15 25 486 https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/8031e664c551e06bac60a55666abdcbb.pdf f2c4b8387105a25db2b5d3708b974001 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource POLITICAL ECONOMY OF EDUCATION IN ZIMBABWE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource TAKAWIRA C GWARINDA Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Zebra Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 20132 https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/a71463b14c79e27b40ff79c49c99e924.pdf f0278e7a2b6f3420277e23d8b85e87ac Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource PHILOSOPHY AS THE STUDY OF RESULTS OF SPECIAL SCIENCES Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource DR. S. B. M. MARUME R.R. JUBENKANDA C.W. NAMUSI , N. C. MADZIYIRE and systematic synthesis philosophy special sciences sumtotal of truths universal truth https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/6a95aad9168855b5487ec29409e3371e.pdf ed615a7a0c934b870f845e0c475d2efc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource PESTICIDAL PROPERTIES OF CHIVE (ALLIUM SCHOENOPRASUM)AGAINST CABBAGE APHID (BREVICORYNE BRASSICAE) IN RAPE (BRASSICA NAPUS) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource SHADRECK KATURUZA, NYEMBEZI MGOCHEKI WISDOM KURANGWA Description An account of the resource The cabbage aphid is of agricultural concern vectoring at least 20 viral pathogens in crucifers. The aphids have demonstrated tolerance to a number of synthetic pesticides. Botanical pesticides are reasonably sustainable and effective in suppressing cabbage aphid populations in crucifers hence improved crop quality and yield per hectare. An experiment was run to test the efficacy of various concentrations of a botanical pesticide derived from chive (Alliumschoneoprasum in controlling cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) in rape. The experiment was laid out in a Complete randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and four replicates as follows; 12g chive extract, 8g chive extract, 4g chive extract and 0g control (water spray). Analysis separate mean mortality was done using Gens tat version 18 and least significant difference at 0.05 probability level was used to separate means. SPSS version 20 was used in estimating LC excel was used in calculating the regression equation. Significant differences (p<0.05) were observed throughout the trial, where highest mortality rates were observed in 12g chive extract (94.5%) and lowest mortality in control (12.2%) was observed. Pesticide concentration atLC was estimated as a concentration of 7g/l. There were no observed signs of phytotoxicity even though other studies have shown that chances are high when the dose is increased. The experiments revealed that chive leaf extracts had pesticidal effects hence can be used to effectively control cabbage aphid in rape by smallholder vegetable producers. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Journal of Current Research Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Botanical pesticides LC50 Mortality Phytotoxicity https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/7a6815087240a990416cd0ae8006f135.pdf f15ae31b1cd1b64cd198cf799105ee20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource PERSONAL ACCOUNTS OF TEACHERS ON FACTORS AFFECTING QUALITY IN ZIMBABWEAN SCHOOLS Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource KURASHA PRIMROSE CHIOME CHRISPEN Description An account of the resource The study sought to determine what the factors affecting quality. The study was basically qualitative. Personal accounts of teachers were sought yielding qualitative data. The research employed the descriptive survey design. In this study, a sample of 263 teachers from four districts of Masvingo province in Zimbabwe was chosen using the convenience sampling technique. The study found out that departmental members were clear about the vision towards which they were working at, had a reasonable understanding of what excellence entailed and hailed the department for teamwork. However, they insisted that the need for staff growth, matching resources, research culture, communication, tutorial package, incentives and proper assessment management are prerequisites for departmental excellence in open and distance learning. The study among others recommended that the idea of excellence be pursued, backed by recourses, training, incentives and a research culture. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available European Social Sciences Research Journal Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Quality Schools teamwork tutorial package and research culture https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/10c7fa3608d58d66accfea28bfe18d7f.pdf 5acd6a20e244c929ca4d9b082b498fd5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource PERCEPTIONS ON ECOLOGICAL SANITATION IN ZIMBABWE: THE CASE OF MASIYARWA COMMUNAL AREA IN ZVIMBA DISTRICT OF MASHONALAND WEST PROVINCE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource ITAI OFFAT MANYANHAIRE MUTANGADURA–MANGEYA SANDR Description An account of the resource Ecological sanitation technologies have taken prominence as sustainable ways of managing human waste in communal settings. Since the introduction and adoption of such technologies in Zimbabwe there has been limited evaluation of residents’ perceptions of these technologies. Thus, a Descriptive Survey of residents’ perception on Ecological Sanitation Technologies was conducted using a pre- tested questionnaire and key informant interviews with beneficiaries, triangulated with focus group discussions, field observations, and secondary data sources. The cultural background of the beneficiaries was observed to play a critical role in molding their perceptions towards the ecological sanitation technologies (EcoSan). Generally, there was a negative perception towards the use of humanure in leaf, stem, and root crops, with a clear show of disgust at the mention of such a prospect. To achieve high levels of acceptability of the technologies, awareness campaigns should target local community leaders (mainly councilors, chiefs, and kraal heads) as critical vehicles for positive perception development and mobilization of the rest of the community. