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                <text>DEBT AMNESTY FOR ZIMBABWE’S LOCAL GOVERNMENT: ISSUES, EFFECTS AND&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>This article that made use of the utilitarian framework of analysis, focused on Ignatius Chombo,&#13;
a former Zimbabwean Minister of Local Government, who issued an order granting debt&#13;
amnesty to residents of the 92 local government councils in the nation from 2009 to 2013. The&#13;
utilitarian concept of municipal government, developed by John Stuart Mill, places a strong&#13;
emphasis on maximising the well-being or overall pleasure of the greatest number of people&#13;
when making decisions. The article probed the Minister's choice by using a utilitarian&#13;
framework of analysis and a documentary research methodology. Whilst it found that the&#13;
decision curried favour with certain segments of the population, especially the indigent who&#13;
were struggling to settle their bills for service delivery, it also found it repugnant, among others,&#13;
for the reason that it ingrained a culture of non-payment for local government services&#13;
consumed by residents that subsists up to now. It also found that, despite the fact that the policy&#13;
was created a little more than ten years ago, the full consequence of the minister's decision has&#13;
not yet been fully absorbed.</text>
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                <text>UNPACKING THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEM:&#13;
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                <text>This study evaluated the impact of social media (SM) technologies on the growth of business start-ups (BSs) and small to medium enterprises (SMEs) in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Specifically,it examined how the following social media platforms—X (formerly Twitter), YouTube, WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram and TikTok—affect key business outcomes: (i) sales growth, (ii) expansion of customer base, (iii) profit maximisation, (iv) enhancement of brand image and&#13;
(v) increased product and sales visibility. Through the application of various quantitative analysis methods, the study findings were that Facebook, Instagram and WhatsApp are the most widely adopted platforms for promoting BSs and SMEs, while YouTube and X (Twitter) are the least utilised. The results revealed a significant correlation between the use of social media technologies and improvements in sales, customer acquisition, profitability, business image and brand awareness among SMEs and BSs in Bulawayo.&#13;
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                <text>THE DETERMINANTS OF POOR SERVICE DELIVERY IN ZIMBABWE’S LOCAL&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>This article, grounded in decentralisation theory, examined the determinants of poor service delivery in Zimbabwe’s local government system, against a backdrop of chronic underperformance and growing public discontent. Using a survey-based methodology and statistical analysis via SPSS, the study captured public perceptions to uncover the root causes of service delivery failures. Findings revealed a divided citizenry, with a significant proportion expressing dissatisfaction with the management of local services. Governance-related issues, including corruption, weak accountability, limited local autonomy, poor community engagement and inadequate legal and policy frameworks, emerged as the most critical contributors to poor performance. In contrast, technical challenges such as inadequate infrastructure and human resource shortages were not widely perceived as primary obstacles. These results suggested that governance failures, rather than resource constraints, lie at the heart of the service delivery crisis. The study concludes by advocating for stronger governance and accountability mechanisms, institutionalised community engagement and meaningful&#13;
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                <text>DATA-DRIVEN URBAN GOVERNANCE: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES IN&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>The study investigated the opportunities and challenges associated with data-driven urban governance in Zimbabwean cities, focusing on Harare, Bulawayo and Mutare. It employed a qualitative, descriptive research design, drawing on document analysis and semi-structured interviews with municipal officials, urban planners and ICT officers. Guided by the theoretical lens of Technological Determinism, the research identified significant opportunities for improving urban governance through real-time data, predictive analytics, digital citizen engagement and smart city initiatives. However, it also revealed major constraints, including infrastructural deficits, the digital divide, outdated planning frameworks, fragmented data governance and low levels of digital literacy. The study concluded that, while data technologies held transformative potential, their effective implementation in Zimbabwe required strengthened institutional capacity, ethical data governance and inclusive digital development strategies. Without addressing these foundational issues, data-driven urban governance risked reinforcing existing structural inequities rather than resolving them.</text>
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                <text>REVENUE CONSTRAINTS ON THE&#13;
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IN AFRICA&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected domestic revenue mobilization&#13;
