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                <text>STRATEGIES AND APPROACHES TO SUSTAINABLE LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN SUB SAHARAN AFRICA</text>
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                <text>N. ASSAN </text>
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                <text>Livestock is a dominant agricultural activity in Sub Saharan&#13;
Africa, which is generally considered a key asset for most rural&#13;
population and contribute to the livelihoods and nutrition of purely&#13;
subsistence households. This discussion is a synthesis of possible&#13;
strategies to consider for sustaianble livestock production, focusing&#13;
on issues of climate change, gender, smallholder livestock support&#13;
and use of indigenous knowledge systems, and how these may&#13;
influence livestock production. There are many measures which&#13;
need to be explored with the aim of making the livestock systems&#13;
become driving forces of sustainable agricultural development. One&#13;
of the major factors responsible for the declining livestock&#13;
productivity in the region is the relegation to the background of the&#13;
contributions of women in the issues of livestock production. On the&#13;
other hand, climate change and variability is now widely regarded&#13;
as the most serious challenge facing Sub Saharan Africa, with&#13;
consequences that go far beyond the effects on the environment,&#13;
hence affecting most communities indiscriminately. Despite the&#13;
negative impact of climate change on livestock production and&#13;
biodiversity conservation, poor resources peasant famers are&#13;
incentivized to engage in these activities because of the wide&#13;
spectrum of benefits accrued, such as cash income, food, manure,&#13;
draft power and hauling services, savings and insurance, and social status and social capital. Since time immemmorial, indigenous&#13;
livestock knowledge systems have been used in smallholder livestock&#13;
farming sector, while strengthening livestock productivity. These are&#13;
some of the key aspects in promoting livestock development,&#13;
through economically and socially empowering local communities,&#13;
and consequently providing a way to enable rural communities to&#13;
break the cycle of poverty. In this discussion, some of the strategic&#13;
steps that can be adopted for future sustainable livestock&#13;
production, include and not limited to the following: promotion of&#13;
gender equality and equity in livestock production systems in terms&#13;
of equal access to livestock productive resources, boosting climate&#13;
change mitigation startegies, and empowering women in livestock&#13;
production decision making.</text>
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                <text>Scientific Journal of Animal Science</text>
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                <text>2014</text>
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        <name>Climate change</name>
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        <name>Gender</name>
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        <name>Livestock production</name>
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                <text>STRATEGIES FOR DAILY SURVIVAL: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL CAPITAL AMONG STREET VENDORS OF HARARE METROPOLITAN&#13;
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                <text>TAVONGA NYAYA </text>
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                <text>The study investigated the role of social capital among street vendors of Harare Metropolitan. The&#13;
investigation relied extensively on qualitative research because we wanted to get an in-depth understanding of&#13;
the uses of social networks as daily survival tools for street vendors in the face of increased marginalisation.&#13;
Observations, interviews and reviews of documents were used to collect data on the daily life, the problems&#13;
faced by street vendors and problem-solving strategies. More specifically, in-depth interviews were conducted&#13;
with twelve individual street vendors; one focus group session with six street vendors and three detailed&#13;
interviews with key informants. The high influx of street vendors was due in part to low barriers of entry which&#13;
enabled cash-poor segments of the population to make a living without a heavy financial capital outlay. But&#13;
street vending also thrived because transactions required social capital, an asset which most vendors were&#13;
endowed with. In this regard, the study found that social capital was an important variable in the livelihood&#13;
provision of street vendors. Social capital was one of the many resources and was used in combination with&#13;
them in survival strategies. Street vendors benefitted from their social capital on three levels: personal,&#13;
suppliers and buyer relations and being members of social organisations including political parties. The main&#13;
goal of the street vendors was to expand their business and revenue in order to improve their livelihoods.&#13;
Surprisingly, the goals of the vendors were not situated in the realm of entering the formal sector. Instead, they&#13;
longed to enter the formal economy as workers and not as entrepreneurs. Macroeconomic stability and an&#13;
effective regulatory framework of the informal sector are required in Zimbabwe to assist in poverty reduction</text>
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                <text>IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)</text>
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                <text>2015</text>
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                <text>STRATEGIES FOR THE PROPAGATION OF MICRO-CREDENTIALS IN THE ECONOMY OF&#13;
ZIMBABWE BY INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION/LEARNING AND TRAINING&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>CAXTON SHONHIWA</text>
