors who replace executive directors to reduce scandals. This study examines the impact of board diversity, firm characteristics, and performance of Zimbabwe Stock Exchange-listed companies for the period 2009-2015. The study employed the quantitative methodology to establish the impact of board diversity on the performance of thirty-five (35) firms listed on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange using panel data collected over the period 2009 – 2015. The agency theory and the social categorisation and identification theory are the main theories that guided this study. The board diversity variables used were gender, education, and board executives. The level of board diversity was measured using the Blau (1977) index. Firm performance was measured using profitability, market share, efficiency, liquidity, and leverage. Firm size, board size, the number of years the firm has been listed on the ZSE, the firm sector such as food, financial, services, real estate and food and manufacturing were used as moderating variables in the study. The results show that gender and executive diversity were moderately diversified with mean diversity indexes of 0.32 and 0.36 respectively. Education was diversified with a mean index of 0.60. Using panel-corrected standard errors (PCSE) regression analysis, the study established that the level of board diversity has a significant relationship with firm performance. Board gender diversity was found to have a positive and significant impact on profitability as measured by returns per share and gross profit; efficiency as measured by asset turnover; market share as measured by Tobin's Q ratio and market value; and liquidity as measured by current ratio. Board gender diversity had no impact on leverage as measured by the debt-equity ratio. Board executive diversity was found to have a positive and significant impact on firm profitability and market share while it had a negative and significant relationship with market value, efficiency, liquidity, and leverage. Board education diversity was found to have a positive and significant impact on firm profitability, market share, and liquidity while it had a negative and significant impact on firm efficiency and leverage. Non-board diversity variables were also found to significantly affect firm performance. On the one hand, the major factors that promoted board diversity were firm size, liquidity, leverage, operating experience (years listed), market share (Tobin's Q), and being in the service sector. On the other hand, board size and being in the food, financial, real, industrial and manufacturing sectors negatively and significantly affected diversity. Based on the above results, the study recommended that firms should come up with board diversity-enabling policies to enhance firm performance.  However, further studies could be undertaken on individual variables to validate the study</text>
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                <text>ZOU </text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2228">
                <text>2023</text>
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        <name>and firm performance</name>
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        <name>Diversity</name>
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      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>BOARD SIZE VERSUS FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE: A THEMATIC APPROACH&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>ONESMO GUTI, </text>
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                <text>ASHLEY MASHAYAMOMBE</text>
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                <text>SIPIWE SIBANDA</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>This paper seeks to examine the effects of board size upon firm’s financial performance. Board characteristics include&#13;
outside directors, board size, gender diversity and board diligence. This paper concentrated upon the board size’s effect&#13;
upon firm performance. The two corporate governance theories: namely, stewardship theory; and resource dependence&#13;
theory were utilised. This paper made use of analysing and sy nthesising literature from various sources in a bid to&#13;
expose the views of various writers upon the effects of Board size on firms’ financial performance. The qualitative&#13;
methodology was applied through the thematic analysis approach. Both the deductive and inductiv e approaches were&#13;
utilized to enjoy the benefits of the thematic approach. This enabled robust coding technique</text>
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                <text> International Journal of Research Publications (IJRP.ORG)</text>
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                <text>BUILDING RESILIENCE IN HUMANITARIAN ORGANISATIONS IN ZIMBABWE: THE&#13;
SIGNIFICANCE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN DISASTER&#13;
RESPONSE&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>The study aimed to assess the significance of Information and Communication Technology in&#13;
enhancing supply chain resilience and improve disaster response in humanitarian organisations&#13;
in Zimbabwe. The population for this study comprised 160 individuals who were purposively&#13;
selected from the humanitarian organisations that operated in Manicaland, Zimbabwe, where&#13;
Cyclone Idai took place in 2019. The Yamane formula was used to calculate the sample size&#13;
of 114 respondents in the study. Structured questionnaires were used as research instruments&#13;
in the study. The study revealed that Information and Communication Technology was&#13;
important in humanitarian organisations as it helps to build resilience and improve disaster&#13;
response. The study recommended the formulation of clear policies and guidelines that could&#13;
govern the use of ICT in disaster response, ensuring that data security, privacy protection, and&#13;
the interoperability among different organisations and agencies. The study also recommended&#13;
the development of partnerships between humanitarian organisations, the government&#13;
agencies, and the private sector entities to jointly invest in and leverage ICT solutions for the&#13;
disaster preparedness and the response by implementing a centralised platform that integrates&#13;
all the relevant stakeholders and the data sources to ensure seamless communication and&#13;
information sharing during the disaster response operations.</text>