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009 https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/6a94c59fcc37e2b7e79cbcedd9cb0b48.pdf 861a5f2cf76b64a689c3ca2f5e794b77 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource PERCEPTIONS AND ATTITUDES OF PARTICIPANTS TOWARD URBAN GARDENING. A CASE STUDY OF NUTRITION GARDENS IN MUCHEKE TOWN, MASVINGO Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource FLORENCE CHIMBWANDA Description An account of the resource The main objective of the study was to determine participants’ attitude and perceptions towards urban gardening. Characterising the participants and determining the challenges and benefits obtained from urban gardening were also objectives of the study. Data was collect through questionnaire, focus group discussion and observations from the field. The study made use of a sample of 40 participants. Statistical tools such as descriptive statistics were employed and data was analysed through SPSS. The study revealed that urban gardening is an important programme to the community and that it is a better way of generating income. Most of the participants indicated that they can continue gardening without any form of assistance from donors. Benefits from urban gardening include, additional income from sales of vegetables, vegetables for family consumption, and time to socialize. Participants mentioned theft, dilapidating canals, one water point, and limited access to some of the vegetable markets as challenges that they face. The nutrition gardening programme targeted mainly the widowed, orphans, elderly and the sick. The study recommended that the city council should open more areas for urban gardening as this has proved to be a source of food and income so that those that are unemployed and the poor can engage in gardening. This will reduce urban poverty and create employment Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Civil and Environmental Research Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Attitude Nutrition gardens perceptions Urban agriculture https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/071ca8acd0717ba4d6236c4b53027f6d.pdf 38f8214f28209a4b73627d5fac907096 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource PEDAGOGY IN DISTANCE EDUCATION: IS EVALUATIVE JUDGEMENT AN EFFECTIVE PEDAGOGICAL TOOL FOR STUDENTS IN DISTANCE EDUCATION? Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource PAUL MUPA Description An account of the resource Distance education has expanded dramatically over the years and has become a needed component in the higher education landscape especially in this COVID-19 era. Students in distance education need the ability to make decisions about the quality of work and others. The argument advanced in this article is that evaluative judgement should be used as a pedagogical tool by students in distance education so that they develop the capacity to improve their reflective practices. Qualitative methodology was employed in this study. Learning facilitators from the Zimbabwe Open University were purposefully sampled to generate data through semi-structured interviews. The major findings of the study were that evaluative judgement is a very effective tool which enables students to see whether what they are doing is right or wrong. It is used in assignment writing, term paper presentations, research project writing, group discussions, peer assessment, teaching practice attachment and during examination writing. It improves the depth and breadth of understanding matter and also improves the quality of interaction between the student and the content. The study recommends that tutorial handbooks should be provided at orientation on the importance of evaluative judgement to students in order to improve the quality of their work. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Zambia Journal of Distance Education Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Distance Education evaluative judgement pedagogical tool reflective practice self-assessment https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/b5bdbbfbaf5ee0ae3ec0ce088ba73b7a.pdf 2db4c0e59c2a0a90333e39ef2f5dcbf6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource PEDAGOGIC POSSIBILITIES OF ICTS AND TECHNOLOGY AFFORDANCES IN AN INCREASINGLY NETWORKED ENVIRONMENT IN SUPPORT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource GABRIEL KABANDA Description An account of the resource The research project seeks new opportunities/ directions of learning and teaching in an increasingly networked world, and how they can benefit people in developing countries in support of sustainable development. The research agenda is aimed at studying how interconnected information and communication technologies (ICTs) can expand the reach of educational opportunities and improve learning outcomes as technology affordances. The main research question is - What are the pedagogic possibilities of ICTs and technology affordances in an increasingly networked environment that can impact/ benefit participative collaborative inclusive communities of learning in support of sustainable development? Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Journal of African Studies and Development Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/8d66215e75c8fa815b3a70cced9256c6.pdf a3e1ec3cacd22d5253e3f253c122769f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource AN INSIGHT INTO THE DEFINITIONS OF DISTANCE LEARNING AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF TUTOR COMMENTS IN DISTANCE LEARNING Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource PAULINE MANJENGWA Description An account of the resource Firstly, this article examines various definitions of Distance Learning with the aim of enabling scholars to have a wider perspective of the concept. While the most basic definition relates to education that takes place when the teacher and students are separated by physical distance, developments in this area now encompass distance learning with technology (electronic, print, voice and data). Technology in this respect is viewed as the bridge used to mediate the gap between the tutor and the student. Secondly, the article also puts emphasis on the types of comments on marked assignments, that can either help the learner to work hard or destroy the learner’s interest to learn. Appropriate, positive and constructive comments in marked assignments promote effective communication between the tutor and the learner. Most importantly, prompt assignment return with constructive feedback and counselling, is a possible decisive element for study success and goal achievement, for Distance Learners. More suggestions on enhancing the tutor – student interaction are discussed. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Zimbabwe International Journal of Open & Distance Learning Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011 Distance Education Outreach Tele-teaching Tele-work https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/f52889e980df03d1868d6894b4b38085.pdf 258052a840391dc94cd6f4cbaf90a09c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource PATRON BEHAVIOURAL CHALLENGES: A FOCUS ON VIOLENCE IN PUBLIC LIBRARIES WITHIN GWERU, ZIMBABWE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource MTHOKOZISI MASUMBIKA NCUBE Description An account of the resource In Zimbabwe, the constitution indicates the freedom of expression, at the same time noting the need for individuals to respective individual rights, including non-violent behaviours towards others in the process of one’s expression. In addition, different legislative acts have been instituted to prevent and alleviate violence within communities. For instance, public libraries are governed by the National Library Documentation Services that stipulates conduct of library staff members and patrons. Since several public libraries are managed by local authorities, there are also bylaws that indicate the kind of behaviour that individual stakeholders are supposed to conform to. In addition, libraries have their own rules and regulation that specify on the kind of conduct and behaviour that staff and patrons are supposed to conform to. Conversely, even with these legislations, policies, procedures, rules and regulations, public libraries in Zimbabwe still face several behavioural challenges, including violent behaviour from patrons and community members. Regrettably, there has been inadequate literature and research around violence in libraries within a Zimbabwe context. Even within the global context, there is lack of contemporary research on violence within public libraries. Therefore, using a case of Gweru public libraries in Zimbabwe, this study endeavoured to reveal the causes of violent behaviour within such libraries. Furthermore, the premise of the study was also to expose the effects of violent behaviour within the libraries, as well as mitigation strategies that the libraries could put in place to address violent behaviour. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Gweru public libraries Patron behaviour patron behavioural challenges public libraries violence in Public Libraries https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/fdeaa1c75558c71b2905373bede5a05b.pdf 9528b59f3c63dcb62222143325cc8846 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource SIGNIFICANCE OF PARITY, YEAR-SEASON AND PROLIFICACY IN INFLUENCING GOAT MILK PRODUCTION TRAITS Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource N. ASSAN Description An account of the resource Milk production traits in goats are affected by different non genetic factors and the knowledge of these factors is essential for efficient management and for accurate estimation of breeding values. Adjusting for the known non genetic factors is necessary to increase efficiency of animal selection in dairy goats. The discussion explores the significance of dam’s parity, year-season and prolificacy in influencing milk production traits in goats. Much valuable research already exists on the influence of non genetic factors in dairy cattle; however, not much mention has been done pertaining to dairy goats. This is on the assumption that the spectrum of non genetic factors which affect milk production traits in goats are the same factors which influnce milk production traits in cattle. The understanding of different non genetic factors and their impacts is the first step in improving goat milk production, and prerequisite for defining appropriate management practices in the milk production process. Knowledge of non genetic factors is important in matching goat milk production to specific production system ensuring a sustainable level of milk production. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Agricultural Advances Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 milk production Parity Prolificacy Year-season https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/40dfeae04e0ee3007b961630b03b926a.pdf e329fbe9e4f3a7e0937edf1350297c2c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource PARENTS’ ROLE TOWARDS IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF THEIR CHILDREN IN SCHOOL WORK: A CASE STUDY OF BINDURA PRIMARY SCHOOLS Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource RITTAH KASOWE Description An account of the resource The purpose of this present study was to investigate the role played by parents in improving the performance of their children in school work in Bindura primary schools in Zimbabwe using the quantitative research methodology. The population consisted of all heads, SDC/SDA members and teachers in the thirty schools in Bindura. Random sampling was used to arrive at a sample of ninety six (96) respondents made up of six (6) heads of schools, seventy two (72) teachers and eighteen (18) members of School Development Committees or Associations (SDCs/SDAs). The questionnaire and interview were used for data collection. The study revealed that there are many barriers to effective parental involvement in school activities such as lack of education by parents. The study recommends that heads of schools should always involve parents before making decisions that require the inputs from the parents. There should also be staff development workshops for teachers and parents where parental involvement in the education of their children would be the main topic. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IJRDO-Journal of Educational Research Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Investigation parents performance primary schools role played school work https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/269b18e72f22ad5ae0c0f0780b4c6105.pdf d748f0f95d541021188e4d6bb9baa170 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource IMPACT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES (ICTS) ON MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGS): CONTEXT FOR DIFFUSION AND ADOPTION OF ICT INNOVATIONS IN EAST AND SOUTHERN AFRICA Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource GABRIEL KABANDA Description An account of the resource Information and communication technologies (ICTs) impact all the millennium development goals (MDGs), especially in eradicating extreme poverty and hunger. The correlation between ICTs and high economic growth has not been well researched in most African countries. The specific objectives of the research are: to assess the impact of ICTs on MDGs, to ascertain the ICT impact on economic growth, and determine the pattern for diffusion and adoption of ICT innovations in East and Southern Africa, and to recommend a development model or a framework for economic growth for these African countries. The methodology used was largely qualitative on technology capacity needs assessment that covered 6 countries, and also quantitative on gross domestic product (GDP) and Infodensity covering 18 countries in East and Southern Africa. GDP and Infodensity data was collected for 18 African countries to ascertain the link between ICTs diffusion and GDP density per country. The mean for the 18 East and Southern African countries with respect to main telephone density is 3.8%, mobile subscribers is 27.87%, and internet use is at 4.87%. Capacity needs assessment included both the human capital development and social capital aspects in order to achieve sustainable information and communication technology capacity development. Human capital development is central to capacity needs. There is a strong correlation between ICT diffusion and high economic growth, evidenced by high mobile density. The mobile phone has become a good measure of wealth for an average African. The solution to poverty and under-development in these African countries is, therefore, knowledge and economic empowerment. The recommended sustainable technology development with an African model is proposed Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Journal of African Studies and Development Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011 diffusion gross domestic product infodensity millennium development goals nformation and communication technologies sustainable development https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/95119dd0f5febe0ed327f0fc02a62011.pdf 06112f5f39a7246a9a24e6b8d7757dab Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource COMMUNITY/STAKEHOLDER LINKAGES IN AGROFORESTRY DEVELOPMENT: EXPERIENCES FROM ZIMBABWE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource D. MWENYE W. KURANGWA M. DUBE Description An account of the resource The need for tertiary institutions’ involvement in agroforestry development is relevant now more than ever due to limited funding within the national research and extension institutions and weak community/stakeholder linkages. A study was undertaken to understand perceptions and experience of tertiary education insititutions and their community linkages and to review possible models for improving the linkages. A desk study was carried out to analyse community stakeholder linkages. A case study of a communal farmer practising agroforestry technologies in Chinhamora communal area of Zimbabwe and an assessment of multistakeholder approaches in promotion of agroforestry technologies for improvement of livelihoods are presented in this paper. A qualitative research approach was adopted. The study revealed the following: age differences between the students and host farmers affected effective communication; increased diversity in opinions amongst stakeholders; and weak linkages with tertiary institutions. Recommendations proposed include review of curricula focusing on agribusiness and entrepreneurship in agroforestry training, involvement of social based institutions in the development of agroforestry, and establishment of permanent community training sites. More is expected from tertiary institutions beyond supervision of students’ projects to post graduation follow ups. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available RUFORUM Working Document Series Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Conservation agriculture institutional arrangements multi-disciplinary skills xtension Zimbabwe https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/ad877708575e18a1cfa3ac908726b133.pdf e6b30227cbd9ebed640e765d01f13606 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource AN ANALYSIS OF ORGANISATIONAL FACTORS RELATED TO AFFECTIVE ORGANISATIONAL COMMITMENT OF SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS IN MASHONALAND CENTRAL PROVINCE OF ZIMBABWE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource RITTA KASOWE Description An account of the resource Performance of secondary school pupils accelerated in a declining manner since 1984 to date. Although much has been done to improve conditions of the teacher since the teachers are at the helm of students learning, students’ performance has continued to decline. Despite training obtained from teachers colleges, what is contributing to their effectiveness has not been well researched. Affective organisational commitment of secondary school teachers in Zimbabwe still remain an inadequately researched area. Whereas teachers could be motivated by employers, the gendered outcomes of their commitment to the organisation especially on their affective commitment has not been adequately investigated. The primary purpose of the study was to make a critical analysis of variables and factors contributing to affective organisational commitment using Stufflebeam (2007)’s Context Input Process and Product decision facilitation model of evaluation approach. The approach specified the imbalances in each phase of evaluation focusing on, organisational factors, how each factor contributed to affective organisational commitment of secondary school teachers. The study used statistical tests of multiple regression analysis and step wise regression analysis on quantitative survey data obtained from Affective organisational commitment. The quantitative data were gathered using two seven point Likert scales ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. A statistical program SPSS was used to investigate the relationships among variables in the research model. Regardless of the types of dependent or independent variables, linear multiple step wise regression analyses were performed in order to find out the significance of the variables. This was supplemented by qualitative data gathered and addressing organisational factors. The qualitative data were collected using semi structured face to face interviews and focus group discussions in order to triangulate the evidence obtained from quantitative data. The qualitative data were analysed using NVIVO to come up with themes. Thus this study used a mixed methodology approach. The study established that factors such as; occupational status, management worker relationship, recognition, variety in the profession, opportunity to use ability and subject specialisation, were strong determinants of affective organisational commitment related to secondary teachers’ affective organisational commitment and impacting negatively on pupils’ and schools’ performance. The study recommended that Educational planners must involve teachers in policy decision making at all levels, provide support and staff development workshops. Future researchers might wish to expand on studies that indicate a connection between factors established and the degree of pupils’ performance. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IJRDO-Journal of Educational Research Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Affective organisational commitment Factors Organisational commitment Organisational commitment; Factors; Affective organisational commitment https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/b8e90a2a75744a7f7b47e6f17d62c4b4.pdf e6b30227cbd9ebed640e765d01f13606 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource ORGANISATION AND ORGANISING IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource DR. S. B.M. MARUME Description An account of the resource Public administration scientists and scholars who are advocates of the generic view are agreed that the elements, administrative process consists of six elements. One of such is organisation which forms the focus of attention in this article. What it means is that the problems of primary elements of public administration will be examined. Organisation is primary because in public administration the integrative, directing activity cannot take place until personnel are grouped or organized for action. In other words, we should look at the problems relating to the establishment, cooperation and coordination of government institutions as the executive institutions, of the institutional framework of public administration Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 and institutional framework. establishment and coordination government institutions organisation organized for action primary element https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/85f518ed5a93f698d8c7c6f6882b5f62.pdf 147b2d2c5afe0e480f2d9bf5dbfd19dd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR DIGITAL FINANCIAL INCLUSION OF FEMALES IN THE INFORMAL SECTOR THROUGH MOBILE PHONE TECHNOLOGY: EVIDENCE FROM ZIMBABWE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource GLADYS SIWELA TAVONGA NJAYA Description An account of the resource This desk research confirms that mobile technology has brought transformative