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                <text>The study sought to recommend appropriate strategies for the propagation of micro-credentials that would positively influence economic growth using micro-credentials to provide knowledge and skills training. The thrust was to establish the state of micro-credentials in Zimbabwe and how they could be implemented to advantage. An interpretivist philosophy informed the choice of a qualitative paradigm and a case study design. Two institutions of higher learning and training were selected and, from each institution a team of six was purposively selected because of their superior knowledge in the matters of university business. A series of in-depth interviews was held to elicit the requisite information until a point of saturation was reached. The findings indicated that Zimbabwe and most African nations, needed to speed up the process of adopting and implementing micro-credentials. The strategies they could utilise included the use of online courses already accredited to kick-start the offering of micro-credentials, the creation and upholding regulations that catalysed the provision of micro-credentials, and the opening of identified opportunities to adopt and use micro- credentials. The study ended with a recommendation to use an ACQF-II (2024) produced Handbook on Micro-credentials in Africa as resource material and a conclusion.</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe Journal of Business, Economics and Management</text>
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                <text>2025</text>
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                <text>STRATEGIES OF DEVELOPING CONFLICT RESOLUTION SKILLS&#13;
FOR ENHANCING TEACHING, LEARNING AND PEACE IN&#13;
ZIMBABWEAN PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN THE MIDLANDS&#13;
PROVINCE: A CASE STUDY OF GWERU AND SHURUGWI&#13;
DISTRICTS.&#13;
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                <text>THONDHLANA SAIDEN</text>
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                <text>The main objective of the study was to establish the extent to which the development of&#13;
Conflict Resolution Skills was being fostered in the Gweru and Shurugwi District Primary&#13;
Schools. The study was triggered by the observed conflict among teachers and students and&#13;
there appeared a need for conflict resolution skills development among primary school&#13;
leadership, teachers and children in the districts under study. Indicators showed that teachers&#13;
and school heads needed training in conflictresolution, there was lack of acomprehensive&#13;
conflict resolution programme in primary schools. Religion and culture appeared to play a&#13;
divisive role in conflict resolution. Therefore, the purpose of this study wasto find out the&#13;
extent to which conflict resolution skills development was being fostered in primary schools.&#13;
The study was grounded in interpretive paradigm and used a case study design to understand&#13;
the phenomenon. Documentary analysis, open ended questionnaires, focus group and in-depth&#13;
interviews were used to collect data. The purposive sampling and snowballing techniques&#13;
were used to identify participants who included 30 school heads, 227 teachers, 180 children, 2&#13;
district education officers, 2 conflict resolution experts, 20 student teachers and 3 teachers’&#13;
college lecturers. The study was underpinned in the strategies of conflict resolution skills&#13;
development theories. The theories advocated for the use of strategies such as establishing a&#13;
cooperative context, negotiation, peer mediation, arbitration, use of the curriculum, academic&#13;
controversy, whole school cultural change, cultural exploration, use of a religious framework&#13;
and resorting to multiculturalism and inter-faithism. The objective was to come up with a&#13;
comprehensive conflict resolution programme that would enhance learning, teaching and&#13;
peace Findings revealed that most of the syllabuses contained aspects of conflict resolution&#13;
skills development except for human rights, multiculturalism and gender education.&#13;
Management practices were bureaucratic and dictatorial, the teachers’ colleges had material&#13;
which was quite relevant but it left out information on mediation and academic controversy.&#13;
Another finding showed that culture and religion played a divisive role and school structures&#13;
showed reduced ability for supporting the development of conflict resolution skills. The study&#13;
concluded that; religion and culture are playing a divisive role, there is little existence of a&#13;
culture ofconflict resolution in classroom manangement and management practices, there are&#13;
various types of conflicts occurring in the primary schools like inter-personal and inter-group,&#13;
assessment leaves a lot to be desired and teacher’s colleges have made concerted efforts to&#13;
address conflict resolution since 2010. In view of the above findings, it is recommended that&#13;
workshops related to the development of conflict resolution skills should be mounted among&#13;
teachers, leadership and pupils, ministry of education provide schools with guidelines on&#13;
conflict resolution, non – examinable subjects to be taught, cluster to pool resourvces together&#13;
and heads and education officers should guide teachers on the implementation of the&#13;
curriculum with emphasis onconflict resolution.</text>
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                <text>STRATEGY AND QUALITY ASSURANCE AT THE ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY</text>
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                <text>DR PRIMROSE KURASHA&#13;
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                <text>Zimbabwe International Journal of Open &amp; Distance Learning</text>