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        <name>Information Communication Technology (ICT)</name>
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        <name>Resilience</name>
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        <name>supply chain</name>
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                <text>BUILDING SUSTAINABLE EDUCATION FUTURES FOR THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN SUB-CONTINENT</text>
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                <text>RITTAH KASOWE </text>
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                <text>An assessment of effects of gender on affective organizational commitment of teachers in Zimbabwe.&#13;
In Zimbabwe there has been an outcry on poor performance of students at all levels. It has been noted&#13;
that yearly students’ O level percentage pass rate has declined up to 19.5 % in 2011 to 18.4% in&#13;
2012. This has raised concern amongst the stakeholders. Previously low performance has been&#13;
attributed to inadequacy of resources and poor remuneration. In 2009 the Ministry of Education Art&#13;
Sports and Culture introduced incentives to lure the teachers so that they help the majority of&#13;
people in the country until the employer had adequate funds to cushion teachers’ salaries. In 2010 -&#13;
2011 primary schools were given books and sports kits by the UNICEF under the ETF programme&#13;
and secondary schools in 2012. However this has not made a positive impact on pupil performance.&#13;
Most of the blame has been put on teachers’ affective commitment to their work. Considering that the&#13;
majority of teachers are females, the main question is whether gender is related to affective&#13;
organizational commitment of teachers’ performance in Zimbabwe? Employee affective commitment&#13;
is important because high levels of it leads to several favorable organizational outcomes. This is a&#13;
descriptive survey where data will be collected from stratified random sampled teachers using qu&#13;
estionnaires and interviews</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="534">
                <text>International Journal of Current Research&#13;
</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2013</text>
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        <name>Affective organizational commitment gender.</name>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF FINANCIAL MISMANAGEMENT IN MUDZI DISTRICT’S PRIMARY SCHOOLS</text>
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                <text>EVERSHINE NDONGWE</text>
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                <text>This study, ―Causes and Effects of Financial Mismanagement in Mudzi District‘s Primary&#13;
Schools.‖ is a doctoral thesis conducted in Mudzi District, Mashonaland East Province&#13;
between 2018 and 2022. The study's goal was to look at the issues that primary school heads&#13;
encounter in Zimbabwe's Mudzi rural area. To collect data, the exploratory sequential mixed&#13;
method study design was used. A random sample of 65 primary school heads provided&#13;
quantitative data, while a purposive sample provided qualitative data. The data were&#13;
augmented and triangulated with interview data conducted with 20 of the school heads and&#13;
document analysis carried out at 20 of the schools. Research data were analysed using SPSS&#13;
IBM software for quantitative data and NVIVO and thematic analysis for qualitative data.&#13;
The study's principal conclusions were that financial mismanagement in Zimbabwean&#13;
primary schools was caused by the absence of most of the papers that comprised the legal&#13;
framework directing school financial management. As a result, most school heads lacked the&#13;
legal and accounting knowledge to correctly interpret and implement some of the financial&#13;
management and accounting principles Most Primary school heads doubled as school bursars&#13;
or book keepers because their schools could not afford to hire a qualified bursar or&#13;
bookkeeper. As a result, school heads were overwhelmed with work and this negatively&#13;
impacted on their effectiveness as school financial managers. Most school leaders' capacity to&#13;
successfully manage school money was hampered by a lack of accounting knowledge and&#13;
abilities. Lack of regular supervision and auditing by the Ministry of Education resulted in&#13;
some school heads making unchecked errors, oversights and short cuts in adhering to&#13;
financial management processes and procedures. The following conclusion were drawn from&#13;
the findings. The majority of incidents of financial mismanagement in Zimbabwean primary&#13;
schools were caused by the absence of important papers that comprised the legal framework&#13;
governing school financial management. As a result, some school heads worked outside of&#13;
the policies that guided them. The majority of reported financial mismanagement incidents in&#13;
Zimbabwean schools are the result of school leaders' lack of financial management&#13;
knowledge and abilities. Heads of schools without bursars or bookkeepers are overburdened&#13;
and prone to financial management blunders. The Ministry of Education's lack of monitoring&#13;
and financial audits creates a climate in which acts of financial mismanagement take a long&#13;
time to uncover and address. The following recommendations are made; All the legal and&#13;
financial documents comprising the legal framework guiding financial management in&#13;
Zimbabwean schools should be compiled into a handbook that should be kept at every&#13;
school. School heads should be trained and capacitated in the processes and procedures of&#13;
school financial management. All schools should have a bursar or bookkeeper qualified and&#13;
experienced to keep books of accounts at the school. Use of financial computer packages&#13;
should be incorporated in public primary schools. The Ministry of Primary and Secondary&#13;
Education should make regular checks and audits to ensure the correct application of&#13;
financial management policies, processes and procedures.</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe Open University</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2506">
                <text>2024</text>
              </elementText>
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        <name>Primary and secondary education</name>
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