capacity of governments in Africa which significantly affected Sustainable&#13;
Development Goals (SDGs) implementation trajectory. This chapter focused on&#13;
examining the impact of the pandemic on sources of revenue more familiar for&#13;
African states which are income taxes, customs duty, value added tax, toll gate&#13;
fees, external finances and local government incomes. The chapter adopted a&#13;
qualitative case study approach through documentary search of books, journal&#13;
articles, government reports and working papers focusing on the implications of&#13;
the pandemic on revenue mobilization and effects on SDGs. Moreover, cases of&#13;
illicit financial flows, smuggling of goods, tax evasion and fiscal corruption due to&#13;
COVID-19-related restrictions have contributed toward low revenue mobilization&#13;
capacity of African countries. Owing to this, SDGs funding declined as evidenced&#13;
by poor health service delivery (Goal 3), unequal access to education especially in&#13;
rural isolated communities (Goal 4), and poor waste management and water&#13;
reticulation services (Goal 6). These challenges have amplified poverty and&#13;
inequality levels in these countries as well as reducing the quality of standard&#13;
of living. The chapter findings indicate that, the success of smoothly&#13;
implementing SDGs in African countries will largely depend on boosting their&#13;
own domestic revenues. Following an in-depth analysis of the research findings,&#13;
this chapter recommends governments to introduce tax reforms such as&#13;
expanding their revenue base and there is need to improve transparency and&#13;
accountability on revenue collection to reduce corruption and tax evasion. Con-&#13;
clusions can be drawn that the COVID-19 pandemic has worsened economic&#13;
woes which has resulted in low productivity capacity and revenue loss in these&#13;
African countrie</text>
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                <text>URBAN REGENERATION THROUGH COLLABORATIVE APPROACHES IN LOCAL&#13;
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                <text>African cities, due to substantive urban growth, have faced the challenge of urban deterioration&#13;
which has contributed to city unattractiveness and low business opportunities over the years.&#13;
Previous studies have indicated that urban decay is a process against a willful act which cannot&#13;
be corrected by command, however through collaborative efforts by several stakeholders from&#13;
diverse fronts. This study examined the adoption of collaborative approaches towards urban&#13;
regeneration using the City of Harare as a case study, firstly by exploring challenges&#13;
contributing to the deteriorating nurture of the city as well as identifying different roles which&#13;
stakeholders can play to restore the city. This was achieved through a qualitative research&#13;
methodology which encompasses a document search complimented by key informant&#13;
interviews. The City of Harare, the capital city of Zimbabwe has suffered the same challenge&#13;
of urban decline associated with poor waste removal, proliferation of informal business&#13;
markets, poor enforcement of by-laws, disinvestment among others. The study identified&#13;
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developers, consultants, private businesses), Ministry of Local Government, and the Harare&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>Access to water and sanitation services is a global crisis, however, it is more prominent in poor and disadvantaged communities, especially in developing countries. This paper adopts a qualitative discourse analysis approach to examine collaborative water governance in African countries (Kenya, South Africa and Zimbabwe). A discourse analysis approach was adopted as it is useful in examining and analysing written content by considering the context of the study. Therefore, since the study is qualitative in nature, a series of journal articles, reports and newspapers were chosen as key data sources. The chapter examines the collaborative and participatory approaches in enhancing equality towards access to water and sanitation services in indigenous communities in selected African countries. It further discusses the role of water governance systems and their different dimensions in shaping different outcomes towards access to water. The study is explored under the theoretical constructs of the theory of social equity, organisational justice and targeted universalism. The study established that, water collaborative governance approaches did not consider the unique nature of indigenous communities (values, culture and knowledge) which bears greatly upon how they perceive water resources. Therefore, collaborative approaches did not enhance equity towards access, hence this study recommends governments to incorporate indigenous knowledge systems in water governance.</text>
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ZIMBABWE JOURNAL OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT&#13;
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                <text>MILK PRODUCTION AND VIABILITY OF THE VARIOUS SMALLHOLDER DAIRYING MODELS USED IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text>An evaluation of milk yield, dairy products and viability of the smallholder dairy production models used in Zimbabwe&#13;
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dairying (119), Milk collection centre (MCC) bulking and processing (145), MCC bulking and delivering to processor&#13;