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                <text>STRATEGY FOR A SUSTAINED QUALITY DELIVERY MODE OF ODL PROGRAMMES FOR&#13;
MASSIVE ENROLLMENTS AND E-LEARNING: THE CASE FOR ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>GABRIEL KABANDA</text>
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                <text>The market dynamics in distance education has precipitated phenomenal growth opportunities in enrollments and&#13;
e-learning. The purpose of the paper was to develop a strategy for sustained quality delivery mode of distance&#13;
education progammes that precipitate massive enrollments and e-learning in an open and distance learning (ODL)&#13;
institution using Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU) as a case study. There is an increase in public accountability for&#13;
higher education which compels institutions to demonstrate quality within the programmes and processes, including&#13;
those provided online. The strategy for massive enrollments and e-learning is developed and this includes a mobile&#13;
strategy and mobile web framework. How the landscape of quality assurance has been changed by the emergence of&#13;
MOOCs is discussed. The methodology used is qualitative and focus groups were used as research designs in the case&#13;
study of Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU). Triangulation and peer review was used to test the validity of the&#13;
data. Strategic directions were developed to inform the new key result areas, goals, objectives, strategies and priorities&#13;
for the university for the period 2015-2020</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Higher Education</text>
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        <name>Quality assurance</name>
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                <text>STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELLING OF UBIQUITOUS LEARNING AT ZIMBABWEAN SCHOOLS&#13;
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                <text>GABRIEL KABANDA </text>
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                <text>The study tested the application of structural&#13;
equation modelling (SEM) to ubiquitous learning of selected&#13;
Zimbabwean schools. The purpose of this study was to explore&#13;
the effect of diffusion factors toward ubiquitous learning in&#13;
Zimbabwe. The main hypothesis being tested was: “ ICT&#13;
facilities have a positive effect on the diffusion and adoption of&#13;
ubiquitous learning in Zimbabwean schools”. Three models&#13;
fundamental to SEM are confirmatory analysis, causal modes&#13;
and measurement models. A good model is parsimonious,&#13;
theoretically justifiable and reproduces the underlying&#13;
correlation matrix based on the constraints imposed. The&#13;
methodology used is quantitative where the research design is&#13;
a survey method. The SEM is a comprehensive&#13;
methodological approach that allows the analysis of the&#13;
relationships between observed variables and unobserved/&#13;
latent factors. A questionnaire and a scale were administered&#13;
to heads of computer studies to 15 selected Zimbabwean&#13;
schools in May 2012.&#13;
The successful Presidential E-learning programme is the&#13;
national beacon, vision and national policy direction that&#13;
should be pursued by all schools, colleges and universities in&#13;
Zimbabwe. All the schools surveyed were aware of the&#13;
Presidential e-learning programme. However, the adoption&#13;
and diffusion of the national e-learning programme exhibited&#13;
disintegrated efforts in implementation of computerization&#13;
projects, marginally high digital divide, cyber-bullying among&#13;
school pupils, inadequate cyber-security technical measures, a&#13;
huge appetite for computer training, computer literacy rate&#13;
for teachers ranging from 5% to 80% in some of the schools,&#13;
little evidence of integration of e-learning into the school&#13;
curricula, and shocking levels of inadequate networked&#13;
computing facilities</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering</text>
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        <name>m-learning</name>
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        <name>SEM</name>
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        <name>Structural Equation Modelling</name>
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        <name>ubiquitous learning</name>
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                <text>STUDENT INVOLVEMENT IN ENHANCING STUDENT, RETENTION,&#13;
PERSISTENCE AND SUCCESS IN OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING&#13;
AT ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY&#13;
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                <text>STEPHEN MWENJE &#13;
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                <text>RITTAH KASOWE&#13;
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                <text>The study sought to establish how student involvement could enhance student retention, persistence and&#13;
success in Open and Distance Learning at Zimbabwe Open University for it to become a world class&#13;
university. Open and Distance Learning (ODL) systems in Sub-Saharan Africa institutions are grappling with&#13;
fiscal challenges of low state funding and low student numbers against a background of increasing&#13;
proliferation. African ODL systems are pursuing world class visions to effectively determine and monitor&#13;
variables that affect student retention, persistence and success. With Open and Distance Learning, students&#13;
are now being considered as the largest stakeholders. Investing time and money in learning, Open and&#13;
Distance Learning institutions ought to orient partnerships to retain their students throughout the course of&#13;
