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                <text>SERVICE DELIVERY IN OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING (ODL): QUALITY OF SERVICE OFFERED TO STUDENTS IN ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY REGIONAL CENTRES</text>
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                <text>ZIKHALI JOYCE</text>
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                <text> MUKEREDZI TABITHA GRACE</text>
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                <text>WEDA ZENZELE LUNGILE </text>
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                <text>NYAMAYARO BETTY</text>
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                <text>This descriptive survey was conducted to establish the quality of service offered by the ZOU staff at the regional centres. A total of 325 respondents drawn from the ten regional centres of the Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU), responded to questionnaires, which had both closed and open-ended items. The study established that staff at the regional centres was generally providing appropriate quality service to the students even though they were working under difficult conditions most of the time. Front desk staff was seen as marketing ZOU very well through quality service, whilst the academic staff was considered humble, accommodating and diligent. However, poor service was noted in registration, assignment marking and communicating with students. The attitude of some ancillary and library staff was also identified as an area of improvement. This service audit was seen as a way of contributing towards the improvement of service in the ZOU and in other ODL institutions.</text>
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                <text>ZIMBABWE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OPEN &amp; DISTANCE LEARNING</text>
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                <text>2011</text>
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                <text>DETERMINANTS OF BOARD DIVERSITY FOR FIRMS LISTED ON THE ZIMBABWE STOCK EXCHANGE&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>ZVINAIYE CHIMBADZWA </text>
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                <text>LIGHTON DUBE&#13;
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                <text>EMMANUEL GUVEYA</text>
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                <text>Board diversity is a topical discourse in firm governance and&#13;
management. Diversity came up as a way of eliminating&#13;
discrimination in employment and making sure there is equality,&#13;
inclusion and affirmative action in the way firms do business. Board&#13;
diversity has produced mixed results in relation to firm performance.&#13;
On the one hand, diversity enables good governance to take place,&#13;
ensures satisfaction of stakeholders and the firm to attain&#13;
competitive advantage. Contrary, diversity may come with&#13;
difficulties in communication, boardroom fights and decreased&#13;
productivity among a plethora of negative contributions. The study&#13;
investigates the various factors that affect board diversity from a&#13;
Zimbabwean context.&#13;
The Zimbabwe Stock Exchange’s 35 firms’ data is analysed to&#13;
estimate the relationship between board diversity and firm&#13;
performance. The study employed the quantitative methodology to&#13;
establish factors that influence board diversity on firm performance&#13;
of thirty-five (35) firms listed on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange&#13;
using panel data collected over the period 2009 – 2015.&#13;
The major factors that promote diversity are firm size, liquidity,&#13;
leverage, operating experience (years listed), market share (Tobin’s&#13;
Q) and being in the service sector. On the other hand, board size,&#13;
being in the food, financial, real and industrial and manufacturing&#13;
sectors negatively and significantly influence diversity.&#13;
Based on the above results, the study recommends that companies&#13;
should come up with diversity-enabling policies to enhance firm&#13;
performance.</text>
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                <text>University of Sistan and Baluchestan</text>
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                <text>2024</text>
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        <name>Board diversity</name>
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        <name>Listed firms</name>
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                <text>BOARD DIVERSITY, FIRM CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF COMPANIES LISTED ON THE ZIMBABWE STOCK EXCHANGE (ZSE) (2009-2015)&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>ZVINAIYE CHIMBADZWA</text>
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                <text>Many practitioners (Wilton, 2011; Abad et al., 2017; Arenas-Torres et al., 2021; Ali et al., 2022) now acknowledge that the diversity of a Board of Directors is a strength in corporate boards and the adoption of diversity in corporate boards is increasingly gaining steam as a best practice in corporate governance worldwide. Recent developments (Somathlike, 2018; Cha &amp; Jung, 2009; Saidu, 2019; Osazuwa et al., 2016; Darmadi, 2011; Bathula, 2008, Khidmat et al, 2020; Ali et al., 2022; Dedunu &amp; Anuradha, 2020) worldwide also demonstrate that the world is changing by legal writ and through moral imperatives that make boardroom diversity a critical component of sound corporate governance. The board of directors in organisations is responsible for making strategic decisions such as mergers, acquisitions, creating financial structures and executive hiring or firing. In the Zimbabwean situation, the existence of boards has not prevented scandals and economic meltdowns that remain the order of the day just like in other developing or underdeveloped countries. The response has been to institute board diversity policies that focus on independent directors who replace executive directors to reduce scandals. This study examines the