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                <text>TUTOR EFFECTIVENESS: CONCEPTIONS OF STUDENT TEACHERS AT ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY IN MASVINGO</text>
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                <text>ROSEMARY NGARA </text>
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                <text>Tutoring is an age - old practice .There are some requisites for tutors to be effective. Content&#13;
knowledge is an essential ingredient for effective tutoring and many other personal attributes. If&#13;
a tutor is received as genuine and having a genuine desire to listen, students will be willing to&#13;
open up and discuss their problems. Good mastery of subject matter by the tutor contributes to&#13;
tutor effectiveness as students turn up for tutorials if they feel they benefit from tutors`&#13;
contributions. Much of the quality of tutoring depends on the attitude of the instructor and their&#13;
capabilities in using technology. Research suggests that the effectiveness of distance learning is&#13;
based on preparation, excellent communication skills and the instructors’ understanding. A&#13;
survey was conducted at Zimbabwe Open University in Masvingo region to establish tutees’&#13;
perceptions of the effectiveness of the tutors’ teaching courses in the Bachelor of Education in&#13;
Early Childhood Development Programme (BECDECD) using questionnaires. Respondents&#13;
were of the opinion that most tutors had impressive subject mastery and were usually thoroughly&#13;
prepared for tutorials and methodology used was viewed by most participants as suitable.&#13;
However, there were sentiments that tutors hardly communicated with students outside tutorial&#13;
sessions. Tutors’ marking was viewed as communicative, but feedback was not timely and tutors&#13;
did not use any modern teaching media. Some of the personal attributes such as openness,&#13;
humility and accessibility were viewed as wanting on the part of some tutors. The study&#13;
recommended that more tutor workshops be run to emphasize and reemphasize essential&#13;
ingredients of effective tutoring and that the tutors make use of technology available at the&#13;
regional campus, among other things</text>
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                <text>European Social Sciences Research Journal</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2013</text>
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        <name>Early Childhood Development</name>
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                <text>TUTORING IN THE ERA OF E-LEARNING TECHNOLOGIES: RE-EXAMINING&#13;
CURRENT STATUS AND EXPLORING ALTERNATIVES AT THE&#13;
ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>&#13;
CHADAMOYO PATRICK</text>
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                <text>CHIOME CHRISPEN&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>DUMBU EMMANUEL</text>
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                <text>Faced with the rapid changes in the development of tutoring and e-learning technologies, the institutions&#13;
of higher learning are now struggling to choose the appropriate mix and combinations of the tutoring&#13;
methods that meet the diverse needs of students in Open and Distance Learning (ODL). The present study&#13;
explored literature and re- examined the current status of the tutoring methods used at the Zimbabwe Open&#13;
University (ZOU) and assessed their effectiveness from the student perspective. A qualitative descriptive&#13;
survey was used to gather data from a convenient sample of 105 returning students at the ZOU. Results&#13;
showed a slow reaction by the university to catch up with these rapid changes in technology and a mixed&#13;
reaction by students in assessing the effectiveness of these pedagogical, technological changes. When&#13;
observed from a distance, the picture that one gets is that both the university and students are in a dilemma.&#13;
They are not sure of which method to use to maximise learning. As a way forward, the study proposed and&#13;
recommended that a ‘cafeteria’ approach be adopted so that each learner chooses an instructional method&#13;
according to need and taste.</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe International Journal of Open &amp; Distance Learning</text>
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                <text>2011</text>
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                <text>TWENTY FIRST CENTURY AND REHABILITATION PROGRAMMES FOR&#13;
INMATES IN ZIMBABWE PRISONS&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>SAMANYANGA ITAI &#13;
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                <text>CHIGUNWE GILLIET</text>
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                <text>The study was set to establish the extent to which Zimbabwe Prisons and Correctional&#13;
Services (ZPCS) provide rehabilitation and correctional services. World over, people are&#13;
imprisoned after the courts have found them to be guilt of an offence. Incarcerating an&#13;
offender is regarded as punishment enough. The Zimbabwe Prisons and Correctional Services&#13;
adopted the international standards that emphasise rehabilitation and empowerment of&#13;
inmates with employment opportunity skills whilst serving. The study adopted the qualitative&#13;
paradigm and descriptive survey method. Convenient sampling and snowballing were used&#13;
to select prison officers whom were involved in the interviews. The findings revealed that&#13;
ZPCS emphasises on the development and empowerment of offenders to lead a crime free&#13;
life through equipping them with employment and vocational skills. It was revealed that&#13;
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guidance and counselling is not much priority provision for inmates. There is need to include&#13;
career guidance programme in the rehabilitation and correctional package so that inmates&#13;
make informed decisions on choosing vocational and career programmes. ZPCS should also&#13;