their learning. This research sought to find out how student persistence and success in Open and Distance&#13;
Learning could be enhanced through customer feedback approaches at the Zimbabwe Open University. The&#13;
case study survey design was used to gather data from randomly selected forty final year students and ten&#13;
alumni members. The interview and the questionnaire were used as data collection instruments. The study&#13;
established that assignments contribute much to students’ persistence and success to learning, hence the&#13;
commenting need to be thorough. Tutorial sessions were found to be theoretically based and lacking&#13;
practical activities, and some concepts in modules were viewed difficult to be conceptualized by students.&#13;
Academic advisory services being given to students were enhancing learning; however, they lacked the&#13;
social aspects.</text>
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                <text>African Educational Research Journal</text>
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        <name>student persistence</name>
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                <text>STUDENT PERCEPTIONS OF SERVICE DELIVERY AT THE ZIMBABWE OPEN&#13;
UNIVERSITY: MASVINGO REGIONAL CAMPUS&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>R.A. CHABAYA</text>
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                <text> P. CHADAMOYO </text>
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                <text>This study investigated students’ perceptions on service delivery at the Zimbabwe Open&#13;
University Masvingo Regional Campus. The study employed the qualitative descriptive&#13;
survey design. It generated qualitative data using a questionnaire with open and closed items.&#13;
A sample of 92 students was selected from a population of 1500 returning students using the&#13;
stratified random sampling technique. Data was presented in simple frequency tables and&#13;
analysed thematically. The study found out that students were satisfied with the examination&#13;
management, fees payment structure, module distribution, enquiries, student tutor relationship&#13;
and academic advisement. They expressed dissatisfaction with registration process,&#13;
tutorials, library services, assignment management, overcrowded offices and communication. The&#13;
study recommended that urgent steps must be taken by the university to expedite the registration&#13;
process, provide on line services, expand library, train staff in customer care and mobilise resources&#13;
that adequately support the growing student population. Further research can be done in customer&#13;
care and assignment management</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe International Journal of Open &amp; Distance Learning</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>STUDENT RETENTION AS A FUNCTION OF THE QUALITY OF LEARNER SUPPORT IN OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING: STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS AT THE ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY&#13;
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                <text>DAVID CHAKUCHICHI</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Student retention is critically linked to the quality of service in open and distance learning (odl).&#13;
Peterson (1997) points out that students will form favourable perceptions regarding the quality of&#13;
their experience and decide to persist. Student retention could therefore be viewed as a function&#13;
of the learners’ perception of the quality of service and support. Low student retention rates have&#13;
a negative impact on the perception of the institution. It is, therefore, pertinent to enhance the&#13;
student retention rate in odl. The study used tinto’s model of student retention as a theoretical&#13;
base which underpins the need to satisfy students’ social and educational needs in order to retain&#13;
them. The study is a descriptive survey utilising multistage purposive sampling in order to include&#13;
students across faculties and regions. The questionnaire and in-depth interviews were the meth-&#13;
ods of data collection. The results indicated that, student retention was affected by a fees’ prizing&#13;
policy that did not take into consideration the students’ ability to pay and lack of timely supply of&#13;
learning materials. It would appear that students’ retention as a function of the affordability fac-&#13;
tor, was affected by the negative macro-economic environment existent in zimbabwe at the time&#13;
of the study</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe International Journal of Open &amp; Distance Learning Volume</text>
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                <text>STUDENT’S SELF-SUSTAINABILITY IN OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING&#13;
&#13;
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          <element elementId="39">
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                <text>REGIS GUTUZA</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1122">
                <text>This study sought to establish the sources of student self-sustainability in Open and Distance&#13;
Learning. Literature review indicated that employees with higher academic qualifications were&#13;
highly remunerated and had higher prospects for promotion at their work place. (Thompson&#13;
1989 and Combs et al 1987). The descriptive survey method was used as it was considered&#13;
appropriate design where student’s perceptions were sought (Neuman 2000). Questionnaires&#13;
were used to collect data from a sample of eighty (80) students who were attending tutorials at&#13;
Mutare Teachers’ College on 10-11 March 2007. The data presentation, analysis and interpretation&#13;
were done in tabular form. The overwhelming majority of the students indicated that they&#13;
were sustained by such factors as enhancement of social status, self actualization, nurturing&#13;
