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                <text>Leadership, an important universal polymorphic phenomenon found in all cultures of all ages, in all&#13;
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                <text>DR. SAMSON BROWN MUCHINERIPI MARUME&#13;
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                <text>Due to the amount of uncertainty in public policy – making, the idea has taken shape that public policy should be studied to&#13;
better comprehend its various facets, that is, the input to and output of policy, and also the participants and factors involved&#13;
in policy – making. The consequence has been the development of various analytical models which could be used to explain&#13;
the policy results. The first category is concerned with the way in which the participants in policy – making tackle the&#13;
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                <text>APPROACHES TO ADMINISTRATIVE LEADERSHIP</text>
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                <text>Man, the different situations in which he finds himself, the diversity of aims, objectives and functions&#13;
that he purpose and that are laid down for him and the many types of frames of reference in which he finds&#13;
himself, are all together so complex and complicated that we cannot evolve anything like a universal formula&#13;
for leadership. In fact the most that we can say and we can say it all generic elements of administration – is that&#13;
the success of leadership in the final analysis is determined by the knowledge of the leader and of the people he&#13;
leads. This knowledge includes knowledge of things outside the group’s own frame of reference. All this&#13;
constitute the subject – matter of this article.&#13;
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                <text>Research indicates that a reasonable number of scientists, scholars and practitioners argue that a&#13;
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confusingly as public responsibility and public accountability. Furthermore, in many textbooks available the&#13;
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                <text>THE CONCEPT OF PUBLIC POLICY ANALYSIS</text>
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                <text>On the basis of comparative study of public policy analysis, it is difficult to underrate or downplay&#13;
the illustrious contributions of an eminent American public policy scientist in the name of Professor Robert A.&#13;
Goldwin who has greatly assisted social scientists to view public policy analysis as an earnest, systematic and&#13;
deliberate attempt to measure the costs and benefits of various policy alternatives and to evaluate actual or&#13;
proposed governmental activities [R. A. Goldwin: 1980:29] and to provide policy – makers with neutral and&#13;
objective advice pertaining to the best programme in terms of economy, efficiency and effectiveness [Fredrick S.&#13;
Lane: 1982:384 – 5 and Jenkins – Smith, 1982:89]. This forms the subject if this article.</text>
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                <text>Many a prominent social scientist argue that the administrative process is a collective term for all&#13;
the sub-processes that fall within an accepted classification framework. It has taken long, however, to obtain a&#13;
meaningful classification framework, and numbers of distinguished overseas authors have written of the&#13;
administrative process and then discussed the widest diversity of the processes in their works; and it was only in&#13;
1967 that Professor J. J. N. Cloete in his book, Introduction of Public Administration, gave the most meaningful&#13;
analytical framework which is the subject matter of this article.</text>
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                <text>ESTIMATION OF THE IMPACT OF TOBACCO CURING&#13;
ON WOOD RESOURCES IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text>ITAI OFFAT MANYANHAIRE &#13;
&#13;
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                <text>WISDOM KURANGWA</text>
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                <text>This paper estimates the impact of tobacco curing on wood resources in Zimbabwe. The estimation was done using&#13;
the year 2009 and 2010 tobacco production statistics for small scale farmers obtained from the Tobacco Industry&#13;
Marketing Board (TIMB). The total mass of tobacco produced was multiplied by a factor 14 kilogrammes of wood&#13;
required to cure one kilogramme of tobacco. The estimation of the annual forest woodland clearance per every&#13;
hectare of tobacco cured was calculated using 0.6 hectares of forest woodland per every hectare factor obtained&#13;
from literature. Wood consumption increased significantly across all major tobacco producing regions of the&#13;
country. This was driven by a marked increase in the number of farmers and the size of land put under tobacco&#13;
across provinces. There was 19% increase in hectarage of forests cleared to cure tobacco which may be linked to the&#13;
growing shrinkage of forests in the country. Miombo woodlands were major sources of wood fuel due mainly to their&#13;
