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                <text>PERCEIVED EFFECTS OF EMPLOYEE RETENTION PRACTICES ON JOB SATISFACTION IN&#13;
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                <text>MAVUNGA GETRUDE</text>
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                <text>Employee retention is a critical issue in Zimbabwe’s Higher Education (HE) sector, where economic instability, inadequate remuneration, and limited career development opportunities&#13;
contribute to high staff turnover. This study employed a systematic literature review (SLR) to&#13;
synthesise existing research on employee retention strategies and their impact on job satisfaction in Zimbabwean HE institutions. Using the PRISMA framework, the study identified key retention practices, including financial incentives, professional development&#13;
programmes, flexible work arrangements, and institutional support mechanisms. The findings revealled that while Zimbabwean HE institutions employed both monetary and non-monetary retention strategies, their effectiveness was often undermined by inconsistent implementation&#13;
and resource constraints. Comparative analysis with global best practices highlighted the disparity between Zimbabwean institutions and their counterparts in developed economies, where structured career pathways, tenure systems, and work-life balance policies contribute to higher job satisfaction. The study identified critical gaps in existing literature, including a lack of longitudinal research, insufficient empirical evidence on non-monetary incentives, and methodological inconsistencies. This review underscored the need for Zimbabwean policymakers and university administrators to adopt sustainable, evidence-based retention&#13;
strategies that address both extrinsic and intrinsic motivators. Future research should explore sector-wide policy interventions and international best practices to inform retention strategies that enhance workforce stability and institutional performance</text>
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                <text>E-HR RECORDS IN ZIMBABWE: BALANCING DATA PRIVACY, SECURITY, AND REGULATORY COMPLIANCE&#13;
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                <text>NOTHANDO TUTANI </text>
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                <text> GETRUDE MAVUNGA</text>
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                <text>The adoption of electronic Human Resource (e-HR) records is transforming HR management globally, offering enhanced efficiency, accessibility, and decision-making. However, in Zimbabwe, organisations face significant challenges in data privacy, cybersecurity, and regulatory compliance, hindering the full realisation of e-HR benefits. This study examined the current state of e-HR adoption in Zimbabwe, comparing it to global best practices and identifying critical gaps in technological infrastructure, legal enforcement, and cybersecurity readiness. Using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), the study applied the Technology- Organisation-Environment (TOE) framework, GDPR principles, and the CIA Triad model to analyse Zimbabwe’s HR digitalisation landscape. Findings revealled uneven adoption rates, with large organisations progressing faster than SMEs, weak regulatory enforcement, and high vulnerability to cyber threats due to limited security investments. The study proposed strategic&#13;
interventions, including strengthening regulatory oversight, enhancing cybersecurity measures, and aligning HR practices with international standards. The findings contributed to the discourse on HR digital transformation in emerging economies, offering policy recommendations to ensure a secure and efficient transition to digital HR records in Zimbabwe.</text>
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                <text>AN ASSESSMENT OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND PERFORMANCE OF HEALTH SECTOR EMPLOYEES IN ZVIMBA DISTRICT HOSPITAL ZIMBABWE&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>TERRENCE MASAMBA </text>
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                <text>THOMAS  BHEBHE </text>
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                <text> KUPAKWASHE E. T. MUJAWE</text>
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                <text>Emotional intelligence is not a luxury, but a necessity in Zimbabwean public health institutions.The aim of the study was to determine the nexus between emotional intelligence and aperformance of health sector employees in Zvimba District Hospital. The focus was on key&#13;
emotional intelligence parameters on augmenting performance for the health sector. The studywas guided by positivism research philosophy and anchored on Goleman’s Model. A sample of 124 health professionals was selected using Raosoft sample size calculator allowing a 5%margin of error and 95% confidence level. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data.&#13;
Quantitative data were uploaded on SPSS Version 21 and analysed using descriptive statisticsand correlations. It was established from the main study findings that leaders with high&#13;
emotional intelligence could inspire and motivate their teams, fostering a positive workenvironment that can lead to improved service delivery. It was revealed that emotionalintelligence enhanced communication between healthcare providers and patients, leading tobetter understanding and health outcomes. This contributed to higher job satisfaction among healthcare workers, reduced turnover rates and ensuring continuity of care. The study&#13;