of self-discipline, opportunity for on-the–job skills training and increasing life-long earning&#13;
capacity, flexibility of the programs, among others. Consequent upon the study, student self&#13;
–sustainability were career orientation, self-actualization, desire for life-long learning, delivery&#13;
mode and the modular system. Among other recommendations were need for establishment&#13;
of district centers, re-introduction of radio broadcasts and full package at registration</text>
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                <text>Administrative law is the law relating to the administration of the State. Administration is the systematically detailed and&#13;
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                <text>Two dairy concentrates (ram press sunflower and sunflower heads) were formulated locally and&#13;
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concentrate. There were no significant differences in body condition and milk production responses by&#13;
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dairy concentrate but cheaply. More research is required to determine fermentation patterns, rumen microbial&#13;
protein synthesis, true intestinal digestibility and absorption of nutrients from sunflower-based diets at the&#13;
small intestines in crossbred dairy cows</text>
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                <text>The focus of the study is on how special education lecturers can support students from different cultures in authentic online assessments for improved real learning transfer at an ODeL institution in Zimbabwe. Authentic online assessment is the latest trend using different tools like electronic portfolios, to assess learners in real life scenarios which mimic the real world. Research has shown that students’ cultural background determines how the students define assessment and how they use Information, Communication Technologies (ICTs), which are major components of the assessment process. This poses problems to third world students as the instruments used are foreign in design. A qualitative approach using an online open-ended questionnaire, interview guide and a document analysis generates the data. The sample includes special education lecturers and their students with and without disabilities, those from rural and urban areas from different cultures in the country’s ten regional campus. The major finding is that culture influences authentic online assessments. Its recommendations are that lecturers support all students by designing and using culturally sensitive authentic assessments to enable transference of learning to their communities.</text>
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                <text>SUPPORT FOR VOLUNTARY MEDICAL MALE CIRCUMCISION (VMMC) FOR HIV PREVENTION AMONG MEN AND WOMEN IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text>ANTONY CHIKUTSA&#13;
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                <text>PRANITHA MAHARAJB</text>
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                <text>Background: Medical male circumcision was introduced in Zimbabwe in 2009 as an additional HIV&#13;
prevention method. This study sought to investigate support for the roll-out of voluntary medical male&#13;
circumcision (VMMC) and men’s willingness to get circumcised for HIV prevention.&#13;
Data and Methods: Data for this study was collected from a randomly selected sample of 681 men and&#13;
women in the age group 18-49 years in Harare, Zimbabwe. The obtained data was analysed using descriptive&#13;
statistics, bivariate and regression analysis.&#13;
Results and Conclusion: The results of the study suggest that knowledge and acceptability of VMMC is&#13;
high. However, despite the relatively high knowledge and acceptability of VMMC, less than half of the male&#13;
participants were willing to undergo circumcision for HIV prevention. The study concluded that there is an&#13;
apparent gap between knowledge and acceptability of VMMC and men’s willingness to undergo circumcision&#13;
for HIV prevention.</text>
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                <text>African Population Studies</text>
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                <text>2015</text>
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                <text>SUPPORT STRUCTURES FOR SMALL TO MEDIUM&#13;
ENTERPRISES AND THEIR POTENCY&#13;
IN EMPLOYMENT CREATION IN&#13;
GREATER MAPUTO&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>ALEN GEOFFREY SAWAYA</text>
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                <text>Small and Medium Enterprises are globally credited for creating employment especially for&#13;
the youth, and to an extent, contributing to the gross domestic product of nations.&#13;
Unemployment is a scourge in Mozambique and small and medium enterprises are seen as a&#13;
solution to this universal economic problem. The study sought to answer a fundamental&#13;
research question; first, whether or not the support structures from financial institutions,&#13;
government agencies, large firms and non-governmental organizations are sufficient for&#13;
sustainable development and growth of small and medium enterprises, and second, whether&#13;
small and medium enterprises that have received support, contribute to reducing&#13;
unemployment in Greater Maputo. The study adopted the quantitative approach employing&#13;
questionnaires as tools for data collection. The sample was chosen from the population of&#13;
small and medium enterprises in Maputo using stratified random sampling method. A total&#13;
of 550 respondents were selected from the seven administrative districts of Greater Maputo&#13;
and the interviews were conducted using the face to face method employing structured,&#13;
close ended questionnaires. The study found that support afforded to small and medium&#13;