power to the non–banked and under banked population particularly females working in the informal sector in Zimbabwe. While mobile banking has become a major banking option to avert cash shortages, the major challenge that still needs to be addressed is that of affordability of mobile phones and the high cost of data. Affordability has emerged as a prohibitive factor in financial inclusion despite the extreme convenience, reliability and accessibility that mobile phones provide to the under banked and non-banked in Zimbabwe. The approach that was used to gather data for this paper is on-line explanatory desk research as well as review of relevant literature on mobile technology and mobile banking. The data was analysed qualitatively through thematic analysis. The study unveiled that opportunities brought by mobile banking to financial inclusion as recommended by the United Nations though the Sustainable developmental goals (SDG’s), have brought relief to millions of previously excluded and underserved populations the world over. Mobile money service providers should also offer ancillary tools such as accounting and inventory management, in order to assist females in the informal sector to better manage digital payments Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, United Kingdom Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 digital financial inclusion digital financial inclusion; risk-coping informal sector Mobile banking risk-copingRemove https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/f9a337d1745e29b49f06396b8be1b437.pdf 38c7458f9cb1bd91b5c7a35bba0c40ef Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource ODL UNIVERSITY INCLUSION EXPERIENCES OF STUDENTS WITH DISADVANTAGES IN ZIMBABWE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource PHILLIPA MUTSVANGWA BARBARA MAPURANGA Description An account of the resource The study’s focus is on students with disabilities and the marginalised. Riddell, Tinklin and Wilson (2005) assert that universities are arbiters of social justice. However, despite paradigm shift to the philosophical call for schools for all the disadvantaged students continue to face social injustice and inclusive disparities at universities. Using ten purposively selected disadvantaged students, the study engaged the qualitative approach based on the enthnographic design to elicit inclusion experiences of the disadvantaged ODL students with a view to obtain best inclusive practices from their stories. In-depth interviews with unstructured questions, unstructured observations and document analysis were use to collect data. The collected data was coded into themes and patterns emerging from the experiences. The study revealed that most marginalised students dropped out of ODL either in their first year or second year due to failure to raise enough fees while students with disabilities showed that their learning moral was destroyed by lack of relevant provisions to their needs. Thus, they suggested that now that Zimbabwe ratified the UNCRPD on the 23 September 2013 provisions should stay available in anticipation of admitting students with various disabilities Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education (IJHSSE) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Detrimental effects experiences. Inclusion ODL https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/401eab4a6dfb9b0c9af0ddb09217bbec.pdf 5b475d66d6af143744c55993644f5c29 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource DISTANCE EDUCATION AN EMPOWERING DISCIPLINE OR JUST A PASSING RAGE: A CASE OF ODL INSTITUTIONS IN ZIMBABWE Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource THOMAS M. KAPUTA JUDITH TAFANGOMBE Description An account of the resource This study is on graduates’ perceived feelings on how Distance Education (DE) offering institutions in Zimbabwe have empowered them. We asked the question: Is DE an empowering discipline or a passing rage which is being used by most institutions as a raison d’être. The development of Open and Distance Learning (ODL) institutions in the world has largely been done by conventional Universities. Distance educators agree that distance education includes both distance learning and teaching. With the advent of changes in industry’s demand for more qualified personnel that may need to be trained whilst on the job, conventional universities and colleges have failed to cope. The economies of scale of this approach saw many people getting qualifications whilst they were on the job. Governments who are the recipients of most of the graduates get concerned when most of their people are not educated. This has resulted in the development of the single and dual mode institutions of distance education to a large extent with the latter preceding. In this study which was carried out in the beginning of 2013. A qualitative research paradigm was used focusing on the graduates of DE from both conventional and ODL institutions. This was a phenomenological design because it dwelt on a careful description and analysis of the participants’ life world and the meaning extracted thereof. Participants who included graduates, employers and lecturers were conveniently selected from the different institutions in Zimbabwe. The sample consisted of ten graduates from eight institutions. We used an on line open ended interview schedule, personal accounts and document analysis to collect data. This provided us with an opportunity to look at different worldviews of the empowerment phenomenon. The findings show mixed reactions from graduates on their empowerment status. Fierce competition is rife between institutions raising ethical, business and quality issues. We recommend that policy be put in place to fine tune this DE to empower all