impact of board diversity, firm characteristics, and performance of Zimbabwe Stock Exchange-listed companies for the period 2009-2015. The study employed the quantitative methodology to establish the impact of board diversity on the performance of thirty-five (35) firms listed on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange using panel data collected over the period 2009 – 2015. The agency theory and the social categorisation and identification theory are the main theories that guided this study. The board diversity variables used were gender, education, and board executives. The level of board diversity was measured using the Blau (1977) index. Firm performance was measured using profitability, market share, efficiency, liquidity, and leverage. Firm size, board size, the number of years the firm has been listed on the ZSE, the firm sector such as food, financial, services, real estate and food and manufacturing were used as moderating variables in the study. The results show that gender and executive diversity were moderately diversified with mean diversity indexes of 0.32 and 0.36 respectively. Education was diversified with a mean index of 0.60. Using panel-corrected standard errors (PCSE) regression analysis, the study established that the level of board diversity has a significant relationship with firm performance. Board gender diversity was found to have a positive and significant impact on profitability as measured by returns per share and gross profit; efficiency as measured by asset turnover; market share as measured by Tobin's Q ratio and market value; and liquidity as measured by current ratio. Board gender diversity had no impact on leverage as measured by the debt-equity ratio. Board executive diversity was found to have a positive and significant impact on firm profitability and market share while it had a negative and significant relationship with market value, efficiency, liquidity, and leverage. Board education diversity was found to have a positive and significant impact on firm profitability, market share, and liquidity while it had a negative and significant impact on firm efficiency and leverage. Non-board diversity variables were also found to significantly affect firm performance. On the one hand, the major factors that promoted board diversity were firm size, liquidity, leverage, operating experience (years listed), market share (Tobin's Q), and being in the service sector. On the other hand, board size and being in the food, financial, real, industrial and manufacturing sectors negatively and significantly affected diversity. Based on the above results, the study recommended that firms should come up with board diversity-enabling policies to enhance firm performance.  However, further studies could be undertaken on individual variables to validate the study</text>
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                <text>ZOU </text>
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                <text>2023</text>
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        <name>and firm performance</name>
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                <text>ANALYSIS OF THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT POLICIES IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>ZVISINEI GWATSVAIRA</text>
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                <text>PROF R. KHUMALO</text>
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                <text>Public transport is an essential component of urban life in Zimbabwe, yet it is beset by operational inefficiencies, regulatory fragmentation and safety concerns. This paper examines the effectiveness of public transport management policies by analysing the roles, coordination and challenges of key regulatory bodies, including the Zimbabwe Republic Police (ZRP), Ministry of Transport and Infrastructural Development (MOT), Harare City Council (HCC), Vehicle Inspection Department (VID), Traffic Safety Council of Zimbabwe (TSC) and the Zimbabwe National Road Administration (ZINARA). A mixed-methods approach was adopted, utilising document analysis of statutes, semi-structured interviews with 20 key stakeholders and a quantitative survey of 120 transport operators and users in Harare and Bulawayo. The results reveal significant dissatisfaction among commuters regarding safety and service reliability, with 75% of surveyed passengers reporting safety concerns. Qualitative findings highlight major themes of fragmented coordination among regulatory bodies, severe resource constraints hindering enforcement and the necessary but unregulated role of informal operators (Mawere, 2017). The study concludes that while a robust legislative frameworkexists, its implementation is undermined by a lack of inter-agency collaboration, inadequate funding and decaying infrastructure (Moyo, 2018). The paper recommends the establishment of a national task force to harmonise policies, increased budgetary allocations for enforcement, strategic investment in transport infrastructure and the development of an integrated policy that</text>
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                <text>&#13;
ZIMBABWE JOURNAL OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT&#13;
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                <text>2025</text>
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        <name>Informal Transport</name>
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                <text>MUSHIKASHIKA IN HARARE: A SOCIOECONOMIC AND REGULATORY ANALYSIS&#13;
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                <text>ZVISINEI GWATSVAIRA </text>
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                <text>PROF. R. KHUMALO&#13;