enterprises was too little for the sustainable development of this important sector of the&#13;
economy. The major Achilles‘ heel among small and medium enterprises development was&#13;
not the lack of entrepreneurial drive, rather subdued competitiveness. The study&#13;
recommended that proactive steps be implemented to support small and medium enterprises&#13;
in Greater Maputo, especially manufacturing enterprises. Financial institutions, government&#13;
agencies, large firms and non-governmental organizations should take positive action to&#13;
supports especially start-up firms as they are the source of employment creation</text>
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                <text>ZOU</text>
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                <text>SYSTEMATIC CROSSBREEDING AND ITS IMPACT ON CARCASS PARAMETERS AND ASSOCIATED MEAT QUALITY PROPERTIES IN GOATS AND SHEEP&#13;
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                <text>NEVER ASSAN</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>The major focus of any commercial goat and sheep enterprise is to&#13;
maximize on carcass and meat production and obviously realizing&#13;
substantial gain in profits. In modern goat and sheep meat production,&#13;
crossbreeding has become an admissible and accelerated strategy to&#13;
produce carcasses that ensure the point of departure for leaner meat, in&#13;
addition to consumer acceptable carcass properties. It has become a&#13;
norm that genetic manipulation for desired carcass and meat quality in&#13;
small ruminants can be achieved through crossbreeding. There is&#13;
considerable individual, maternal and paternal heteroses for carcass and&#13;
meat quality properties in goat/ sheep crosses. In this regard, crossing of&#13;
genetic distant goat/sheep breeds fortifies the degree of manifestation of&#13;
carcass and meat quality performance results. In practice noticeable&#13;
commercial gains have been achieved in improving carcass and meat&#13;
quality properties through crossing indigenous and exotic goats’/sheep&#13;
breeds, especially in low input production systems. It should be noted&#13;
that the inconsistency on end results on the impact of crossbreeding on&#13;
carcass and meat quality parameters is due to various non-genetic factors&#13;
that are experienced in different production systems. Carcass and meat&#13;
value is influenced by a significant number of different factors where the&#13;
uttermost importance are genotype, nutrition, sex, age and weight at&#13;
slaughter and management. In this case, comparability of results of&#13;
crossbreeding on carcass and meat quality performance in different&#13;
production systems have been debatable and complicated, due to the&#13;
fact that in certain cases crossbred animals are slaughtered at the same age and varied sex, and/or different age and same sex, possibly differing&#13;
in weight at slaughter. The differentiated nutritional management in&#13;
extensive versus intensive production systems is critical in determining&#13;
the quality carcass and/or meat in crossbred goat and sheep. Consumers&#13;
have been the major prescribers of the intended form of carcass and&#13;
meat quality proponents’ world over, especially in developed countries.&#13;
In this regard crossbreeding has been strategically used to customise&#13;
meat production to the needs of various production systems, in terms of&#13;
carcass and meat attributes seem acceptable by different host markets&#13;
and consumers’ expectations. However, it has been acknowledged that&#13;
not necessarily every crossing is adapted for breeding to guarantee&#13;
comparable desired carcass and meat quality parameters, hence different&#13;
combination of two-breed and to a lesser extent three-breed crossing of&#13;
selected populations of goats and sheep have been used to carter for the needs of different production systems and markets. Against this&#13;
background, the application of any systematic crossbreeding strategy should take into account the appropriate breed combination by selecting right population to fulfill efficient goat/sheep meat production. Crossbreeding capitalize on genetic distance through utilizing superior&#13;
specialized maternal and paternal breeds/lines for the purpose of&#13;
maximizing their superiority, diluting their flaws for improved&#13;
performance in carcass and meat quality parameters. Basically,&#13;
crossbreeding is not one size fits all, in conformity with expanded genetic diversity of goat and sheep breeds and differential production systems, no one combination of specific breeds will work for multiple production systems. The purpose of the present review is to give an insight on the impact of crossbreeding on carcass and meat quality parameters in goats and sheep</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1372">
                <text>Scientific Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (2020) 9(7) 945-955</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1373">
                <text>2020</text>
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        <name>Carcass Meat</name>
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        <name>Crossbreeding</name>
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        <name>quality Goat</name>
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        <name>Sheep</name>
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      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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                <text>TEACHING PRACTICE SUPERVISION AND ASSESSMENT AS A QUALITY&#13;
ASSURANCE TOOL IN TEACHER TRAINING: PERCEPTIONS OF PROSPECTIVE&#13;
TEACHERS AT MASVINGO TEACHER TRAINING COLLEGES</text>
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                <text>ROSEMARY NGARA </text>
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                <text>RICHARD NGWARAI</text>