graduates regardless of their institution Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Greener Journal of Educational Research Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 discipline Distance Education empowering qualitative research single and dual modes https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/1ceb5dfa27852510eb62b064de840e96.PDF 2d77f1450634afdad3ef313698955bb9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource STRATEGIES FOR DAILY SURVIVAL: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL CAPITAL AMONG STREET VENDORS OF HARARE METROPOLITAN Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource TAVONGA NYAYA Description An account of the resource The study investigated the role of social capital among street vendors of Harare Metropolitan. The investigation relied extensively on qualitative research because we wanted to get an in-depth understanding of the uses of social networks as daily survival tools for street vendors in the face of increased marginalisation. Observations, interviews and reviews of documents were used to collect data on the daily life, the problems faced by street vendors and problem-solving strategies. More specifically, in-depth interviews were conducted with twelve individual street vendors; one focus group session with six street vendors and three detailed interviews with key informants. The high influx of street vendors was due in part to low barriers of entry which enabled cash-poor segments of the population to make a living without a heavy financial capital outlay. But street vending also thrived because transactions required social capital, an asset which most vendors were endowed with. In this regard, the study found that social capital was an important variable in the livelihood provision of street vendors. Social capital was one of the many resources and was used in combination with them in survival strategies. Street vendors benefitted from their social capital on three levels: personal, suppliers and buyer relations and being members of social organisations including political parties. The main goal of the street vendors was to expand their business and revenue in order to improve their livelihoods. Surprisingly, the goals of the vendors were not situated in the realm of entering the formal sector. Instead, they longed to enter the formal economy as workers and not as entrepreneurs. Macroeconomic stability and an effective regulatory framework of the informal sector are required in Zimbabwe to assist in poverty reduction Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 social capital street vendors https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/f6df9bd6db1f7ff2b375b27573753853.pdf ac79488da97ad9fd79ae5925477b4018 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WOMEN’S LAND RIGHTS IN ASIA, LATIN AMERICA AND SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource TAVONGA NJAYA Description An account of the resource The study sought to make a systematic and critical comparative analysis of the distribution of land between men and women in the three regions of Asia, Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa in order to establish if there was any discrimination against women using a gender approach (or analysis). In the study, the focus was on use rights in state-owned land or resettlement land and a critical evaluation on whether these rights were differentiated and distributed on the basis of sex. The study used archival data and document reviews. The analysis was based on farms or land acquired by governments and later redistributed to smallholder farmers. Studies in the three regions showed that women were considered a marginalised social group in land ownership although slightly better conditions were observed in Latin America. A majority of the studies blamed customary, religious and statutory laws but failed to estimate the relative importance of these variables in explaining the gendered pattern of land distribution. Women’s lower access to land in the three regions increased women’s economic dependency on men and consequently made them more vulnerable to socio- economic and environmental shocks Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Journal of Studies in Social Sciences and Humanities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/4c28e2d079c666b97e6c3f6d79f3a449.pdf e27268c3c4eaa45fec4e57cf165447cb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource TRAVELLERS’ LEVEL OF SATISFACTION WITH THE QUALITY OF SERVICES AT HARARE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource SHAMISO P. NYAJEKA THOMAS P.Z. MPOFU Description An account of the resource Although Zimbabwe’s tourism suffered a dramatic downward trend between 2000 and 2010, the establishment of the government of national unity brought a positive upturn in tourist arrivals. However, the growth of tourism is still below its expected potential. Whilst a number of factors militating against the full realization of the country’s tourism potential have been identified, the influence of the quality of service delivery has not been analyzed. This study, therefore, purports to specifically assess how travellers rated the quality of service delivery at Harare International Airport. In this pursuit, the objectives of the study are to (1) ascertain the profile of passengers travelling through Harare International Airport, (2) determine the quality of airport services from the passengers’ perspective and (3) identify aspects of service delivery that need to be improved. This study adopted a quantitative approach and made use of questionnaires administered to 410 passengers departing from the Harare International Airport between December 2013 and January 2014. Drawing from the SERVQUAL model