put in place some standard measures of rehabilitation and correctional services as well as&#13;
quality assurance monitoring instruments in Zimbabwe‟s prison services.</text>
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                <text>AARJSH&#13;
ASIAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH&#13;
J O U R N A L O F S O C I A L&#13;
S C I E N C E &amp; H U M A N I T I E S</text>
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        <name>Prisoners/inmates Career Guidance</name>
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        <name>Rehabilitation</name>
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        <name>Vocational Training.</name>
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                <text>ITAI SAMANYANGA&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>The study was set to establish the extent to which Zimbabwe Prisons and Correctional Services (ZPCS) provide rehabilitation and correctional services. World over, people are imprisoned after the courts have found them to be guilt of an offence. Incarcerating an offender is regarded as punishment enough. The Zimbabwe Prisons and Correctional Services adopted the international standards that emphasise rehabilitation and empowerment of inmates with employment opportunity skills whilst serving. The study adopted the qualitative paradigm and descriptive survey method. Convenient sampling and snowballing were used to select prison officers whom were involved in the interviews. The findings revealed that ZPCS emphasises on the development and empowerment of offenders to lead a crime free life through equipping them with employment and vocational skills. It was revealed that ZPCS does not have standard rehabilitation and correctional service programmes. Career guidance and counselling is not much priority provision for inmates. There is need to include career guidance programme in the rehabilitation and correctional package so that inmates make informed decisions on choosing vocational and career programmes. ZPCS should also put in place some standard measures of rehabilitation and correctional services as well as quality assurance monitoring instruments in Zimbabwe‟s prison services.</text>
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                <text>TYPES AND KINDS OF PUBLIC POLICY AND PUBLIC POLIC MAKING</text>
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                <text>DR. S. B. M. MARUME&#13;
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                <text>PROF. D. NDUDZO&#13;
&#13;
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                <text> E. JARICHA</text>
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                <text>S. B. M. Marume [1988 and 2015] argues that from the practical working of any government,&#13;
be it at local, provincial or regional, national, or international government, public policy and public policy –&#13;
making takes place at different levels, and at each particular level a somewhat different type of policy is laid&#13;
down. And it is observed that the activity of policy – making, which commences in a generalized form at the top&#13;
of an hierarchic pattern, becomes, increasingly particularized as it descends to the lowest levels of the hierarchy&#13;
of the institution in which it is formed.</text>
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        <name>and increasingly particularized.</name>
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                <text>This study sought to assess how congregants at Bindura Salvation Army Citadel understand conflict and conflict&#13;
resolution methods. The study used a mixed method approach combining focus group discussions, in-depth interviews&#13;
and congregant’s survey. The study revealed that conflict was understood differently in church, understanding conflict&#13;
as violence and conflict as misunderstandings. Major causes of church conflicts are doctrine differences, social and&#13;
political in nature. The major conflict resolution used is counseling, mediation, negotiation and facilitation.&#13;
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                <text>UNHU/UBUNTU AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH CIVICS&#13;
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                <text>This paper reports on the interviews and focus group discussions held with seventy two University student&#13;
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Zimbabwean context and its perceived linkage with Civics and Citizenship education taught in high schools and&#13;
state universities. The paper draws its conceptual framework from an analysis of what various authorities have&#13;
written on the concept Unhu/Ubuntu. The results of the research indicate that people in Zimbabwe accept and&#13;
acknowledge Unhu/Ubuntu as a powerful force guiding people in their day to day interaction with one another.&#13;
This is shown through such acceptable ways of talking, attending to daily chores, and acceptable behaviour right&#13;
down to the way of dressing. Unhu/Ubuntu and human decency cannot be separated. There was a common&#13;
agreement on what the concept portrays and implies both within and outside the school. The respondents tended&#13;
to have a common stand on what Unhu/Ubuntu is all about within the Zimbabwean context. The issues of&#13;
gender bias and lack of maturity were raised by some female respondents in the focus groups. They argued that&#13;
some men complain of women’s lack of decency when it suits them and yet derive pleasure when in their&#13;
company. The necessity of linking Unhu/Ubuntu with Civics and Citizenship Education was emphasised by all&#13;
respondents. Challenges on the teaching of Unhu/Ubuntu and Civics and Citizenship Education were identified.&#13;
The significance of this research lies in its potential to provoke debate and dialogue at all levels of society on the&#13;
concept and practice of unhu/ubuntu.</text>
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                <text>ournal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies (JETERAPS) </text>