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                <text>RODGERS NGARA </text>
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                <text>eaching practice (T.P.) is a critical stage in the training of prospective teachers as it is a&#13;
process of producing a master teacher. There are many mechanisms that are put in place to&#13;
make T.P. a beneficial experience to trainee teachers and student supervision is a part of one of&#13;
such mechanisms. Supervision and assessment of the trainee teachers is done by the college and&#13;
mentors and members of the administration at the schools where students conduct their teaching&#13;
practice. There are, however, some problems associated with supervision. For instance,&#13;
supervisors give conflicting suggestions and sometimes supervision is ill-timed or delayed. A&#13;
survey was conducted in Masvingo urban schools to determine views of prospective teachers and&#13;
student teacher supervisors on the effectiveness of T.P supervision as a tool in quality assurance.&#13;
By and large, participants regarded supervision and assessment as an indispensable tool in&#13;
assuring quality in teacher training. Nevertheless, some variables were viewed as affecting the&#13;
effectiveness of supervision. Among them were delays in supervision, supervision being far-&#13;
spaced from each other, little or no dialogue and lack of consensus on the part of supervisors in&#13;
dealing with similar issues. Among other things, the study recommended the running of&#13;
workshops on T.P supervision by training colleges for Teaching Practice supervisors at all&#13;
levels</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1385">
                <text>European Social Sciences Research Journal</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1386">
                <text>2013</text>
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        <name>prospective teachers</name>
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        <name>teaching practice</name>
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                <text>TECHNOLOGY AFFORDANCES AND DIFFUSION FOR MOBILE CONNECTIVITY&#13;
AND APPLICATIONS IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text> PROF. GABRIEL  KABANDA</text>
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                <text>The technology acceptance model (TAM)&#13;
proposes that perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness&#13;
predict applications usage. Affordances are the interactions&#13;
between users and tool, i.e. properties of the world that are&#13;
compatible with and relevant for people’s interactions.&#13;
Affordance offers a distinctive perspective on the use of ICT&#13;
in education because of its focus on possibilities for action.&#13;
The paper assesses the value-adding contribution of the&#13;
concept of affordances, ascertains how its application provides&#13;
new insights and enables innovation of mobile technology, and&#13;
investigates how the notion of affordances can be used to&#13;
assess the diffusion and explore possible applications of&#13;
mobile technology into Zimbabwe. The main hypothesis being&#13;
tested was: “Technology affordances are related to the diffusion&#13;
of mobile technology in Zimbabwe”. Examples of mobile phone&#13;
applications used include WhatsApp, games and Ecocash, and&#13;
potential applications to mobile learning.&#13;
The quantitative methodology was used as the research&#13;
paradigm and a survey conducted on 15 selected Zimbabwean&#13;
schools to evaluate the application of TAM to mobile&#13;
technology and e-learning. Data on infodensity on 18&#13;
countries in Eastern and Southern Africa was analysed to&#13;
assess the relative progress on mobile technology diffusion in&#13;
Zimbabwe in comparison with other neighbouring countries&#13;
for the period 2000 to 2012. The FRAME model for mobile&#13;
learning is adopted as a framework for implementation to&#13;
manage the process resulting from the convergence of mobile&#13;
technologies, human learning capacities and social interaction.&#13;
TAM was partially supported, and the results showed that&#13;
perceived usefulness is more important in determining&#13;
intention to use the technology than attitude toward using.&#13;
However, the high cost of internet bandwidth is a major&#13;
prohibitive factor to the diffusion of mobile technology and e-&#13;
learning in Zimbabwe</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="317">
                <text>International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2014</text>
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        <name>connectivity</name>
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        <name>e-learning</name>
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        <name>mobile learning</name>
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        <name>TAM</name>
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                <text>TERM PAPER EFFECTIVENESS: PERCEPTIONS OF STUDENTS AND&#13;
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                <text>Term papers are an important component of the curriculum of students studying at higher&#13;
levels of learning. At the Zimbabwe Open University students pursuing Masters Degrees&#13;
write one term paper in each of the courses they would be studying. Term papers are marked&#13;
and contribute to the final coursework mark. In some instances term papers are not just&#13;
written, they are also presented orally by students. Term papers are instrumental in&#13;
developing academic skills such as critical thinking. There are, however, some problems&#13;
associated with students’ writing or presentation of term papers. For instance, topics chosen&#13;
by students lack unique focus and there is general deficiency knowledge on how to write a&#13;
term paper on the part of many students. A survey was conducted at Zimbabwe Open&#13;