(87), farm gate (468) and other (348) models. Data were analysed using SPSS version 25.0. The average daily milk yield&#13;
per cows was highest in the Commercial dairying model (9.20 ± 0.4 l) but was not significantly different from the MCC&#13;
bulking and processing and MCC bulking and delivering to processor models. Average lactation milk yield per cow was&#13;
highest (P &lt; 0.05) in the commercial dairying model (2804.91 ± 133.9 l) and was significantly different from the rest of&#13;
the models. The processed milk products identified in the study were fermented milk, pasteurised milk and unspecified&#13;
products but production volumes were very low in the respective models. There were no differences (P &gt; 0.05) in gross&#13;
margin across all the smallholder dairying models. The commercial dairying model surpassed all models on proportion&#13;
of pure exotic dairy breeds, number of milking cows, milk yield. However, it was discovered that all models were under-&#13;
performing but smallholder dairy farmers can be recommended to adopt the commercial dairying model if measures to&#13;
improve milk yield per cow and reduce milk production costs are established.</text>
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                <text>This study investigated the prospects and limitations of women's economic empowerment in&#13;
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Employing a case study design, this research utilised qualitative data gathered through semi-&#13;
structured interviews and questionnaires with women engaged in various economic activities.&#13;
The study examined the complex interplay of factors influencing women's economic agency,&#13;
including decision-making authority, access to resources, and sociocultural barriers. The&#13;
findings revealled that while women in Harare demonstrated significant entrepreneurial drive&#13;
and resilience, they continued to face challenges such as limited market access, discriminatory&#13;
practices, and the double burden of work and domestic responsibilities. The study underscored&#13;
the need for integrated interventions that addressed both economic and socio-cultural&#13;
constraints to achieve meaningful women's economic empowerment. Recommendations&#13;
included policy reform, targeted support programmes, and awareness campaigns to challenge&#13;
gender stereotypes. This research contributed to a deeper understanding of the local dynamics&#13;
shaping women's economic participation in urban Zimbabwe and highlighted the importance&#13;
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                <text>THE RIGHT TO REASONS FOR ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION IN&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>The so-called ‘third wave’ of democratisation in Africa has witnessed a&#13;
transition from a culture of impunity in the exercise of public power to more&#13;
emphasis on a culture based on legality and the protection of fundamental rights&#13;
of citizens. Important strides have been made in enhancing accountability by&#13;
those who wield public power through judicial review mechanisms. The right&#13;
to reasons for any administrative action that has an impact on citizens becomes&#13;
even more paramount in light of these shifts in democratic ethos. This article&#13;
focuses on the right to reasons for adverse administrative action in Zimbabwe&#13;
against the backdrop of the 2013 Constitution, which ushered in the dawn of a&#13;
new era in so far as the scope of the right to just administrative action is&#13;
concerned. A critical examination of the nature and scope of the right to reasons&#13;
is undertaken. Insightful recommendations are then proffered to further enhance&#13;
the practical meaning of the right in the context of the constitutionally&#13;
entrenched right to just administrative action in Zimbabwe</text>
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                <text>UNISA: Southern African Public Law</text>
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                <text>2022</text>
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        <name>Administrative Justice Act</name>
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        <name>Constitution</name>
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        <name>judicial review</name>
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        <name>Right to reasons</name>
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        <name>transparency</name>
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        <name>Zimbabwe</name>
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                <text>THE COST OF CORRUPTION IN A RESOURCE-CONSTRAINED COUNTRY: THE CASE OF&#13;
ZIMBABWE&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>TAPIWA MANYIKA</text>
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                <text>NERIAH ETA MARIMA </text>