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                <text>Mushikashika, the informal pirate taxi system, in Harare, Zimbabwe, has become a dominant force in urban transportation. While it provides an essential service to commuters, it also poses significant challenges, including road safety concerns, regulatory issues and socioeconomic implications. This article explores the origins, impact and potential solutions to the Mushikashika phenomenon, drawing from recent studies and policy discussions. This study utilised a mixed-methods approach, combined quantitative data from surveys with 200 commuters and 100 mushikashika drivers and qualitative data from in-depth interviews with 15 key informants, including regulatory officials and transport union representatives. The results revealled that over 85% of commuters relied on mushikashika due to the unavailability of formal transport, while 70% of drivers entered the sector due to unemployment (Zulu, 2019). The findings also highlighted a significant correlation between the lack of regulation and increased road accidents, with 65% of commuters witnessing or experiencing reckless driving (Ndlovu, 2020). The study concluded that a hybrid approach, integrating mushikashika into the formal transport system through structured licensing, digital monitoring and cooperative models, was essential (Gomez, 2019). Such a strategy addressed both the economic realities of operators and the safety concerns of the public. This study provided insights into how informal transport systems can be integrated into formal urban mobility frameworks.</text>
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                <text>he growth performance, carcass and meat properties are the&#13;
driving factors for efficiency and overall viability of goat and sheep meat&#13;
production systems. These performance factors are much dependent on&#13;
genotype, although the overall productive capacity will be influenced by&#13;
other factors such as nutrition, management, health and other animal&#13;
related factors as age, slaughter weight and sex. Goats and sheep breeds&#13;
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culminating in distinctive performances. Some agro ecological regions&#13;
usually use both pure breeds and assorted crossbred goats and sheep&#13;
that include characteristics from more than one breed, which might be&#13;
locally available or exotic breeds. Breed differences in performance&#13;
characteristics proffer contingency to improved efficiency of goat and&#13;
sheep meat production as a consequence of growth, carcass and meat&#13;
performance. Different production systems have taken advantage of&#13;
various goats and sheep breeds and their crosses for meat production&#13;
and have designed their management specifically to maximize production&#13;
on targeted breeds. Pure breeding and crossbreeding have been the most&#13;
used mode of production to promote growth performance, carcass and&#13;
meat parameters to serve specific commercial meat market expectations&#13;
and consumer appeal. Straight breeding has its own share of benefits and&#13;
shortcomings, on the other hand goat and sheep breed diversity and&#13;
genetic distance have acted as valuable ingredient which has been&#13;
exploited in crossbreeding systems in improving growth performance carcass and meat parameters. Different forms of systematic crossing&#13;
strategy to improve growth performance, carcass and meat production&#13;
have been designed based on specialized terminal sires breeds to&#13;
complement performance characteristics of known maternal breeds lines.&#13;
In this case, appropriate choice of breed to attain optimal growth, carcass&#13;
and meat parameters as expected by specific markets and meat products&#13;
acceptable to consumers becomes critical. Unlike pure breeding&#13;
accomplishment of breeds and their crosses utilization is dependent on&#13;
their genetic distance among them, as well as breed complementarity,&#13;
individual, maternal and paternal heterosis that make the proper choice&#13;
of breeds employed in a crossing system of great importance. Therefore,&#13;
it is recommendable for goat and sheep producers to acquaint&#13;
themselves with the production potential of available goat and sheep&#13;
genetic resources in order to get maximum meat production utility. The&#13;
present review gives an insight on the performance of goat and sheep&#13;
breeds and their crosses in terms of growth, carcass and meat&#13;
production.</text>
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&#13;
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                <text>DR. S. B. M. MARUME&#13;
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                <text> According to available literature on administrative behaviour in public administration, one of the&#13;
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information. The concept of right to information is used to refer to the freedom of people to have access to&#13;
government information which means that the citizens and non-governmental organizations should enjoy a&#13;
reasonably free access to all files and documents pertaining to the governmental decisions, operations, and&#13;
performance. In other words, it means openness and transparency in the functioning of government. Thus, the&#13;
principle of openness and transparency looks antithetical to the factor of secrecy in public administration. As&#13;
rightly observed by Paras Kuhad, the factor of secrecy as a componental part of executive privilege or&#13;
transparency through right to information which of the two be adopted as a paradigm for governance. Both&#13;
factors offer public interest as their rationale but for entirely different explanations. The reasonable question&#13;
that arises is:&#13;
Can the two factors be harmonized to avoid apparent contradictory explanations and interpretations?&#13;
It is significant to note that in 1992, the World Bank released a document entitled” Governance and&#13;
Development”, which document has mentioned seven important elements of good governance one of them being&#13;
right to information and transparency. Therefore, the topical issue of right to information forms the subject of&#13;
this article</text>
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                <text>SANITARY PROVISIONS FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES IN&#13;
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COLLABORATIVE RESEARCHES&#13;
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                <text>GILLIET CHIGUNWE&#13;