University’s one regional campus to determine the views of Masters students and their&#13;
lecturers on the effectiveness of term papers as a tool of learning and assessment. Generally,&#13;
participants were of the opinion that term papers were handy in developing student academic&#13;
skills if principles in writing term papers were religiously followed by students and tutors.&#13;
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useful or could be good quality. Among them were little tutor-guidance, lack of versatile&#13;
materials and poor academic skills. The study recommended running of workshops for tutors&#13;
on term paper-related issues at the University’s regional campus inter alia</text>
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                <text>TESTIMONIES OF TRANSFORMATION: PARTICIPANTS’ REFLECTIONS ON ZOU’S FEE-FREE SHORT COURSES AS SUPPORTERS OF EDUCATION 5.0 GOALS PHILLIPA MUTSWANGA1 AND EURITA NYAMANHARE1&#13;
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                <text>This study investigated how participants perceived Zimbabwe Open University’s (ZOU) fee- free short courses as tools for advancing developmental goals through community engagement. The research aimed to uncover how these programmes contribute to skills development,heritage preservation and inclusive growth, in alignment with Education 5.0. Zimbabwe’s higher education policy emphasising teaching, research, community service, innovation and industrialisation. Guided by the Windmill Reciprocity Model, symbiotic transformative epistemology and the Open and Distance e-Learning (ODeL) philosophy, the study employed qualitative methods to gather data from purposively selected individuals who had completed at least two short courses. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, participant observation and narrative accounts. Follow-up calls and triangulated methods ensured clarity and saturation of findings. Participants widely viewed the courses as transformative, empowering them to improve livelihoods, promote cultural identity and participate meaningfully in community development. Based on the findings, the study recommends that ZOU strengthen its community engagement by leveraging its Faculty of Agriculture as a central pillar for sustainable development initiatives. It also proposes the creation of shell companies and sheltered workshops managed by trained community members, with regional campuses providing oversight. These centres could serve as innovation hubs and market outlets for indigenous products and services. To ensure long-term impact, the study advocates for the scaling up of training to intermediate levels, increased focus on indigenous knowledge systems, and the integration of civic education. It further recommends that the government support social innovation across higher education institutions through dedicated funding and collaborative research. Such initiatives would help preserve cultural heritage, promote inclusive development and ensure intergenerational transfer of traditional knowledge.</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe Open University Journal of Applied Social Sciences</text>
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                <text>THE ACCOUNTING PROFESSIONALS’ PERCEPTIONS ON&#13;
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&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>KATAZO CECIL MBETU </text>
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                <text>SAMSON MARUME</text>
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                <text>DR.  K SRINIVASAN</text>
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                <text>THE ATTITUDES OF EMPLOYERS AND CO-WORKERS TOWARDS THE EMPLOYMENT OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES IN ZIMBABWE</text>
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                <text>This study was a systemic enquiry into attitudes of employers and co-workers towards employees with disabilities in the community of Chitungwiza in Zimbabwe. A qualitative case study method was used to carry out this study. The purposive sampling method was used to select thirty (30) participants into the study. A sample of ten (10) employers, ten (10) co-workers and ten (10) employees with disabilities were chosen as the subjects. The interview and observation were used to generate data. Among other findings, the major findings in this study were that employees with disabilities were discriminated in the workplace. Co-workers perceived PWDs as generally incompetent as they would need the assistance of fellow workers to accomplish tasks while employers were of the view that some of these PWDS scare away customers while some are dependent on fellow workers for the accomplishment of tasks. The same employers perceived most PWDS as lacking knowledge and having poor qualifications rendering them unemployable. Co-workers felt that employees with disabilities need maximum supervision and needed to be assigned special tasks suitable to their conditions. From these findings, it was recommended that co workers needed to change their attitude towards employees with disabilities. The Ministry of Labour needs to establish incentive packages for companies that employ persons with disabilities to encourage employment of more persons with disabilities. Such incentive packages can be in the form of exemption of tax payment by such companies. The Ministry can implement such programmes like the quota system and the levy and grants system like what happens in the developed countries. The Ministry can also strengthen and activate laws that will act against discrimination and marginalisation of person with disabilities. Advocacy through disability movements be encouraged by all sectors of the economy. This will encourage implementation of reforms instituted by the responsible ministry or ministries.</text>
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