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                <text>Despite repeated reform efforts, corruption remains deeply entrenched across key institutions. Zimbabwe is now ranked 160 out of 180 in terms of the perceived levels of public sector corruption. Whilst the cost of corruption has remained un-assessed in most economic zones, Zimbabwe included, there is significant amount of evidence that suggests it has been widespread in most nations, including Zimbabwe. However, the consequences differ from one country to the other and from institution to institution. The cost of corruption in resource constrained environments, Zimbabwe has remained a grey area, unexplored and untheorised. Zimbabwe as a case remains a’ black box’. This study employed qualitative content analysis to assess the cost and impact of corruption in Zimbabwe. The study adopted a multi-theoretical framework encompassing Social Exchange Theory, Game Theory, White-Elephant Theory, and X-inefficiency Theory to adequately conceptualise the dynamics of corruption in Zimbabwe. These perspectives enable nuanced analysis of behavioural, institutional and structural dimensions of corruption. A purposive sample of 30 scholarly sources including peer-reviewed articles, institutional reports, and policy briefs from 2010 to 2024 was selected from academic databases and institutional platforms. Findings indicated that corruption eroded institutional accountability, exacerbated poverty and inequality, discouraged investment,undermined public services in health, education, infrastructure and natural resource sectors. Social cohesion was compromised, with rising public disillusionment and inequality in service access. The study concluded that corruption in Zimbabwe was multidimensional and pervasive, impeding national development goals. Addressing it required comprehensive reforms, including stronger transparency frameworks, independent oversight institutions, civic engagement and global cooperation on asset recovery. These measures were essential for restoring accountability, enhancing governance and achieving sustainable development. The study highlighted the need for further research into the psychosocial dimensions of corruption; how societal norms, expectations and historical injustices influenced corrupt behaviour.</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe Journal of Business, Economics and Management </text>
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                <text>2025</text>
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                <text>A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WOMEN’S LAND RIGHTS IN ASIA, LATIN AMERICA AND SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>TAVONGA NJAYA </text>
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                <text>The study sought to make a systematic and critical comparative analysis of the distribution of land&#13;
between men and women in the three regions of Asia, Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa in order&#13;
to establish if there was any discrimination against women using a gender approach (or analysis). In&#13;
the study, the focus was on use rights in state-owned land or resettlement land and a critical&#13;
evaluation on whether these rights were differentiated and distributed on the basis of sex. The study&#13;
used archival data and document reviews. The analysis was based on farms or land acquired by&#13;
governments and later redistributed to smallholder farmers. Studies in the three regions showed that&#13;
women were considered a marginalised social group in land ownership although slightly better&#13;
conditions were observed in Latin America. A majority of the studies blamed customary, religious&#13;
and statutory laws but failed to estimate the relative importance of these variables in explaining the&#13;
gendered pattern of land distribution. Women’s lower access to land in the three regions increased&#13;
women’s economic dependency on men and consequently made them more vulnerable to socio-&#13;
economic and environmental shocks</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="854">
                <text>Journal of Studies in Social Sciences and Humanities</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>2016</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>THE ECONOMICS OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLE MARKETING BY SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN MUREHWA AND MUTOKO DISTRICTS IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
</text>
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                <text>TAVONGA NJAYA </text>
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                <text>The study assessed the nature of marketing chain of fruits and vegetables in Murehwa and Mutoko&#13;
Districts in Mashonaland East Province in Zimbabwe. Both quantitative and qualitative data collection&#13;
techniques were used. Qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions,&#13;
direct observations and document reviews. A structured household questionnaire was used as the basic tool to&#13;
collect socio-economic and production data pertaining to fruit and vegetable smallholder producers. The study&#13;
revealed that poor infrastructure for storage, processing and marketing of fruits and vegetables contributed to&#13;
losses to the farmers. Smallholder farmers generally focused on production activities and showed relatively&#13;
little interest in postharvest and marketing activities. The major markets included traditional wet markets such&#13;
as Mbare and Machipisa Vegetable Markets in Harare and spot selling. The presence of informal middlemen at&#13;
Mbare and Machipisa Vegetable Markets had led to considerable reduction of the farmers’ profit margins. The&#13;
study recommended strong partnerships through commodity clusters among farmers in order to be able to&#13;
supply organised markets such as food processors, institutions (hospitals, tertiary colleges and boarding&#13;
schools), supermarkets and fast food shops with produce of standardised quality, meet volume requirements and&#13;