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                <text>UNLOCKING A SUSTAINABLE GREEN GROWTH FRONTIER OF MANUFACTURING SMALL&#13;
TO MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN CHINHOYI&#13;
URBAN, ZIMBABWE&#13;
EN&#13;
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                <text> COLLEN   KAJONGWE</text>
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                <text>Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs) contribute significantly to economic growth and&#13;
sustainable development globally. However, their contribution to sustainable green growth in&#13;
the fourth industrial revolution has been largely not addressed by literature in Zimbabwe, which&#13;
this qualitative study sought to unveil. The mantra of green growth strategies is ensuring a&#13;
practical and flexible approach for achieving concrete, measurable progress across its&#13;
economic and environmental pillars. Green growth strategies are not limited to the provision&#13;
of critical support services, clean water, air and food production but to deliver full economic&#13;
potential on a sustainable basis. This lacuna has not been addressed by literature on SMEs in&#13;
Chinhoyi which this study sought to fill. The study purposively selected 15 registered&#13;
manufacturing SMEs where an interview guide was used to solicit data from SMEs owners,&#13;
which then was analysed and presented thematically. Study results showed that the availability&#13;
of certain types of natural capital (sun, water, wind, among others) offer new opportunities for&#13;
greening growth for SMEs in the manufacturing sector. The results confirm that technological&#13;
change has been the main driver of green growth and efficiency for manufacturing SMEs. The&#13;
results also pointed out that vital parts of the SMEs’ green growth journey is developing&#13;
business plans for new, sustainable products and services, implementing greener production or&#13;
operational processes, or integrating selected standards that can enable some companies to get&#13;
access to new markets. Based on the results, SMEs require capital to realise their green growth&#13;
business plans. SMEs are encouraged to redefine their mission, vision and values and&#13;
incorporate green concepts to enhance sustainability. A longitudinal study needs to be done on&#13;
all types of SMEs going green in their business strategic orientation in Zimbabwe.</text>
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                <text>UNPACKING EDUTAINMENT FOR CHILDREN&#13;
DEVELOPMENT WITHIN COMMUNITY RESOURCE&#13;
CENTRES IN GWERU, ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text>n the past decades, children used to acquire valuable insights and knowledge through storytelling and&#13;
folklore sessions from adults within the community, schools and libraries. Such sessions, termed educational&#13;
entertainment (edutainment), used to play a pivotal role in the development of children with regards to&#13;
cohesion in the society, ensuring moral behaviour, at the same instance acting as a source of entertainment.&#13;
The advancement in technology has shifted the mode of edutainment, from storytelling to virtual classrooms&#13;
and gaming-based approaches. This has been a global paradigm shift, yet most information centres, and&#13;
libraries in the developing world are still to realise adequate infrastructure able to facilitate edutainment for&#13;
children. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to derive mechanisms that could be put in place by&#13;
libraries, and information centres to ensure edutainment for children, focusing on Mkoba in Gweru as a&#13;
case. The study was qualitative in nature, utilising opinions and view-points from study participants. Expert&#13;
sampling was used to select librarians, and information centres’ staff members. Captive sampling was used&#13;
to select community members. Interviews were used to gather data from librarians and information centre&#13;
staff members. Questerviews were used to gather data from the library and information centres’ users. The&#13;
study found out that the dynamic nature of technology and lack of training and capacity development&#13;
therefore, of library and information centres’ staff members were a challenge in the implementation of&#13;
edutainment. In addition, the study found out that financial challenges hindered libraries and information&#13;
centres from instituting edutainment. Furthermore, the study found out that lack of an effective user needs&#13;
assessment was another challenge. As the libraries and information centres were not fully aware of the&#13;
library and information needs of its users, including children. As a way forward, the study signified the need&#13;
for training and capacity building of staff members by the institute management. In addition, the study also&#13;
revealed that the diverse open source edutainment application programmes that do not have financial&#13;
implications. A user assessment survey by the libraries and information centres was also noted as a strategic&#13;
mechanism to ensure awareness of effective edutainment facilities for children</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1666">
                <text>International Open and Distance Learning Journal </text>
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                <text>UNPACKING THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEM:&#13;
INSIGHTS FROM SMES AND START-UPS IN BULAWAYO, ZIMBABWE&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>SYLVESTER MARUMAHOKO</text>
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                <text>KEITH TICHAONA TASHU </text>
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                <text>This study evaluated the impact of social media (SM) technologies on the growth of business start-ups (BSs) and small to medium enterprises (SMEs) in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Specifically,it examined how the following social media platforms—X (formerly Twitter), YouTube, WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram and TikTok—affect key business outcomes: (i) sales growth, (ii) expansion of customer base, (iii) profit maximisation, (iv) enhancement of brand image and&#13;