high energy value and their ecological dominance within the tobacco farming regions. Despite efforts by the tobacco&#13;
industry to provide farmers with coal for curing tobacco, small holder farmers continue to use wood fuel with&#13;
negative impacts on wood resources. There is need for the stakeholders in the tobacco industry to educate farmers&#13;
and enhance the use of coal, creation of woodlots and adoption of the energy saving technologies</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Development and Sustainability</text>
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        <name>consumption</name>
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        <name>curing</name>
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        <name>impact</name>
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        <name>Tobacco</name>
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        <name>wood resources</name>
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                <text>MANY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ARE EXPERIENCING&#13;
PROCUREMENT PROBLEMS. IS E-GOVERNANCE THE SOLUTION? A&#13;
DISCUSSION PAPER ON ZIMBABWE.&#13;
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                <text>RUDO MATACHI&#13;
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                <text>DR FARAI CHOGA&#13;
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                <text>Many developing countries are experiencing procurement problems. The&#13;
problems include: lack of enforcement of rules and regulations, no electronic&#13;
infrastructure, high cost of technology, in some cases lack of legal framework, lack of&#13;
technical expertise, lack of e-procurement knowledge and above all lack of e-&#13;
governance. Through e-governance e-procurement can bring a lot of benefits that&#13;
include: cost reduction, visibility of procurement process, time savings, improved&#13;
productivity and minimised corruption. To resolve procurement challenges e-&#13;
governance must be in place as e-procurement is part of this process.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="639">
                <text>ournal of Environmental Science, Computer Science and&#13;
Engineering &amp; Technology</text>
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                <text>2019</text>
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        <name>challenges and benefits.</name>
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        <name>e-governance</name>
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                <text>MANIPULATING NUTRITION FOR IDEAL CARCASS AND MEAT QUALITY PARAMETERS IN GOAT&#13;
AND SHEEP PRODUCTION&#13;
</text>
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                <text>NEVER ASSAN</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Nutrition is an important component of the goat and sheep&#13;
meat production systems and plays a vital role in promoting ideal&#13;
carcass characteristics and meat quality properties. Goats and&#13;
sheep diets can impact not merely growth performance but as&#13;
well as carcass and meat properties that are acceptable to modern&#13;
day consumers who have become sensitive to the quality of meat&#13;
and meat products. Of significance, dietary composition can be&#13;
manipulated towards acquiring desirable dressing percentage,&#13;
carcass characteristics and meat quality properties in goats and&#13;
sheep. It cannot be overemphasized that dressing percentage and&#13;
meat yield directly respond to optimal dietary regime as a result&#13;
manipulation of dietary constituencies especially energy and&#13;
protein have been designed to produce acceptable carcass and&#13;
meat properties. However, the existence of interactions of&#13;
nutrition with other non-genetic factors in influencing carcass&#13;
traits and meat quality properties in goats and sheep, cannot be&#13;
overlooked. Apart from dietary composition influencing carcass&#13;
yield and meat quality properties, overall dietary impact appears&#13;
to vary with sex of animal, age and weight at slaughter. Optimal&#13;
plane of nutrition will enhance goat and sheep performance, while&#13;
inadequate dietary protein, energy, minerals and vitamins&#13;
proportions have been interrelated to negative impact on carcass&#13;
parameters and meat quality properties. It is important that the&#13;
nutritional constituents be accurately balanced in order to attain optimum dressing percentage, carcass yield and meat quality&#13;
properties. Feed resources of every description have been fed for&#13;
their nutritional value with different responses on their influence&#13;
on carcass parameters and meat quality properties. Therefore,&#13;
there are conspicuous differences of ration formulas on their&#13;
impact on dressing percentage, carcass parameters, and meat&#13;
quality properties. A balanced dietary composition become&#13;
predictable critical component of which can impose a positive&#13;
influence on carcass traits and meat quality properties. In order to&#13;
get maximum response for carcass portions as a result of&#13;
prescribed nutritional regime, animal should be slaughtered at an&#13;