assure consistency of supplies and to enhance efficiency in marketing. Buyer-supplier partnerships such as&#13;
contract farming sponsored by agro-food processors also facilitated fruit and vegetable marketing while&#13;
providing farmers access to skills, technologies and infrastructure. Further research should focus on value&#13;
addition of fruits and vegetables produced by smallholder farmers</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences</text>
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            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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        <name>market access</name>
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        <name>smallholder farmers</name>
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        <name>supply chain</name>
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        <name>vegetables</name>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>WHY DO FEMALE STREET VENDORS EARN LESS THAN MALE STREET&#13;
VENDORS IN HARARE?&#13;
&#13;
</text>
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                <text>TAVONGA NJAYA </text>
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                <text>The study explored the factors that influenced income disparities betweenmaleand female street&#13;
vendors in Harare, the capital city ofZimbabwe.Qualitative data collection techniques used in the study&#13;
included in-depth personal interviews, focus group discussions, direct observations and document reviews. The&#13;
study observed three categories of street vendors, namely, stationary, peripatetic and mobile vendors. Although&#13;
street vending reflected the face of a woman in Harare, a majority of the female street vendors earned less than&#13;
their male counterparts. The reasons for low sales and hence low daily incomes for female street vendors were&#13;
varied and includeddisruptions caused by household chores including child-care; stiff competition from rising&#13;
number of street vendors;men grabbed bigger vending space and more strategic vending sites; low capital&#13;
investment; a majority of women traded in low volume and perishable goods such as vegetables, fruits and&#13;
cooked food and less lucrative goods; female street vendors had less access to productive tools and financial&#13;
capital and worked as commission agents or employees of other vendors; gender bias towards some goods like&#13;
leather and electronic products which generally required a substantial investment that could only be made by&#13;
male vendors and female street vendors operated in insecure and illegal spaces where they became easy targets&#13;
of eviction and confiscation. The major problem faced by women vendors was that street vending was illegal in&#13;
Zimbabwe. The government should formally recognise the economic activities of the street vendors which would&#13;
allow them to carry on their work with dignity and freedom</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Business and Management Invention</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>WOMEN EMPOWERMENT THROUGH OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING IN&#13;
ZIMBABWE&#13;
&#13;
</text>
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                <text>TAVONGA NJAYA</text>
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                <text>The primary aim of the study was to uncover demographic and socio-economic details and reasons&#13;
for opting for open and distance learning. Although the focus was on women learners, the study adopted a&#13;
gender approach in assessing access to university education through open and distance learning in order to&#13;
study both men and women. This helped to interrogate, articulate and analyse the gender construction of&#13;
distance education learners and delivery of open and distance learning at the Zimbabwe Open University.&#13;
Women constitute a substantial proportion of those marginalised by conventional systems of learning at&#13;
university level. The problems of access to tertiary education are mostly restrictive socio-economic factors.&#13;
Data collection techniques included interviews, focus groups and document reviews. Using the elicitation&#13;
approach, forty-five learners and seven graduates were selected on the basis of representativeness in terms of&#13;
academic level and discipline. Data were analysed using statistical tests and descriptive or thematic analysis.&#13;
The study revealed that a significant number of respondents were working married women with children who&#13;
found open and distance learning framework more compatible with their multiple tasks; household chores,&#13;
education, wage work, family, relatives and community at large. The findings showed that open and distance&#13;
learning helped women to circumvent constraints of time, space, resources and socio-economic barriers thereby&#13;
significantly contributing to their empowerment. A majority of women took a break to attend to their multiple&#13;
duties either during or after undergraduate studies</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1749">
                <text>IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science </text>
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                <text>A PROPOSED ECONOMIC HOUSEHOLD MODEL ON LAND ACQUISITION AND UTILISATION BETWEEN MALES&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>TRANSFORMING PEOPLE’S LIVELIHOODS THROUGH LAND REFORM IN A1&#13;