(v) increased product and sales visibility. Through the application of various quantitative analysis methods, the study findings were that Facebook, Instagram and WhatsApp are the most widely adopted platforms for promoting BSs and SMEs, while YouTube and X (Twitter) are the least utilised. The results revealed a significant correlation between the use of social media technologies and improvements in sales, customer acquisition, profitability, business image and brand awareness among SMEs and BSs in Bulawayo.&#13;
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                <text>ZIMBABWE JOURNAL OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT</text>
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                <text>URBAN AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY: A CASE&#13;
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                <text>This study is an investigation on how urban agriculture enhances food security in Old Pumula suburb of Bulawayo. The study sought&#13;
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recommendations for improved urban agriculture. A descriptive survey research design was used and the mixed method used for data&#13;
collection and analysis. Data were collected through the questionnaire for Old Pumula residents (respondents) and through an&#13;
interview with the Agricultural Research and Extension (AREX) officer. The results of the study confirm that urban agriculture&#13;
contributes significantly to food security in Old Pumula. The research also revealed that urban farmers are faced with severe land&#13;
shortage and are restricted by by-laws from free practise of urban agriculture. The study recommended that government could amend&#13;
its by-laws and include urban agriculture in urban land use zones. It also recommended that government should avail more land for&#13;
urban agriculture.</text>
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                <text>Global Journal of Advanced Research</text>
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                <text>URBAN REGENERATION THROUGH COLLABORATIVE APPROACHES IN LOCAL&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>African cities, due to substantive urban growth, have faced the challenge of urban deterioration&#13;
which has contributed to city unattractiveness and low business opportunities over the years.&#13;
Previous studies have indicated that urban decay is a process against a willful act which cannot&#13;
be corrected by command, however through collaborative efforts by several stakeholders from&#13;
diverse fronts. This study examined the adoption of collaborative approaches towards urban&#13;
regeneration using the City of Harare as a case study, firstly by exploring challenges&#13;
contributing to the deteriorating nurture of the city as well as identifying different roles which&#13;
stakeholders can play to restore the city. This was achieved through a qualitative research&#13;
methodology which encompasses a document search complimented by key informant&#13;
interviews. The City of Harare, the capital city of Zimbabwe has suffered the same challenge&#13;
of urban decline associated with poor waste removal, proliferation of informal business&#13;
markets, poor enforcement of by-laws, disinvestment among others. The study identified&#13;
several actors which included resident associations, private sector entities (private property&#13;
developers, consultants, private businesses), Ministry of Local Government, and the Harare&#13;
City Council. It was established that efforts by several stakeholders can drive urban&#13;
regeneration through the creation of synergies, among the same actors</text>
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                <text>Many years of experience point to the general statement that the usefulness and beauty of&#13;
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                <text>IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)</text>
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&#13;
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                <text>The description of the history of the church in Zimbabwe highlights the presence of a visibly&#13;
united church that has been actively involved in supporting public life since the colonial era.&#13;
The division within the Christian community is not a recent phenomenon but has existed&#13;
throughout colonial history. The Zimbabwe Heads of Christian Denominations (ZHOCD)&#13;
serves as an umbrella organisation that aims at re-uniting Christian efforts of Catholic,&#13;
Protestant, Evangelical, and Indigenous traditions, in order to have a collective influence on&#13;
democratic processes in Zimbabwe. The ZHOCD takes a combative approach towards state&#13;
tyranny and is proactive in seeking solutions for public life challenges. This active engagement&#13;
is beneficial for national agendas, that allow citizens to freely choose and join political parties&#13;
of their preferences. The individual actions and activities of the ZHOCD members contribute&#13;
towards the overall work of the churches in Zimbabwe. This demonstrates religious confidence&#13;
in addressing the political and economic impacts on human well-being. By fulfilling its mission&#13;
and tasks, the ZHOCD actively participates in the shaping public life in Zimbabwe</text>
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                <text>USING LIVELIHOOD PROFILES FOR ASSESSING CONTEXT IN ICT4D RESARCH:&#13;
A CASE STUDY OF ZIMBABWE’S HIGHVELD PRIME COMMUNAL&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>The importance of context specific ICT4D innovation has been highlighted in Information&#13;
Systems research by the short-comings of a-contextual innovation. This has often been&#13;
accepted without due understanding of how to develop context specific interventions. There&#13;