established that resilience fostered employees to maintain professional integrity and continues to provide safe and effective care. The study recommended the need to establish support&#13;
systems that promoted emotional well-being among healthcare workers. Longitudinal studies should focus on encouraging the selection of leaders with high emotional intelligence to foster&#13;
a supportive work culture.</text>
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                <text>BOARD APPOINTMENT PROCESSES AND THEIR IMPACT ON CORPORATE PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC ENTITIES IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text>GARIKAI   MANYERUKE</text>
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                <text>The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of appointment systems for public entity boards in Zimbabwe in enhancing meritocracy, given the contribution of the parastatals&#13;
to the national economy. Most public entities in Zimbabwe have been drowned in scandals, which have left them underperforming and recording losses over the years. The AgencyTheory, Upper Echelon Theory and Political Theory informed the study. The study adopted a pragmatist research philosophy, a mixed research paradigm and a cross-sectional survey research design. The target population of the study comprised permanent secretaries and board&#13;
members from the 107 public entities in Zimbabwe. A sample size of 261 participants was used for collecting quantitative data, and 25 participants were used for collecting qualitative data. Stratified sampling and purposive sampling techniques were employed to sample participants for quantitative and qualitative data respectively. Semi-structured questionnaires and in-depth&#13;
personal interview guides were used to collect and generate data from participants. Cronbach’s alpha (α) was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. The data was analysed using SPSS Version 25 and AMOS Version 21. The study concluded that the Corporate Governance Unit was the most appropriate institution to be designated as the appointing authority for state entity boards. The appointing authority needs to be granted the full mandate&#13;
of establishing nomination committees that conduct board selection processes for all public entities. The study also concluded that government policies moderated the relationship between&#13;
meritocracy in the appointment of public entity boards and organisational performance. The study recommended that the government should avoid the frequent state interference and violations of statutory provisions in the board appointment process. Further studies could focus on the effectiveness of a boards appointment system in the private sector in Zimbabwe</text>
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                <text>INFLUENCE OF EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT ON ORGANISATIONAL PERFORMANCE AT THE&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>The study sought to find out the influence of employee engagement on organisational performance at the Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU), which is a state university. The study was informed by the persistent feature of ZOU in the media for wrong reasons, which suggestedthat it was very likely that some of its staff members were exposing the institution. The study used the interprevitism philosophy which resonated with the qualitative paradigm. A case study design was applied. Data were generated using face-to-face interviews. The population was eight hundred (800) staff members, and a convenience sampling method was used to identify&#13;
the number of participants who could provide qualitative data, and the actual size was determined by data saturation. An analysis of the qualitative data which characterised the study was done by using thematic analysis. The major finding was that there was low engagement among ZOU employees. Major recommendations included revisiting both the internal and external fairness of remuneration, adopting a flexible working model, employer-assisted&#13;
occupational stress management, and providing good working conditions.</text>
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structured interviews and questionnaires with women engaged in various economic activities.&#13;
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                <text>This paper proposed a novel training framework for enhancing taxpayer education and&#13;
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method approach deemed effective for a complex subject, data were gathered through&#13;
structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The findings of this study revealled that the&#13;
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                <text>The rapid proliferation of social media has transformed content marketing into a critical&#13;
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and longevity. By conducting a meta-analysis of 50 peer-reviewed studies published between&#13;
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brand visibility, customer engagement, and loyalty, which were critical for firm survival in&#13;
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                <text>The transition from a traditional face-to-face learning mode to Open, Distance and Electronic&#13;
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landscape, particularly for sectors requiring specialised training such as the Zimbabwe Prisons&#13;
and Correctional Services (ZPCS). The study focused on the effectiveness of the transition&#13;
from blended learning to full adoption of ODeL in delivering short courses in entrepreneurial&#13;
leadership to the top officials of the ZPCS. The study employed a qualitative paradigm using&#13;