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were collected through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, direct observations and document reviews.&#13;
A structured household questionnaire was used as the basic tool to collect socio-economic and production data&#13;
pertaining to A1 farmers. Using a livelihoods conceptual framework and elicitation approach, the study&#13;
revealed interesting points with regard to the assets extended to and acquired by A1 households in Baines Hope&#13;
and Ingwenya farm in Goromonzi District. The study found that while some households engaged in non-&#13;
agricultural activities, for most households crop production was the main source of livelihoods. Although maize&#13;
was the dominant crop, there was some diversification into soya beans, potatoes, tobacco, sorghum and&#13;
groundnuts. In this respect, almost all households were able to utilise their landholdings to ensure household&#13;
food security. Further, several households exchanged grain as payment for agricultural labour services while&#13;
surplus grain was sold. The provision of land had also a positive impact of enabling some beneficiaries to&#13;
acquire certain assets that they did not have before they were resettled, or that they would not have been able to&#13;
accumulate if they had remained in the areas they previously lived. The acquired assets included livestock, ox-&#13;
ploughs, scotch carts, lorries, tractors, passenger vehicles and bigger houses. Some of these assets were used to&#13;
supplement household livelihoods in various ways. Generally landholding had led to significant welfare and&#13;
income gains for the majority of the households. However, limitations, in terms of access to agricultural inputs,&#13;
credit, equipment and infrastructural support severely restricted the potential of livelihood enhancement arising&#13;
from land redistribution.</text>
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                <text>CLOSING GENDER ASSET GAP IN LAND ACCESS AND CONTROL IN A1 SCHEMES IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text>The study reflected on the impact of the fast track land reform programme, 2000-2002 on the&#13;
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on the land reform programme, the virtues of land transfer have been extensively extolled while ignoring its&#13;
impact on gender relations and gender asset gap.&#13;
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as to triangulate the evidence. This dataset was used to complement findings from statistical analysis of the&#13;
survey data.&#13;
The chi-square tests on survey data and findings from the case study conducted in Goromonzi District&#13;
did not show evidence of discrimination against women under the fast track land reform programme. Instead,&#13;
women tended to obtain more rights to land through two avenues: obtaining land as individuals in their own&#13;
right and through the joint registration of offer letters with their husbands. The results showed that women&#13;
beneficiaries obtained the same land rights as men in terms of land use patterns.&#13;
The study recommended that allocation of land under the land reform programme should focus on individuals&#13;
within households. Government officials directly involved in the design, planning and implementation of the&#13;
land reform programme should be trained in gender analysis and participatory gender planning. Methods&#13;
should be devised to inform women about their land rights and the avenues through which these rights can be&#13;
enforced</text>
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                <text>STRATEGIES FOR DAILY SURVIVAL: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL CAPITAL AMONG STREET VENDORS OF HARARE METROPOLITAN&#13;
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                <text>The study investigated the role of social capital among street vendors of Harare Metropolitan. The&#13;
investigation relied extensively on qualitative research because we wanted to get an in-depth understanding of&#13;
the uses of social networks as daily survival tools for street vendors in the face of increased marginalisation.&#13;
Observations, interviews and reviews of documents were used to collect data on the daily life, the problems&#13;
faced by street vendors and problem-solving strategies. More specifically, in-depth interviews were conducted&#13;
with twelve individual street vendors; one focus group session with six street vendors and three detailed&#13;
interviews with key informants. The high influx of street vendors was due in part to low barriers of entry which&#13;
enabled cash-poor segments of the population to make a living without a heavy financial capital outlay. But&#13;
street vending also thrived because transactions required social capital, an asset which most vendors were&#13;
endowed with. In this regard, the study found that social capital was an important variable in the livelihood&#13;
provision of street vendors. Social capital was one of the many resources and was used in combination with&#13;
them in survival strategies. Street vendors benefitted from their social capital on three levels: personal,&#13;
suppliers and buyer relations and being members of social organisations including political parties. The main&#13;
goal of the street vendors was to expand their business and revenue in order to improve their livelihoods.&#13;
Surprisingly, the goals of the vendors were not situated in the realm of entering the formal sector. Instead, they&#13;