is therefore a need for a framework that elucidates ICT4D contextualisation and guides the&#13;
development of context specific interventions. This should be useful to practitioners that are&#13;
constantly advised to develop context specific artefacts without any clarity of how to do so.&#13;
Using evidence from Zimbabwe this paper proposes the use of livelihood profiles for&#13;
identifying the livelihood issues that matter in a particular locality and Sen’s Capability&#13;
Approach for assessing the opportunity freedoms to exploit the local livelihoods. This is&#13;
presented as a systematic way of establishing the context under which ICT4D interventions&#13;
will be deployed. The study uses focus groups under an interpretivist paradigm to investigate&#13;
contextual issues in Zimbabwe Highveld Prime Communal livelihood zone. The study found&#13;
a politically polarised contextual setting characterised by poor agricultural finance,&#13;
ineffective crop and livestock markets, unrewarding labour markets against a good&#13;
agricultural climate that is affected by cyclical droughts. As a result the study posits that&#13;
ICT4D innovations for the zone must be designed to operate under these realities and&#13;
limitations</text>
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                <text>UTILIZING FORENSIC ACCOUNTING TOOLS FOR ENHANCING FRAUD&#13;
PREVENTION AND DETECTION IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR: AN EXAMINATION OF ZIMBABWEAN LOCAL AUTHORITIES&#13;
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                <text>SILIBAZISO ZHOU (P009156A)</text>
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                <text>Fraud poses a significant challenge to the public sector in Zimbabwe, with severe consequences.&#13;
Local authorities are tasked with developing effective strategies to combat fraud. This study aimed&#13;
to investigate how the application of forensic accounting techniques can enhance fraud prevention&#13;
and detection within Zimbabwe's public sector, focusing on local authorities crucial for achieving&#13;
Zimbabwe’s Vision 2030. Operational objectives were outlined, and quantitative data was&#13;
collected. Drawing on pragmatism as the research philosophy, information was gathered from a&#13;
representative sample of 280 participants, including accountants, internal auditors, forensic&#13;
specialists, administrators, and law enforcement officials within local authorities. A structured 5-&#13;
point Likert questionnaire was employed, guided by the Reasoned Action theory. Through&#13;
Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), a Structural&#13;
Equation Modelling (SEM) approach assessed the impact of forensic accounting's fraud prevention&#13;
and detection techniques, alongside forensic accounting services, on actual fraud prevention and&#13;
detection mechanisms in urban local authorities. The results indicated that the use of forensic&#13;
accounting's fraud detection techniques had the most significant influence, followed by prevention&#13;
techniques and then forensic accounting services. The study concluded that local authorities&#13;
leveraging forensic accounting for detection and prevention are better equipped to unearth and&#13;
prevent fraudulent activities. Challenges were identified, including educational, political, and legal&#13;
obstacles hindering the effectiveness of forensic accounting. To address these issues, the study&#13;
recommends that local authorities prioritize the adoption of forensic accounting techniques as a&#13;
primary defense against fraud. It suggests enhanced training for External Auditors and internal&#13;
auditors in fraud investigation over traditional auditing methods. Additionally, it calls for&#13;
governmental reassessment of existing laws and regulations, emphasizing the urgent need for the&#13;
Forensic Accounting Act and whistle-blowing legislation. The study also proposes a forensic&#13;
accounting fraud detective tool tailored for local authority use.</text>
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                <text>ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY </text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2024</text>
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        <name>Forensic accounting tools</name>
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        <name>Zimbabwe Local Authorities</name>
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                <text>UTILIZING INTERVENTIONIST - PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH STRATEGIES IN&#13;
ESTABLISHING THE EFFICACY OF E-LEARNING TECHNOLOGY IN OPEN AND&#13;
DISTANCE LEARNING.&#13;
&#13;
</text>
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                <text>DAVID CHAKUCHICHI</text>
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                <text>Research in open and distance learning (ODL), in an era of technological&#13;
advancement, e-learning innovations, social inclusion and multiculturalism,&#13;
should essentially take cognisance of the cognitive situates of the participants.&#13;
The interventionist participatory approach, grounded in the critical inquiry&#13;
research paradigm. was found to be most appropriate in establishing efficacy of&#13;
e-learning technology since it is open, descriptive, critical, interactive and&#13;
eclectic while fostering the co-construction of meanings by both researchers&#13;
and participants. Most importantly, interventionist participatory approaches&#13;
enable ODL practitioners and participants to be active in analyzing issues and&#13;
finding solutions to their problems in the face of e-learning technology. E-&#13;
learning which involves the students’ interface with a whole range of information&#13;
computer technology creates a new culture in ODL. Online programmes are fast&#13;
becoming the norm for a student population that lacks the requisite skills. E-&#13;
learning therefore presents anxieties as students try to fit in the new ODL&#13;
environment. Appropriate evidence based research strategies are therefore&#13;
imperative in order to establish the efficacy of the e-learning technology in the&#13;