interviews to generate data by assessing participants’ experiences, learning outcomes, and&#13;
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inconsistent internet access as well as varying levels of digital literacy among participants,&#13;
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Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach grounded in the PRISMA framework, 30 high-&#13;
quality peer-reviewed studies were analysed to synthesise recent advancements in the field.&#13;
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capabilities with strategic objectives by leveraging data-driven insights into employee&#13;
performance, engagement, and predictive modelling. Organisations adopting people analytics&#13;
report significant improvements in workforce efficiency, retention, and adaptability,&#13;
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need for robust governance frameworks and investment in training. This review provides&#13;
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                <text>This study examined the effectiveness of open days as student recruitment tools in higher&#13;
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crucial marketing strategy in higher education, offering prospective students an immersive&#13;
experience of campus life, academic offerings, and institutional culture. In Zimbabwe where&#13;
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students’ enrollment is intensifying hence state universities are now capitalising on inviting&#13;
prospective students to their institutions. The study was informed by the following objectives:&#13;
to explore how open days’ influence prospective students' perceptions of Midlands State&#13;
University (MSU), to establish the impact of open days on student enrolment rates at Midlands&#13;
State University and to identify the key components of effective open days that enhance student&#13;
recruitment at Midlands State University. The study was informed by phenomenological&#13;
research philosophy and document analysis as a research design. Using a qualitative approach,&#13;
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was collected through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. The findings&#13;
reveal the strengths and limitations of open days in influencing students' decisions. Conclusions&#13;
provide actionable recommendations for enhancing their impact. The study aims to bridge the&#13;
gap in understanding the role of open days in student recruitment, offering insights that can&#13;
inform university marketing strategies. After data analysis the study recommends that MSU&#13;
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contributing to the deteriorating nurture of the city as well as identifying different roles which&#13;
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markets, poor enforcement of by-laws, disinvestment among others. The study identified&#13;
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developers, consultants, private businesses), Ministry of Local Government, and the Harare&#13;
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                <text>The study sought to ascertain the effect of bank-specific factors on banking sector development&#13;
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inability of Zimbabwe’s banking system to efficiently and effectively execute its financial&#13;
intermediary role of supplying affordable long-term loans to productive sectors of the economy&#13;
as a catalyst for economic growth. The study made use of a post-positivist research philosophy&#13;
and utilised 218 structured questionnaires to gather quantitative data on study constructs. Data&#13;
was analysed using Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) in&#13;
SmartPLS 4.0 software model and SPSS software package version 25. Study findings revealed&#13;
that liquidity, business intelligence and analytics, board structure, asset quality, digitalisation&#13;
and bank size have a statistically positive effect on banking sector development. The study,&#13;
therefore, recommends authorities to invest in digital banking, enhance cybersecurity, augment&#13;
bank liquidity, refine asset quality and boost banks’ capitalisation in order to enhance banking&#13;
sector development. </text>
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                <text>CYBER-SECURITY GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK AND ITS EFFECTS ON ZIMBABWE&#13;
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1&#13;
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                <text>The purpose of this review paper was to analyse literature related to cyber-security governance&#13;
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subject with an expanding literature. It is founded in information technology governance but is&#13;
also increasing its recognition in business management. However, there is dearth of literature&#13;
on the effectiveness of cyber-security governance framework in Zimbabwe local authorities.&#13;
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databases namely Google Scholar and ProQuest. The study showed that cyber-security&#13;
governance enables the formulation of a cyber-security governance framework which has a&#13;
great impact on the performance of local authorities in Zimbabwe. In addition, a cyber-security&#13;
governance framework improves organisation’s decision making, risk governance and&#13;
compliance. Conversely, a cyber-security governance framework is inflexible and overly&#13;
systematic. The paper also contributed to the body of knowledge in the fields of cyber-security&#13;
governance as well as other related studies thereby supporting literature brought forward by&#13;