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                <text>THE PRINCIPLES OF NATURAL JUSTICE IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>According to S.B.M Marume (1988) and J.M Stevens (1982:279), it is maintained that in many&#13;
democratic societies both developed and developing ones where administrative adjudication affects the rights of&#13;
an individual, the common law principles of natural justice require that an individual citizen affected by a&#13;
decision should: be given a fair hearing; that s/he be informed of the case against him/her; be given an&#13;
opportunity to prepare and present his/her case and that the institution taking the decision be unbiased</text>
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                <text>THE EFFECTIVENESS OF OPEN DAYS AS A STUDENT RECRUITMENT TOOL. A CASE OF&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>This study examined the effectiveness of open days as student recruitment tools in higher&#13;
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crucial marketing strategy in higher education, offering prospective students an immersive&#13;
experience of campus life, academic offerings, and institutional culture. In Zimbabwe where&#13;
there are many institutions of education, state-owned as well as private-owned competition for&#13;
students’ enrollment is intensifying hence state universities are now capitalising on inviting&#13;
prospective students to their institutions. The study was informed by the following objectives:&#13;
to explore how open days’ influence prospective students' perceptions of Midlands State&#13;
University (MSU), to establish the impact of open days on student enrolment rates at Midlands&#13;
State University and to identify the key components of effective open days that enhance student&#13;
recruitment at Midlands State University. The study was informed by phenomenological&#13;
research philosophy and document analysis as a research design. Using a qualitative approach,&#13;
the study explores the perspectives of prospective students, parents, and university staff. Data&#13;
was collected through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. The findings&#13;
reveal the strengths and limitations of open days in influencing students' decisions. Conclusions&#13;
provide actionable recommendations for enhancing their impact. The study aims to bridge the&#13;
gap in understanding the role of open days in student recruitment, offering insights that can&#13;
inform university marketing strategies. After data analysis the study recommends that MSU&#13;
should also invest in virtual open days to attract students.</text>
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&#13;
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                <text>This study explored the role of people analytics in enhancing strategy execution, focusing on&#13;
its impact on workforce alignment, decision-making, and organisational performance. Using a&#13;
Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach grounded in the PRISMA framework, 30 high-&#13;
quality peer-reviewed studies were analysed to synthesise recent advancements in the field.&#13;
The findings demonstrated that people analytics enabled organisations to align workforce&#13;
capabilities with strategic objectives by leveraging data-driven insights into employee&#13;
performance, engagement, and predictive modelling. Organisations adopting people analytics&#13;
report significant improvements in workforce efficiency, retention, and adaptability,&#13;
contributing to better execution of strategic goals. However, challenges such as ethical&#13;
concerns, technical complexity, and resistance to adoption remain prevalent, highlighting the&#13;
need for robust governance frameworks and investment in training. This review provides&#13;
valuable insights into the transformative potential of people analytics as a strategic enabler,&#13;
offering a fo</text>
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        <name>Employee Engagement</name>
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        <name>organisational performance</name>
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        <name>People Analytics</name>
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        <name>Predictive Modelling</name>
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        <name>Strategy Execution</name>
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                <text>GREEN MARKETING AND LIBRARY USER SATISFACTION IN ZIMBABWEAN STATE UNIVERSITIES&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>KANDIRA NOBBIE</text>
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                <text>MADZIWO EDWIN</text>
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                <text>Focused on Zimbabwe's academic libraries, this study examined how green marketing affects user satisfaction. The research was motivated by the fact that paper and paperboard, which are central to library functions, account for 65% of recyclable university waste and thus significantly influence global warming. This implies that new strategies are needed if the library is to maintain its competitiveness and achieve corporate sustainability. The study aimed to determine the benefits of green practices on library user satisfaction. The study was quantitative, with a multi-case research design. An online questionnaire was utilised to collect data from 315 academic librarians at their workstations, drawn from a total population of 598. Data was analysed with SPSS. The study found that there is a direct link between library user satisfaction and the green marketing. The study concluded that to achieve user satisfaction, the library's greening should be prioritised.</text>
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                <text>The Zimbabwe Open University Journal of Applied Social Sciences&#13;
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        <name>Library user satisfaction</name>
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        <name>Sustainability</name>
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