the study focused on 5 dimensions, namely, reliability, assurance, tangibility, empathy and responsiveness. Analysis of the typically numeric data was essentially done through SPSS and reveals that developed countries dominate international arrivals travelling to Zimbabwe by air. In this regard, Europe is the key source market for Zimbabwean tourism, whilst South Africa stands out as the dominant market for travellers from within the African continent. The study reveals that the greatest number of respondents (88%) has, over the last twelve months, travelled more than once through Harare International Airport. Travellers on holiday dominate the tourist market followed by business and educational travellers respectively. South African Airways, BA Comair, Kenya Airways and Emirates are the most travelled on airlines to Harare, with South African Airways having the largest market share of international travellers. Considerable gaps exist between expectations and perceptions. Although rated as above average, service quality across the five dimensions falls below passenger expectations. Of significance, the largest service quality gap relates to the lack of a variety of well known retail outlets at the airport. It is, therefore, concluded that there is room for improvement in all aspects of service delivery at the airport. Whereas airport authorities should consider recommendations from the passengers to close the existing negative gaps, the dynamic nature of the aviation industry calls for the continuous assessment of service quality to ensure consistent satisfaction of airline passengers Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Open and Distance Learning JournaI assurance empathy reliability responsiveness Service Delivery tangibility https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/62e4526489c3025ae6c03512a7c0ffac.pdf 2fa496ac2e4cac3b62adb67a4c562ad1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource EFFECTS OF NUTRITION ON YIELD AND MILK COMPOSITION IN SHEEP AND GOATS Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource A. NEVER Description An account of the resource he majority of sheep and goat milk produced in the world is transformed into cheese, therefore, feeding is a major factor affecting the quality of sheep and goat milk and, hence sheep and goat cheese quality. This discussion is an attempt to explore the influence of nutrition on milk yield and major milk components in sheep and goats. Nutrition is a vital component in an attempt to maximise milk synthesis in small ruminants, as a result correct feeding management is desirable through appropriate estimation of roughage to concentrate intake in order to optimize the utilization of feed supplements. It is suffice to suggest that feeding high producing dairy animals may be a major constraint in milk production, which implies greater attention to diet composition, feed quality, and the physical form of feedstuffs is required. The rate and extent to which a dairy sheep and goat is capable of drawing upon body reserves to meet the energy requirement at different stages of lactation is critical in determining her ability to produce and sustain a high level of milk production. In order to increase sheep and goat milk production, and to ensure high feed efficiency, dairy farmers need to pay close attention to nutritional requirement of dairy animals which may differ during different stages of lactation. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Scientific Journal of Animal Science Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Goats Nutrition Sheep Yield Composition https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/3ff6ce690e0f8a319161eae1e8e69a5b.pdf ccb5ae9253d56e17c5adfcb2a144062d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource NITROGEN RETENTION AND MICROBIAL PROTEIN YIELD OF DESMODIUM UNCUNATUM, MUCUNA PRURIENS AND VIGNA UNGUICULATA FORAGE LEGUMES IN GOATS Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource JOSEPH J. BALOYI S. KATSANDE F. V. NHERERA CHOKUDA N. T. NGONGONI Goats Legumes Microbial protein Nitrogen retention https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/a9164d0a9438d86679701b4477ffc0f2.pdf 58bcf2d9b46d3b590c452519beb59af7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Staff Publications Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource CONVEYER BELT MARKING: OPINIONS OF ZIMSEC MARKERS IN CHIKOMBA DISTRICT Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource ROGERS NGARA Description An account of the resource The purpose of the study was to establish markers perceptions of the newly introduced system of marking. Participant responses were sought through using open ended questionnaires. The study established that the CBM was considered advantageous in that marking because it could be made more reliable, efficient and that it encouraged good team spirit among makers. Nonetheless, some problems presented by CBM were opined by participants. For instance fast markers were held back by the slow ones, mastering of the whole marking scheme was not considered important yet in actual fact it was crucial that each maker mastered it and the whole exercise was hurried. It was also expressed that examiners were now getting lower remuneration compared to TMS. General suggestions were made by participants on how CBM could be improved. The researchers recommended that ample time be given to examiners for marking and that payment be according to the actual number of responses an examiner would have marked. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available HOPE Journal of Research (House of Pakistani Educationists) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Conveyor belt marking Markers Traditional marking system