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                <text>BUILDING RESILIENCE IN HUMANITARIAN ORGANISATIONS IN ZIMBABWE: THE&#13;
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RESPONSE&#13;
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                <text>The study aimed to assess the significance of Information and Communication Technology in&#13;
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in Zimbabwe. The population for this study comprised 160 individuals who were purposively&#13;
selected from the humanitarian organisations that operated in Manicaland, Zimbabwe, where&#13;
Cyclone Idai took place in 2019. The Yamane formula was used to calculate the sample size&#13;
of 114 respondents in the study. Structured questionnaires were used as research instruments&#13;
in the study. The study revealed that Information and Communication Technology was&#13;
important in humanitarian organisations as it helps to build resilience and improve disaster&#13;
response. The study recommended the formulation of clear policies and guidelines that could&#13;
govern the use of ICT in disaster response, ensuring that data security, privacy protection, and&#13;
the interoperability among different organisations and agencies. The study also recommended&#13;
the development of partnerships between humanitarian organisations, the government&#13;
agencies, and the private sector entities to jointly invest in and leverage ICT solutions for the&#13;
disaster preparedness and the response by implementing a centralised platform that integrates&#13;
all the relevant stakeholders and the data sources to ensure seamless communication and&#13;
information sharing during the disaster response operations.</text>
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                <text>THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN SHAPING CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR AND BRAND&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>This study explored the role of social media in shaping consumer behaviour and brand&#13;
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research combined quantitative data from 351 respondents and qualitative insights from 20&#13;
interviewees to examine how social media influences purchasing decisions, brand loyalty, and&#13;
consumer attitudes. A stratified random sampling technique was used to ensure representation&#13;
across key demographic variables such as age, gender, and education level. Findings revealed&#13;
that social media platforms, particularly WhatsApp, Facebook, and Instagram, played a pivotal&#13;
role in shaping consumer behaviour, with 68% of the respondents acknowledging the direct&#13;
influence of social media ads and influencer recommendations. Thematic analysis highlighted&#13;
the importance of trust, authenticity, peer influence, and emotional connections with brands.&#13;
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economic constraints and hybrid shopping preferences that shape consumer behaviour in&#13;
Masvingo. The results underscored the transformative role of social media in driving brand&#13;
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targeting youth in emerging markets. </text>
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                <text>Information Communication Technology (ICT) has been a significant contributor to the growth&#13;
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technologies such as blockchain, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, Internet of Things&#13;
and big data analytics are among the current trends. The study adopted extant qualitative&#13;
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shocks that affect agricultural and livestock production, including extreme weather events,&#13;
inflation, and external geopolitical conflicts. However, there are opportunities for boosting&#13;
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adopting emerging technologies whilst small holder farmers and communal farmers are faced&#13;
with challenges which include lack of security of land to access loans, high cost of data and&#13;
low capacity, among other challenges. To promote innovation and growth of digital agriculture&#13;
solutions, the government of Zimbabwe could consider enacting tax incentives for companies&#13;
and organisations developing services that drive rural adoption, especially among farmers and&#13;
other agricultural value chain actors</text>
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                <text>Communication technology is advancing on a daily basis bringing efficiency and flexibility in&#13;
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Overuse of mobile communication devices for work-related tasks outside designated hours can&#13;
disrupt the equilibrium between professional and personal lives. This study investigates the&#13;
effects of mobile communication technology on work-life balance among university lecturers&#13;
in Zimbabwe. Employing a qualitative research paradigm and an interpretive philosophy, the&#13;
study facilitates an in-depth exploration of lecturers’ perceptions regarding the effects of&#13;
mobile communication on their work-life balance. A hybrid methodology combining case&#13;
study and phenomenological designs was utilised, involving 21 lecturers selected from various&#13;
departments across the selected state university through criterion purposive sampling. The&#13;
findings revealled significant insights into this pressing issue. It was revealed that the effects&#13;
of mobile communication technology on the work-life balance of lecturers are multifaceted,&#13;
with both positive and negative effects found depending on how its use is regulated. When&#13;