appropriate age and weight, and also sex to slaughter might need&#13;
to be considered. The present review gives an insight of the&#13;
impact of nutrition on dressing percentage, carcass characteristics&#13;
and meat quality properties in goats and sheep.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="633">
                <text>Scientific Journal of Zoology</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2020</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>MALE CIRCUMCISION AND RISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIOR IN ZIMBABWE: EVIDENCE FROM&#13;
THE 2010-11 ZIMBABWE DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY&#13;
</text>
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                <text>STEPHEN MUTUNGWE&#13;
&#13;
</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="625">
                <text> CULVER MVUMI&#13;
</text>
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                <text>SEKAI ANNASTASIA MANYIWO</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>In 2009, Zimbabwe adopted voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) as an additional method of HIV&#13;
prevention. The promotion of VMMC has raised a major concern that it might lead to an increase in high-risk&#13;
sexual behavior, a phenomenon known as risk compensation or behavioral disinhibition. This study sought to&#13;
test whether circumcised men in Zimbabwe are more likely to have engaged in risky sexual behavior. The&#13;
study used data collected from 7,480 men age 15-54 who were interviewed during the 2010-11 Zimbabwe&#13;
Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS). Logistic regression was used to assess the association between&#13;
circumcision and risky sexual behaviors. The study found no statistically significant association between male&#13;
circumcision and risky sexual behavior. These results suggest a need to continue monitoring the relationships&#13;
between ongoing VMCC campaigns and men’s risky sexual behavior. Information dissemination on VMMC&#13;
should emphasize caution in messages promoting medical male circumcision to avoid giving the impression&#13;
that it provides immunity against HIV</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>African Population Studies</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="629">
                <text>2014</text>
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        <name>HIV prevention</name>
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        <name>risky sexual behavior</name>
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        <name>voluntary medical male circumcision</name>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF CONSERVATION&#13;
AGRICULTURE ON MAIZE YIELD IN&#13;
NYAKATSAPA, MUTASA DISTRICT, MANICALAND&#13;
PROVINCE: IMPLICATIONS ON EXTENSION&#13;
ADVICE TO FARMERS IN PROMOTING THE&#13;
AGRICULTURE&#13;
</text>
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                <text>CULVER MVUMI</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="613">
                <text>he study assessed the effects of conservation agriculture on maize yield in&#13;
Nyakatsapa, Mutasa district. 20 ca farmers, 20 farmers doing conventional farming&#13;
system and area AEW were used as research subjects in 2011/2012 farming season.&#13;
Questionnaires and interviews were used as research instruments. Mean yields&#13;
under ca and conventional tillage were compared and analysed using ‘Z’ statistical&#13;
test at 0.025level of significance. Results showed that maize mean yield from ca&#13;
was significantly higher than the mean yield from conventional system. Hectare of&#13;
all ca farmers increased from 40.5ha in 2009/2010 to 100ha in 2011/2012 season.&#13;
Yield in 2009/2010 was 1 t/ha but rose to 2.3t/ha by 2011/2012 season. Agritex, ZFU&#13;
and NGO provided extension service to Nyakatsapa ca farmers. Agritex provided&#13;
every type of extension. ZFU and NGO did not conduct any field days on ca.&#13;
Extension records revealed that (15/20) was attendance on field days and (19/20) on&#13;
field demonstrations. Results revealed that fertilizer and seed were the main inputs&#13;
given. The study therefore, recommends that farmers in Nyakatsapa use&#13;
conservation agriculture which produces higher yields than conventional system&#13;
in maize production. Soil, nutrients and moisture are conserved.</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="614">
                <text>Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2013</text>
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        <name>Conservation agriculture</name>
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        <name>conventional agriculture</name>
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        <name>extension</name>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>COMPARISON OF GROWTH AND YIELD ADAPTABILITY INDICATORS&#13;
OF TWO MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) CULTIVARS UNDER PLANTING&#13;
BASIN TECHNIQUE IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>STEPHEN MUTUNGWE&#13;
 </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="606">
                <text>CULVER MVUMI&#13;
&#13;
</text>