context of the ODL practitioner and students. Traditional research strategies still&#13;
ignore the complex interaction between technological interventions and learner&#13;
capacities to utilize them. In ODL, both practitioners and participants need to be&#13;
integral in the process of problem analysis, development of solutions and the&#13;
strengthening and formation of initiatives which give the ODL students a voice&#13;
to define the efficacy of the e-learning innovations at their disposal. The&#13;
interventionist-participatory research strategies take into consideration the role&#13;
and complexities of the social contexts of the ODL learner and the potential for&#13;
influencing ODL practices, products and programmes. Thus interventionist&#13;
participatory strategies are well placed as evidence based research strategies to&#13;
evaluate the efficacy of e-learning technology and in the transformation of ODL&#13;
theory and practice</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1686">
                <text>Distance association of Southen Africa (DEASA)</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1687">
                <text>2010</text>
              </elementText>
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        </elementContainer>
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    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="82">
        <name>e-learning</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="803">
        <name>Interventionist</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="48">
        <name>Open and Distance Learning</name>
      </tag>
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          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="63">
                  <text>Staff  Publications</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
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    <itemType itemTypeId="1">
      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1688">
                <text>VALUE STATEMENTS DIFFER FROM FACTUAL STATEMENTS&#13;
&#13;
</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1689">
                <text>DR. S. B. M. MARUME&#13;
</text>
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                <text>R.R. JUBENKANDA &#13;
</text>
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                <text>W. NAMUSI &#13;
</text>
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                <text>N. C. MADZIYIRE</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1693">
                <text>In axiology it is customary to make a clear distinction between facts and values. A corresponding&#13;
distinction is made between value statements and factual statements. This distinction constitutes the subject of&#13;
this article</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1694">
                <text>International Journal of Engineering Science Invention</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1695">
                <text>2016</text>
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      <tag tagId="807">
        <name>and values</name>
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      <tag tagId="804">
        <name>axiology</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="805">
        <name>custom</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="806">
        <name>facts</name>
      </tag>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Staff  Publications</text>
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    <itemType itemTypeId="1">
      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>VIABILITY OF SMALLHOLDER DAIRYING IN WEDZA, ZIMBABWE&#13;
&#13;
</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1697">
                <text>PLAXEDIS IVY ZVINOROVA&#13;
 </text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="1698">
                <text>TINYIKO EDWARD HALIMANI &#13;
</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1699">
                <text>RENNETH T. MANO&#13;
</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1700">
                <text> NOBBERT TAKARWIRWA NGONGONI</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1701">
                <text>Viability differences in smallholder dairy farming&#13;
are a result of differences in access to markets and services.&#13;
It is hypothesized that innovations that improve productivity&#13;
and market linkages also improve returns and viability. The&#13;
viability of smallholder dairying in Wedza was characterised&#13;
by interviewing 52 households using semi-structured ques-&#13;
tionnaires. Information on demographics, production, mar-&#13;
keting, livestock numbers, assets and constraints was&#13;
obtained. Farmers were resource-constrained with differen-&#13;
ces in access to resources. The highly resourced farmers had&#13;
higher milk output and numbers of livestock. Almost 40 %&#13;
of the households were female-headed, and these dominated&#13;
the poor category. Household sizes ranged from 4 to 13&#13;
persons. Milk off-take was low (3.7±0.53 l/cow/day), due&#13;
to various constraints. Only rich farmers had viable enter-&#13;
prises in purely financial terms. Per litre cost of milk was&#13;
more than selling price (US$0.96) for most farmers except&#13;
the relatively rich. Operating ratios were 1.7, 0.6, 1.4 and&#13;
1.1 for the poor, rich, sub-centre and milk collection centre&#13;
farmers, respectively. This means incomes from the dairy&#13;
activities did not cover costs. Sensitivity analysis indicated&#13;
that increases in total variable costs and labour reduced&#13;
returns. Milk production and viability were influenced by&#13;
access to resources and markets.</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1702">
                <text>Trop Anim Health Prod</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1703">
                <text>2013</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="810">
        <name>Mixed crop–livestock production</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="808">