longed to enter the formal economy as workers and not as entrepreneurs. Macroeconomic stability and an&#13;
effective regulatory framework of the informal sector are required in Zimbabwe to assist in poverty reduction</text>
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                <text>EFFECTIVENESS OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text>The study analysed the effectiveness of the governance within the Zimbabwean commercial&#13;
banking sector. The study was based on the rationale that the Zimbabwean commercial banking&#13;
sector had witnessed a negative trend in terms of return on investment. The study adopted a&#13;
combination of exploratory and explanatory research designs and gathered data from 124&#13;
participants using questionnaires and interview guides. In terms of data analysis, the thematic&#13;
analysis, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and random effects panel regression was&#13;
adopted with data for 12 banks for the period 2018-2020. The study revealed that effective&#13;
boards can be rated based on board composition, independence and level of skill diversity.&#13;
Most of the banks in Zimbabwe are using a formal two-tier structure, whereas other banks&#13;
which are private owned are using a one-tier structure and others adopted the mixed tier system.&#13;
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                <text>EFFECTIVENESS OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN ZIMBABWE</text>
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                <text>The study analysed the effectiveness of the governance within the Zimbabwean commercial banking sector. The study was based on the rationale that the Zimbabwean commercial banking sector had witnessed a negative trend in terms of return on investment. The study adopted a combination of exploratory and explanatory research designs and gathered data from 124 participants using questionnaires and interview guides. In terms of data analysis, the thematic analysis, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and random effects panel regression was adopted with data for 12 banks for the period 2018-2020. The study revealed that effective boards can be rated based on board composition, independence and level of skill diversity. Most of the banks in Zimbabwe are using a formal two-tier structure, whereas other banks which are private owned are using a one-tier structure and others adopted the mixed tier system. The study concluded that both the size of the governing board and audit committee composition positively significantly influenced the Zimbabwean commercial banking sector.</text>
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                <text>HARNESSING THE ROLE OF SUCCESSION PLANNING ON THE PERFORMANCE OF RETAIL&#13;
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                <text>Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs), within the Zimbabwean retail sector, play a pivotal role in the nation's economic growth. This study investigated the antecedents for adopting succession planning by retail SMEs in Mashonaland West Province. The study was guided by Positivism Research Philosophy. The study was anchored on Systems Theory and a Raosoft sample size calculator with a 5% margin of error and 95% confidence level was used. The sample size reached was 148 owner-managers of the SMEs. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data. Quantitative data was uploaded on SPSS Version 21 and analysed using descriptive statistics and correlations. It was established from the main study findings that effective succession planning prepares the next generation of leaders, minimising disruptions when key personnel leave. This is vital in retail, where customer relationships and operational knowledge are critical. The study findings showed that investors and stakeholders are more&#13;
inclined to support businesses with a succession strategy. They view it as a sign of stability and foresight, which can lead to better funding opportunities. It was established that once employees saw a path for advancement, it boosted morale and productivity. Engaged employees were more likely to contribute positively to the business, enhancing overall performance. It was revealed that succession planning encouraged long-term thinking and strategic goal setting. Retail SMEs can align their succession strategies with their overall business goals, ensuring sustained growth. The recommendations proffered by the study was that owners should provide the necessary support and strategies such as focusing on continuity, knowledge retention, employee engagement and strategic adaptability. These businesses could improve their resilience and competitiveness in the marketplace.&#13;
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                <text>Emotional intelligence is not a luxury, but a necessity in Zimbabwean public health institutions.The aim of the study was to determine the nexus between emotional intelligence and aperformance of health sector employees in Zvimba District Hospital. The focus was on key&#13;
emotional intelligence parameters on augmenting performance for the health sector. The studywas guided by positivism research philosophy and anchored on Goleman’s Model. A sample of 124 health professionals was selected using Raosoft sample size calculator allowing a 5%margin of error and 95% confidence level. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data.&#13;
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