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                <text>SEKAI ANNASTASIA MANYIWO</text>
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                <text>Vol. 16(1), pp. 51-57, 4 January 2017&#13;
DOI: 10.5897/AJB2015.15134&#13;
Article Number: 34843B162248&#13;
ISSN 1684-5315&#13;
Copyright © 2017&#13;
Author(s) retain the copyright of this article&#13;
http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB&#13;
African Journal of Biotechnology&#13;
Full Length Research Paper&#13;
Comparison of growth and yield adaptability indicators&#13;
of two maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars under planting&#13;
basin technique in Zimbabwe&#13;
Stephen Mutungwe1* Culver Mvumi1 and Sekai Annastasia Manyiwo2&#13;
1Zimbabwe Open University, Faculty of Agriculture, Stand No. 992 C Avenue, Mutare, Zimbabwe.&#13;
2Chinhoyi University of Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Technology, Private Bag 7724, Zimbabwe.&#13;
Received 30 November, 2015; Accepted 27 October, 2016&#13;
In eastern semi-arid Zimbabwe, planting basins are mostly used to boost maize yields, but still low&#13;
yields are often obtained due to poor choices of varieties to grow . A comparative study of growth and&#13;
yield of the only two locally and commonly grown Pioneer cultivars (P2859W and PHB3253) under&#13;
planting basin technique (PBT) was carried out to determine a more adaptable cultivar in Guhune,&#13;
eastern Zimbabwe (NR IV). The study was done in 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 growing seasons. An&#13;
experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), with the two cultivars, each&#13;
replicated four times. Yield, leaf length and plant height were measured and averaged. Results showed&#13;
that PHB3253 had growth of 75.2 cm after measuring at 2 weeks interval for 10 weeks. Its growth was&#13;
significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in terms of plant height than P2859W. Leaf length of P2859W was not&#13;
significantly (p&gt;0.05) greater than PHB3253. Grain yield of PHB3253 (35.1 kg) was significantly (p&lt;0.05)&#13;
greater than that of P2859W (26.6 kg). PHB 3253 is therefore more adaptable to semi-arid conditions&#13;
under basin technique as signified by its higher growth and yield than P2859W. It is therefore&#13;
recommended that farmers who use planting basins in semi-arid areas for growing short season maize&#13;
cultivars (P2859W and PHB3253) should opt for PHB3253 for better productivity.</text>
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                <text>African Journal of Biotechnology</text>
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                <text>2017</text>
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        <name>Adaptation</name>
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        <name>Early maturing cultivars</name>
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        <name>PHB3253 and P2859W performance</name>
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                <text>SOYA BEAN &amp; MAIZE VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="600">
                <text> GIDEON CHIUKIRA</text>
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                <text>SANDRA JURU</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>The purpose of the presentation is to highlight and recommend promising agricultural chains that&#13;
can be developed to give meaningful economic benefits to small holder farmers. This will be&#13;
anchored on sustainable partnership with the private sector. This paper will aim to analyze and&#13;
assess the leading agriculture value chains which can be done in partnership with NGOs.This&#13;
will act as guide to government in formulation of policies that would facilitate the springing up&#13;
of small holder based viable value chains, which can have potential to yield increased&#13;
production, incomes and employment through enhanced participation and involvement of small&#13;
holder farmers. The value chains study includes maize, dairy and soya beans. The data was&#13;
collected through desk review and interviews with the small holder farmers and stakeholders in&#13;
value chains additions. Value chains addition is the way to go if the Land Reform is to record&#13;
resounding successes for the small holder farmer.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="603">
                <text>Agriculture Value Chain Analysis </text>
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        <name>agricultural analysis</name>
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        <name>maize</name>
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        <name>soya beans</name>
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        <name>value chain</name>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="590">
                <text>EFFECT OF MORINGA EXTRACT ON GROWTH AND&#13;
YIELD OF MAIZE AND COMMON BEANS&#13;
</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="591">
                <text>CULVER MVUMI</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="592">
                <text>FANUEL TAGWIRA </text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="593">
                <text>ALBERT ZVENHAMO CHITEKA&#13;