        <name>Resource-driven farming systems</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="809">
        <name>Sensitivity analysis</name>
      </tag>
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  </item>
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          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="81">
                  <text>Staff  Publications</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1704">
                <text>VINE HARVESTING FREQUENCY IMPACT ON TUBER YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF&#13;
COMMONEST SWEET POTATO CULTIVAR IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA&#13;
&#13;
</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1705">
                <text>C. MVUMI&#13;
</text>
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                <text> B. ZENDERA</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) root tubers and vines are important for human and animal nutritional&#13;
requirements, respectively; the vines being additionally used for propagation, but root tuber yield is greatly&#13;
affected by vine harvesting frequency. This study aimed at assessing the potential effect of vine harvesting&#13;
frequency of sweet potato German 11 cultivar on attributes of root tuber yield under sprinkler irrigation after 140&#13;
days from planting. Treatments used consisted of vine harvesting once (VHO) at 8 weeks after planting, 2 times&#13;
(VH2T) at 8 and 10 weeks after planting; 3 times (VH3T) at 8, 10 and 12 weeks after planting; and 4 times&#13;
(VH4T) at 8 weeks, 10 weeks, 12 weeks and at 14 weeks after planting. No vine harvesting was the control.&#13;
Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and replicated three times. Results&#13;
revealed that vine harvesting frequency had a relative effect on all root tuber yield attributes of sweet potato. The&#13;
lower the vine harvesting frequency the higher the yield obtained. Vines harvested once (VHO) at 8 weeks&#13;
significantly (P&lt;0.001) increased root tuber dry matter (DM) (29.3%) and total root tuber yield (14.5 t ha-1) as&#13;
compared to VH4T, and also gave optimum results in all the root tuber yield parameters measured. Based on the&#13;
results, optimum German 11 cultivar production capacity is achieved when vine harvesting for livestock feeding&#13;
and propagation is done only once at 8 weeks</text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1709">
                <text>International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1710">
                <text>2018</text>
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        <name>German 11</name>
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      <tag tagId="812">
        <name>Nutritional requirements</name>
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      <tag tagId="813">
        <name>Propagation</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="814">
        <name>Root tuber yield</name>
      </tag>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1716">
                <text>WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTICES THAT INVOLVE COMMUNITIES&#13;
&#13;
</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1717">
                <text>JONAH MUGUTI&#13;
</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1718">
                <text> RITTAH KASOWE&#13;
</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1719">
                <text>TONDERAI M. CHIUNYE,&#13;
</text>
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                <text>The aim of the study was to explore challenges faced by local authorities in the management of solid wastes, and to&#13;
establish the kind of linkages that exist between the ratepayers and local authorities. The study also focused on&#13;
discovering what information needs exist among urban ratepayers about waste disposal. A descriptive survey design&#13;
was used and involved informants from Bindura Municipality. These included council officials, ratepayers and the&#13;
business community. The main questions of pursuit were:&#13;
• What challenges face the town in its efforts to dispose of solid wastes?&#13;
• What information about waste disposal do ratepayers of the town have?&#13;
• What linkages should exist between local authority and ratepayers to ensure effective waste disposal?&#13;
The data collected were transcribed and themes developed in line with existing theories. Percentage frequencies were&#13;
also computed for the quantitative data. It was hoped that the results of the study would help to create baseline&#13;
knowledge for funding proposals in waste management. Community participation will also encourage entrepreneurs to&#13;
play a meaningful role in the town’s waste management programmes</text>
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                <text>WEANING AGE/TIME BASED MODEL INFLUENCING PERFORMANCE IN GOATS AND SHEEP&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>Weaning is an essential animal husbandry intervention which has&lt;br /&gt;been associated with nutritional stress that interferes with both animal’s&lt;br /&gt;behavioral and physiological responses consequently influencing post&lt;br /&gt;weaning growth performance in goats and sheep production. The timing&lt;br /&gt;of weaning and/or weaning age of kids/lambs becomes critical in&lt;br /&gt;determination of flock performance with the intention of maximizing&lt;br /&gt;meat productivity and improving profitability. There are two possibilities&lt;br /&gt;that exist in deciding on weaning age of kids/lambs, thus early and late&lt;br /&gt;weaning, however, the decision on when to wean is dependent mainly&lt;br /&gt;on the production environment and purpose, as well as the dam&lt;br /&gt;welfare. Age at weaning differ greatly in sheep and goats, therefrom 14&lt;br /&gt;days to natural weaning, and exceeding four months of age. In sheep&lt;br /&gt;production effective early weaning has been practiced untimely at 14&lt;br /&gt;days; in goats’ kids have been weaned early successfully at 28 days. Early&lt;br /&gt;weaning is considered traditionally weaning ahead of the 90 days of age;&lt;br /&gt;60 days is most widely used; age thereafter qualifies for late weaning.