utilised randomly without guiding institutional policies and practices, it is more likely to impact&#13;
negatively on the work-life balance of lecturers. This study recommended a careful and&#13;
judicious use of mobile communication technologies within faculties and departments to&#13;
facilitate work while preserving work-life equilibrium. The establishment of a policy&#13;
framework and communication of such a policy, which guide mobile communication in the&#13;
workplace, was recommended</text>
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                <text>DEBT AMNESTY FOR ZIMBABWE’S LOCAL GOVERNMENT: ISSUES, EFFECTS AND&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>This article that made use of the utilitarian framework of analysis, focused on Ignatius Chombo,&#13;
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amnesty to residents of the 92 local government councils in the nation from 2009 to 2013. The&#13;
utilitarian concept of municipal government, developed by John Stuart Mill, places a strong&#13;
emphasis on maximising the well-being or overall pleasure of the greatest number of people&#13;
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framework of analysis and a documentary research methodology. Whilst it found that the&#13;
decision curried favour with certain segments of the population, especially the indigent who&#13;
were struggling to settle their bills for service delivery, it also found it repugnant, among others,&#13;
for the reason that it ingrained a culture of non-payment for local government services&#13;
consumed by residents that subsists up to now. It also found that, despite the fact that the policy&#13;
was created a little more than ten years ago, the full consequence of the minister's decision has&#13;
not yet been fully absorbed.</text>
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                <text>UNLOCKING A SUSTAINABLE GREEN GROWTH FRONTIER OF MANUFACTURING SMALL&#13;
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URBAN, ZIMBABWE&#13;
EN&#13;
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                <text>Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs) contribute significantly to economic growth and&#13;
sustainable development globally. However, their contribution to sustainable green growth in&#13;
the fourth industrial revolution has been largely not addressed by literature in Zimbabwe, which&#13;
this qualitative study sought to unveil. The mantra of green growth strategies is ensuring a&#13;
practical and flexible approach for achieving concrete, measurable progress across its&#13;
economic and environmental pillars. Green growth strategies are not limited to the provision&#13;
of critical support services, clean water, air and food production but to deliver full economic&#13;
potential on a sustainable basis. This lacuna has not been addressed by literature on SMEs in&#13;
Chinhoyi which this study sought to fill. The study purposively selected 15 registered&#13;
manufacturing SMEs where an interview guide was used to solicit data from SMEs owners,&#13;
which then was analysed and presented thematically. Study results showed that the availability&#13;
of certain types of natural capital (sun, water, wind, among others) offer new opportunities for&#13;
greening growth for SMEs in the manufacturing sector. The results confirm that technological&#13;
change has been the main driver of green growth and efficiency for manufacturing SMEs. The&#13;
results also pointed out that vital parts of the SMEs’ green growth journey is developing&#13;
business plans for new, sustainable products and services, implementing greener production or&#13;
operational processes, or integrating selected standards that can enable some companies to get&#13;
access to new markets. Based on the results, SMEs require capital to realise their green growth&#13;
business plans. SMEs are encouraged to redefine their mission, vision and values and&#13;
incorporate green concepts to enhance sustainability. A longitudinal study needs to be done on&#13;
all types of SMEs going green in their business strategic orientation in Zimbabwe.</text>
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                <text>INTERSECTING DIGITAL GOVERNANCE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS IN&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>The advent of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and the internet has&#13;
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delivery models. Digital tools have the potential to promote sustainable economic&#13;
transformation and development within the 21st Century by ensuring that governments attain&#13;
cost efficiency and effectiveness gains. The successful attainment of Agenda 2030 has become&#13;
a priority for all governments across the globe and Africa is no exception. There is&#13;
acknowledgement that the Agenda 2030 can be driven by digitisation efforts. However, there&#13;
is little scholarly evidence which indicates how digital tools can be incorporated in SDGs&#13;
implementation in Africa. The study adopted extant secondary qualitative literature as the&#13;
research method. Findings, conclusions and recommendations were drawn from documentary&#13;
books, journal articles, working papers and government reports. This study focused on&#13;
examining how ICTs can be incorporated in the SDGs’ implementation trajectory, progress&#13;
made and challenges being faced. The study findings established that despite progress made in&#13;
adopting ICTs by several African countries, most of them have failed to fully embrace ICTs in&#13;
driving the implementation of SDGs. African countries are facing underlying problems which&#13;