</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="594">
                <text>An evaluation on the potential benefit of using Moringa oleifera leaf extract as a&#13;
growth hormone on common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and maize (Zea mays)&#13;
was done. Trials were carried out in the greenhouse and field. In the greenhouse,&#13;
five treatments were used: control (M0, only water applied), second control (ME,&#13;
only ethanol applied), moringa extract (in 80% ethanol) applied (on leaves) once at&#13;
2 weeks from emergence (M1), moringa extract applied at 2 and 4 weeks from&#13;
emergence (M2), and moringa extract applied every 2 weeks to maturity from two&#13;
weeks from germination (M3). The same treatments were adopted in the field&#13;
except ME, which was considered unnecessary after observing the results of the&#13;
greenhouse experiment. Results showed that moringa extract increased growth&#13;
and yield of beans in both greenhouse and field, and of maize in the field. However,&#13;
the extract showed no significant effect on DM yield, root DM or plant height of&#13;
maize in the greenhouse. The highest DM and root weight, height and crop yields&#13;
in greenhouse and field experiments for beans, and for maize in the field only, were&#13;
obtained at M3. The study recommends the application of extract at M3</text>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="595">
                <text>Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="596">
                <text>2013</text>
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        <name>common beans</name>
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        <name>growth hormone</name>
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        <name>maize</name>
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        <name>Moringa oleifera leaf extract</name>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="586">
                <text>SIGNIFICANCE OF LITTER SIZE, DURATION OF DRY PERIOD AND STAGE OF PREGNACY ON&#13;
MILK YIELD AND COMPOSITION IN DAIRY ANIMALS&#13;
&#13;
</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="587">
                <text>ASSAN, N</text>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="588">
                <text>Scientific Journal of Review</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="589">
                <text>2014</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="597">
                <text>The factors influencing the amount and composition of&#13;
produced milk can be divided into two groups, namely internal&#13;
and external factors. This is very important to remember when&#13;
evaluating the milk quality and in the improvement of milk yield&#13;
and composition in a dairy enterprise. Of the external factors it&#13;
is possible to mention a few, litter size, duration of dry period&#13;
and stage of pregnancy. The present discussion explores the&#13;
significance of litter size, duration of dry period and pregnancy&#13;
on milk yield and composition in dairy production. In goats and&#13;
sheep dams bearing twins or triplets had higher milk yield than&#13;
single bearing dams, and this significant increase in milk&#13;
production in these dams that carried twins and triplets was&#13;
followed by an increase in lactation length. Due to the amount&#13;
of milk animal produce, the drying-off process is often more&#13;
complicated for dairy animals (cattle, goats and some sheep).&#13;
However, this period is essential to enables dams to regain the&#13;
body condition needed to support the subsequent pregnancy&#13;
and lactation. The majority of dairy animals dry off&#13;
spontaneously because of the aforementioned natural decrease&#13;
in daily milk production. The length of dry period influences&#13;
milk production in the subsquent lactation, with shortening of&#13;
the dry period showing a markedly negative effect on milk&#13;
performance of dams. Lactating animals should have an opportunity to rest and regenerate mammary tissue between&#13;
lactations. For optimal dairy animal performance in the next&#13;
lactation, lactating animals should have an opportunity to rest&#13;
and regenerate mammary tissue between lactations. The&#13;
amount of produced milk and its composition are influenced by&#13;
the stage of pregnancy, in the first half of pregnancy it is not&#13;
possible to observe any pronounced changes while in the&#13;
second stage of pregnancy can observe a gradual decrease in&#13;
milk production as well as an imcrease in levels of individual&#13;
milk components. During pregnancy and the first few days&#13;
postpartum, milk supply is hormonally driven – this is called the&#13;
endocrine control system. This implies that in the course of&#13;
lactation, changes in milk production are caused by changes in&#13;
activities of the endocrine system that are caused by hormones&#13;
sectreted by pitiutary gland (hypophysis cerebi) and placenta.&#13;
During the latter part of pregnancy, the mammary gland is&#13;
making colostrum, but high levels of progesterone inhibit milk&#13;
secretion resulting reduced milk yield. Progesterone influences&#13;
the growth in size of alveoli and lobes; high levels of&#13;
progesterone inhibit lactation before birth. Progesterone levels&#13;