&lt;br /&gt;The age at weaning greatly influences post weaning animal&lt;br /&gt;performance, however if not timed properly it would impact negatively&lt;br /&gt;also on weaner survival rates. Weaning itself is a very stressful&lt;br /&gt;procedure and subjecting kids/lambs to further stress which directly&lt;br /&gt;impinge on the kid/lamb’s immunity consequently increasing their&lt;br /&gt;susceptibility to diseases and reduced weight gain. There is need for age&lt;br /&gt;of weaning to balance the potential positive impacts on the ewes/does&lt;br /&gt;to rebreed, with potential negative impacts on the kid/lamb growth&lt;br /&gt;performance and survivability. Early weaning has become an effective husbandry practice especially in advanced goat and sheep production&lt;br /&gt;systems, which focuses on shortened female breeding reproductive&lt;br /&gt;cycle, while enhancing meat productivity through increased frequency of&lt;br /&gt;kidding/lambing. It is important to consider weaning age in relation to&lt;br /&gt;nutritional strategies which provide adequate time for diet transition&lt;br /&gt;which is intended not to compromise feed utilization and feed&lt;br /&gt;conversion efficiency in kids/lambs consequently reducing growth&lt;br /&gt;performance. The effectiveness of weaning age and anticipated live&lt;br /&gt;weight gains post-weaning is dependent on nutritional management&lt;br /&gt;especially concentrate supplementation which may promote&lt;br /&gt;performance and productivity in pastured based systems. Late weaning&lt;br /&gt;is probably convenient for less prolific goat and sheep breeds and&lt;br /&gt;genotypes not selected for their growth potential. It should be&lt;br /&gt;acknowledged that there is interaction between weaning age with other&lt;br /&gt;factors such as nutrition, sex and weight of animal. Some of the goat and&lt;br /&gt;sheep producers worldwide have shifted to use of weight based&lt;br /&gt;weaning model, similar age but with different weights, heavier lambs&lt;br /&gt;have superior development efficiency during lactation. The present&lt;br /&gt;review gives an insight on the consequences of early and late weaning&lt;br /&gt;on animal’s post weaning performance in small ruminants</text>
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                <text>WHO IS DISENGAGING THE GEAR? IS SCHOOL LEADERSHIP THE IMPEDIMENT IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>School leadership is there to build ‘learning bridges’ between learners and the curriculum content&#13;
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particularly examines the dissonance between the current implementation level and the expected&#13;
standard of implementation. The implementation of a new curriculum requires effective school&#13;
leadership (Bennett, Crawford &amp; Cartwright, 2003). The key stakeholder in the process of&#13;
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school leadership should have a clear picture of what to do and how for effective implementation&#13;
of any new curriculum. The curriculum introduced in Zimbabwe is not spared. The study was&#13;
located within the qualitative paradigm using semi-structured interviews and focus group&#13;
discussions to generate. Purposive sampling was done to select information rich cases from among&#13;
school leaders in Masvingo Province. The study highlighted a number of complex challenges&#13;
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competency needed in the implementation of the new curriculum.</text>
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                <text>School leadership is there to build ‘learning bridges’ between learners and the curriculum content&#13;
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particularly examines the dissonance between the current implementation level and the expected&#13;
standard of implementation. The implementation of a new curriculum requires effective school&#13;
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curriculum implementation in any education system is school leadership. This article argues that&#13;
school leadership should have a clear picture of what to do and how for effective implementation&#13;
of any new curriculum. The curriculum introduced in Zimbabwe is not spared. The study was&#13;
located within the qualitative paradigm using semi-structured interviews and focus group&#13;
discussions to generate. Purposive sampling was done to select information rich cases from among&#13;
school leaders in Masvingo Province. The study highlighted a number of complex challenges&#13;
linked to school leadership which include the problem of suffering from multiple meanings and&#13;
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study also revealed that school leadership has not been sufficiently retrained for fitness of purpose.&#13;
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                <text>WHY DO FEMALE STREET VENDORS EARN LESS THAN MALE STREET&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>The study explored the factors that influenced income disparities betweenmaleand female street&#13;
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their male counterparts. The reasons for low sales and hence low daily incomes for female street vendors were&#13;
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number of street vendors;men grabbed bigger vending space and more strategic vending sites; low capital&#13;
investment; a majority of women traded in low volume and perishable goods such as vegetables, fruits and&#13;
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capital and worked as commission agents or employees of other vendors; gender bias towards some goods like&#13;
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male vendors and female street vendors operated in insecure and illegal spaces where they became easy targets&#13;
of eviction and confiscation. The major problem faced by women vendors was that street vending was illegal in&#13;
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