include digital divide, lack of political will, lack of skills and limited funding, among others,&#13;
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governments in Africa have to invest in regulatory and policy frameworks, source adequate&#13;
funding for digital projects and educate the general populace on ICTs</text>
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BOARD DIVERSITY AND PERFORMANCE OF STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES IN TRANSPORT SERVICE SECTOR IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
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methods approach rooted in the pragmatism paradigm. Probability sampling (simple random)&#13;
was used to determine respondents for the quantitative data while non-probability sampling&#13;
(purposive) was used to determine the participants to provide the qualitative data. The&#13;
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middle managers in 8 parastatals. However, the research sample size were 28 respondents as&#13;
justified by using Krejcie and Morgan (1970) Table of sample size calculation. Both structured&#13;
questionnaires and an interview guide were used to solicit data where descriptive statistics were&#13;
used to analyse quantitative data and thematic analysis for qualitative data. The study results&#13;
showed that SOEs boards with a blend of board members of different age groups, varied gender&#13;
and diverse professional qualifications and experience allow continuity and exchange of&#13;
diverse ideas which, in turn, could result in improved organisational efficiency, hence&#13;
improved firm performance. However, from the results of the study, there exists adequate&#13;
evidence that board diversity and experience are a critical determinant of performance of SOEs&#13;
in the transport sector in Zimbabwe. Premised on the findings of this scholarship, the following&#13;
recommendations were made. Relevant line ministries should come up with a policy&#13;
framework that enforces the appointment to the board of individuals with proven relevant and&#13;
diverse experience in leading organisations at the senior level. Therefore, a key potential future&#13;
area for further research would be a replication of the study in the same sector focusing on the&#13;
impact of board policy on service delivery. This would, in turn, enhance the generalisability of&#13;
the findings to SOEs in other emerging markets that are facing the same performance&#13;
challenges linked to board composition.</text>
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                <text>THE CHURCH, STATE ACCOUNTABILITY AND&#13;
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                <text>This theoretical study explores the Zimbabwe Council of Churches’ (ZCC) pivotal role in&#13;
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climate under the Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF). The ZCC&#13;
embodies grassroots agency in resisting systemic injustices alongside the Zimbabwe Heads of&#13;
Christian Denominations (ZHOCD), representing diverse Christian expressions. The study is&#13;
anchored in decolonial theory, advocating for a vigilant prophetic tradition that counters&#13;
internal colonisation and contemporary biblical oppression, urging ecumenical and localised&#13;
initiatives to challenge state repression. The study highlights a disconnect between government&#13;
rhetoric and policy outcomes, exemplified by the failure of the Zimbabwe Gold (ZiG) currency&#13;
to ease socio-economic hardships. The study frames the disconnect through prophetic ideals,&#13;
emphasising the importance of grassroots Christians to assume church agency in this scenario.&#13;
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state policies, and how can the ZCC’s resilience foster effective resistance to repression? Findings&#13;
indicate that, despite numerous challenges, the ZCC advocates for impartiality in ethical&#13;
governance and anti-corruption efforts. The study concludes that the church’s prophetic&#13;
mandate for social justice can be realised through engagement with grassroots communities,&#13;
addressing the complex interplay of economics and politics, underscoring the necessity of&#13;
prophetic witness and moral authority in Zimbabwe’s collective pursuit of justice, and calls for&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>Climate change is a major crisis that affects everyone, especially in developing countries like&#13;
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marginalised communities the hardest. If Zimbabwe seriously wants to take action on climate&#13;
change, it would allow ordinary people, those hardest hit by the phenomenon to contribute to&#13;
discussions, rather than spend millions to represent the views of politicians and members of the&#13;
elite. In this context, the 29th United Nations Conference of the Parties (COP29) serves as a salient&#13;
case in point, wherein Zimbabwe’s ostentatious delegation, replete with government officials,&#13;
symbolised a gross misalignment of resources and representation amid the nation’s pervasive&#13;
socio-economic turmoil. A lavish expenditure exceeding $2m for this elite assembly, as reported&#13;
by Tendai Ruben Mbofana, starkly juxtaposes the lived realities of everyday Zimbabweans&#13;
grappling with climate-induced adversities, hence raises significant ethical questions. According&#13;
to Mbofana, Zimbabwe’s representation at the summit of the United Nations Framework&#13;
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), popularly COP29, by sending a ‘bloated’ and ‘over-&#13;
flow’ of 238 elite delegates, exemplifies a ‘spectacle of excess rather than a meaningful opportunity&#13;
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