drop after birth; this triggers the onset of copious milk&#13;
production. Estrogen stimulates the milk duct system to grow&#13;
and differentiate. Like progesterone, high levels of estrogen&#13;
also inhibit lactation, while the hormone prolactin must be&#13;
present for milk synthesis to occur.</text>
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        <name>dry period pregnancy</name>
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        <name>Goat</name>
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        <name>litter size</name>
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        <name>milk production</name>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="578">
                <text>DETERMINATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF SINIGRIN GLUCOSINOLATES IN ALTERNARIA&#13;
SOLANI SUSCEPTIBLE TOMATO ( SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM ) LEAVES TREATED WITH&#13;
MORINGA ( MORINGA OLEIFERA ) LEAF E…&#13;
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="579">
                <text>CULVER MVUMI&#13;
</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="580">
                <text>ELIZABETH NGADZE&#13;
</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="581">
                <text>DIANA MARAIS</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="582">
                <text>ELSA S. DUTOIT &#13;
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              <elementText elementTextId="583">
                <text>JAMESON KUGARA&#13;
</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="584">
                <text>Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2018</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="598">
                <text>The study investigates the presence and quantity of anti-&#13;
microbial sinigrin glucosinolates in tomato leaves after&#13;
spraying them with moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract&#13;
(MLAE). Moringa concentrates (0.5, 0.75, 1.00 and 1.5 kg L�1&#13;
(w v�1&#13;
)) were prepared. Distilled water was the control.&#13;
Sampled tomato leaves were air-dried, freeze-dried and&#13;
extracted firstly using pure methanol in a hot water bath&#13;
and then pellet re-extracted using 5 mL of hot aqueous&#13;
methanol (70% v v�1 ). An ion exchange column, and sul-&#13;
phatase was used to achieve glucosiodesulphonation. High&#13;
performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed&#13;
in the identification and quantitative analysis of the sinigrin&#13;
glucosinolates. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaves&#13;
treated with MLAE revealed highly significant (p &lt; .001) con-&#13;
tent of sinigrin glucosinolates. The sinigrin standard and the&#13;
desulphated sinigrin glucosinolates had a 7 s retention time&#13;
difference; 5 kg L�1 (w v�1&#13;
) resulted in a superior amount of&#13;
sinigrin in tomato leaves as compared to all the other MLAE&#13;
concentrations. The study reveals that spraying MLAE on&#13;
putatively diseased tomato leaves donates specific quantifi-&#13;
able glucosinolates like sinigrin, which may be involved in&#13;
defense against tomato diseases and, hence, recommends&#13;
use of 5 kg L�1 (w v�1&#13;
) for the highest sinigrin defense tag.</text>
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        <name>desulphated sinigrin glucosinolate</name>
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        <name>high performance liquid chromatography</name>
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        <name>Moringa oleifera leaf extract</name>
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                <text>MOBILE MONEY IN ZIMBABWE: INTEGRATING MOBILE&#13;
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INFRASTRUCTURE AND PROCESSES&#13;
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                <text>The emergence of mobile money in Zimbabwe has proved very popular as organisations across sectors&#13;
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research, seeks to establish whether and how the organisations involved meet the operational&#13;
integration component of the strategic alignment model. Specifically operational fit between&#13;
organisational and mobile infrastructure and processes through determining mobile money&#13;
infrastructure and processes and the associated organisational infrastructure and processes within a&#13;
mobile money ecosystem. The research established that a number of institutions have tried to redesign&#13;
and repackage the product, but not all were successful. The failure was attributed to improper alignment&#13;
between the available technologies and organisational processes and infrastructure. The research&#13;
further exposes that operationally integrated organisations ensures that alignment components&#13;
involved are adequate and well reinforced through adequate governance structures, however skills&#13;
does not necessarily have to be adequate but must be present.</text>
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        <name>Mobile money</name>
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                <text>MAIZE-COWPEA INTERCROPPING AND WEED&#13;
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                <text> R.D. KATSARUWARE&#13;
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                <text>A study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of cowpea (Vigna anguiculata) varieties&#13;
for maize-cowpea intercropping in leaf stripped and detasselled maize at the University&#13;
of Zimbabwe Farm during the 2005/6 cropping season. A Randomized Complete Block&#13;
Design (RCBD 4*3*2 factorial experimental design was adopted. Three factors that&#13;
included cowpea variety, cropping system and detasselling/leaf stripping were used for&#13;
the design. Trailing and climbing varieties invested more dry matter to vegetative growth&#13;
than the new upright bushy cultivars that invested most of their dry matter in grain yield.&#13;
Leafstripping and detasselling significantly increased cowpea grain and maize yields.&#13;
Sole cowpea grain yield was significantly higher than grain yield from their respective&#13;
intercrops. Weed density significantly (P&lt;0.01) decreased at 6 weeks after crop&#13;
emergence (WACE and at maize physiological maturity (PM), and biomass decreased at&#13;
6 (WACE) and maize (PM) respectively. Weed density was reduced in the intercrops&#13;
when maize was intercropped with CBC3, BEB and L. Landrace. In contrast R.ex-Mbare&#13;
was not effective in suppressing weeds when intercropped with maize. Leafstripping and&#13;
detasselling maize at anthesis can be used by smallholder farmers to increase the&#13;
productivity of maize and cowpea</text>
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                <text>ZIMBABWEAN DIABETICS' BELIEFS ABOUT HEALTH AND&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>OBSTACLES TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE HIV/AIDS CURRICULUM IN&#13;
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                <text>The aim of this present study was to investigate constraints faced by secondary school teachers&#13;
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of Zimbabwe. Specifically, it focused on HIV/AIDS content, evaluation of the subject, teacher&#13;
qualifications, availability of resources, methodology as well as syllabus interpretation. The&#13;
quantitative methodology was used and the descriptive survey design employed. The population&#13;
consisted of all the 840 secondary school teachers in the district. Random sampling was used to&#13;
select the 200 respondents. Data were collected using a questionnaire. The study revealed that&#13;
teachers were finding it very difficult to discuss sex related issues with children. The study also&#13;
revealed that teachers lacked the knowledge and confidence to teach HIV/AIDS education. The&#13;
study recommends that teachers should be given proper training in the teaching of HIV/AIDS&#13;
education. There is also need for teachers to be provided with relevant and adequate resources to&#13;
effectively guide pupils on this subject</text>
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                <text>IJRDO-Journal of Educational Research</text>
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                <text>STUDENT INVOLVEMENT IN ENHANCING STUDENT, RETENTION,&#13;
PERSISTENCE AND SUCCESS IN OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING&#13;
AT ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY&#13;
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                <text>STEPHEN MWENJE &#13;
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                <text>RITTAH KASOWE&#13;
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                <text>The study sought to establish how student involvement could enhance student retention, persistence and&#13;
success in Open and Distance Learning at Zimbabwe Open University for it to become a world class&#13;
university. Open and Distance Learning (ODL) systems in Sub-Saharan Africa institutions are grappling with&#13;
fiscal challenges of low state funding and low student numbers against a background of increasing&#13;
proliferation. African ODL systems are pursuing world class visions to effectively determine and monitor&#13;
variables that affect student retention, persistence and success. With Open and Distance Learning, students&#13;
are now being considered as the largest stakeholders. Investing time and money in learning, Open and&#13;
Distance Learning institutions ought to orient partnerships to retain their students throughout the course of&#13;
their learning. This research sought to find out how student persistence and success in Open and Distance&#13;
Learning could be enhanced through customer feedback approaches at the Zimbabwe Open University. The&#13;
case study survey design was used to gather data from randomly selected forty final year students and ten&#13;
alumni members. The interview and the questionnaire were used as data collection instruments. The study&#13;
established that assignments contribute much to students’ persistence and success to learning, hence the&#13;
commenting need to be thorough. Tutorial sessions were found to be theoretically based and lacking&#13;
practical activities, and some concepts in modules were viewed difficult to be conceptualized by students.&#13;
Academic advisory services being given to students were enhancing learning; however, they lacked the&#13;
social aspects.</text>
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                <text>African Educational Research Journal</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2013</text>
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        <name>distance learning.</name>
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        <name>student involvement</name>
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        <name>student persistence</name>
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        <name>Student retention</name>
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                <text>BUILDING SUSTAINABLE EDUCATION FUTURES FOR THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN SUB-CONTINENT</text>
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                <text>RITTAH KASOWE </text>
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                <text>An assessment of effects of gender on affective organizational commitment of teachers in Zimbabwe.&#13;
In Zimbabwe there has been an outcry on poor performance of students at all levels. It has been noted&#13;
that yearly students’ O level percentage pass rate has declined up to 19.5 % in 2011 to 18.4% in&#13;
2012. This has raised concern amongst the stakeholders. Previously low performance has been&#13;
attributed to inadequacy of resources and poor remuneration. In 2009 the Ministry of Education Art&#13;
Sports and Culture introduced incentives to lure the teachers so that they help the majority of&#13;
people in the country until the employer had adequate funds to cushion teachers’ salaries. In 2010 -&#13;
2011 primary schools were given books and sports kits by the UNICEF under the ETF programme&#13;
and secondary schools in 2012. However this has not made a positive impact on pupil performance.&#13;
Most of the blame has been put on teachers’ affective commitment to their work. Considering that the&#13;
majority of teachers are females, the main question is whether gender is related to affective&#13;
organizational commitment of teachers’ performance in Zimbabwe? Employee affective commitment&#13;
is important because high levels of it leads to several favorable organizational outcomes. This is a&#13;
descriptive survey where data will be collected from stratified random sampled teachers using qu&#13;
estionnaires and interviews</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="534">
                <text>International Journal of Current Research&#13;
</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2013</text>
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        <name>Affective organizational commitment gender.</name>
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        <name>Organizational commitment</name>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>ENHANCING QUALITY OF UNIVERSITY E-LEARNING PROCESSES:&#13;
STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION IN A BLENDED LEARNING&#13;
ENVIRONMENT AT THE ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY (ZOU)&#13;
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>RITTAH KASOWE &#13;
&#13;
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                <text>STEPHEN MWENJE</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Increasing competition from transnational Universities has forced many Universities in Africa to provide (ODL)&#13;
through -learning technologies. In many cases E-learning is provided in partnerships with external providers or&#13;
exclusively as foreign online programmes. Such E-learning provisions are not indigenous to receiving students&#13;
as they are transplants from the source countries. However, universities in Africa have to become competitive&#13;
by improving the quality of their programmes through blending traditional systems with e -learning. Quality&#13;
enhancement of technology based teaching systems is a challenge especially to universities in the Sub-&#13;
Saharan Africa seeking to add E-learning to their traditional systems to attract and retain students. This study&#13;
seeks to explore stakeholder participation strategies that can be utilized to enhance the quality of blended&#13;
learning services at the Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU). A case study methodology was used to gather data&#13;
from a randomly selected ZOU Students and tutors from the University’s two of the ten regions. Questionnaires&#13;
and interviews were used as main data collection instruments. The findings of this study shall contribute to&#13;
theory and practice of university e-learning and quality enhancement</text>
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                <text>Prime Research on Education (PRE)</text>
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                <text>2013</text>
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        <name>e-learning</name>
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        <name>quality enhancement</name>
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        <name>Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU)</name>
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