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                <text>THE EFFECT FEEDING FORAGE LEGUMES AS NITROGEN SUPPLEMENT ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF SHEEP&#13;
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                <text>J. J. BALOYI &#13;
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                <text>N. T. NGONGONI &#13;
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                <text>H. HAMUDIKUWANDA</text>
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                <text>The effect of feeding forage legumes,&#13;
Cowpea, Silverleaf desmodium and Oxley fine stem&#13;
stylo, as protein supplements to natural pasture (veld)&#13;
hay on intake, growth rate and nitrogen metabolism in&#13;
growing lambs was evaluated. Thirty growing lambs&#13;
were stratified according to body weight and randomly&#13;
assigned, within a stratum, to five diets in a completely&#13;
randomised design. The diets were veld hay alone (V),&#13;
veld hay supplemented with either 10 g/kg of urea&#13;
(VU), veld hay supplemented with 250 g/kg Cowpea&#13;
(VC), 250 g/kg Silverleaf desmodium (VS) or 250 g/kg&#13;
Oxley fine stem stylo (VF) forage legume hays. The V&#13;
and the VU groups were used as control diets. Animals&#13;
supplemented with either urea or the forage legume&#13;
had higher (P&lt;0.01) total dry matter intake compared&#13;
with the animals on V. The animals supplemented with&#13;
the forage legumes had higher (P&lt;0.01) nitrogen&#13;
intake and faecal nitrogen output than the non-&#13;
supplemented group. All animals, across the treat-ments, lost body weight; lambs on V had higher (P&lt;&#13;
0.01) body weight losses than those in the other&#13;
treatments. The forage legume supplemented groups&#13;
lost less (P&lt;0.01) body weight than those on the V&#13;
and VU diets. Although supplementation with forage&#13;
legumes enhanced feed intake and reduced weight&#13;
losses it did not maintain body weights</text>
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                <text>Trop Anim Health Prod</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2007</text>
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                <text>THE ECONOMICS OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLE MARKETING BY SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN MUREHWA AND MUTOKO DISTRICTS IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text>TAVONGA NJAYA </text>
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                <text>The study assessed the nature of marketing chain of fruits and vegetables in Murehwa and Mutoko&#13;
Districts in Mashonaland East Province in Zimbabwe. Both quantitative and qualitative data collection&#13;
techniques were used. Qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions,&#13;
direct observations and document reviews. A structured household questionnaire was used as the basic tool to&#13;
collect socio-economic and production data pertaining to fruit and vegetable smallholder producers. The study&#13;
revealed that poor infrastructure for storage, processing and marketing of fruits and vegetables contributed to&#13;
losses to the farmers. Smallholder farmers generally focused on production activities and showed relatively&#13;
little interest in postharvest and marketing activities. The major markets included traditional wet markets such&#13;
as Mbare and Machipisa Vegetable Markets in Harare and spot selling. The presence of informal middlemen at&#13;
Mbare and Machipisa Vegetable Markets had led to considerable reduction of the farmers’ profit margins. The&#13;
study recommended strong partnerships through commodity clusters among farmers in order to be able to&#13;
supply organised markets such as food processors, institutions (hospitals, tertiary colleges and boarding&#13;
schools), supermarkets and fast food shops with produce of standardised quality, meet volume requirements and&#13;
assure consistency of supplies and to enhance efficiency in marketing. Buyer-supplier partnerships such as&#13;
contract farming sponsored by agro-food processors also facilitated fruit and vegetable marketing while&#13;
providing farmers access to skills, technologies and infrastructure. Further research should focus on value&#13;
addition of fruits and vegetables produced by smallholder farmers</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2014</text>
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        <name>commodity clusters</name>
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        <name>fruits</name>
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        <name>infrastructure</name>
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        <name>market access</name>
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        <name>smallholder farmers</name>
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        <name>supply chain</name>
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        <name>vegetables</name>
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                <text>TUTOR EFFECTIVENESS: CONCEPTIONS OF STUDENT TEACHERS AT ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY IN MASVINGO</text>
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                <text>ROSEMARY NGARA </text>
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                <text>RICHARD NGARA </text>
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                <text>Tutoring is an age - old practice .There are some requisites for tutors to be effective. Content&#13;
knowledge is an essential ingredient for effective tutoring and many other personal attributes. If&#13;
a tutor is received as genuine and having a genuine desire to listen, students will be willing to&#13;
open up and discuss their problems. Good mastery of subject matter by the tutor contributes to&#13;
tutor effectiveness as students turn up for tutorials if they feel they benefit from tutors`&#13;
contributions. Much of the quality of tutoring depends on the attitude of the instructor and their&#13;
capabilities in using technology. Research suggests that the effectiveness of distance learning is&#13;
based on preparation, excellent communication skills and the instructors’ understanding. A&#13;
survey was conducted at Zimbabwe Open University in Masvingo region to establish tutees’&#13;
perceptions of the effectiveness of the tutors’ teaching courses in the Bachelor of Education in&#13;
Early Childhood Development Programme (BECDECD) using questionnaires. Respondents&#13;
were of the opinion that most tutors had impressive subject mastery and were usually thoroughly&#13;
prepared for tutorials and methodology used was viewed by most participants as suitable.&#13;
However, there were sentiments that tutors hardly communicated with students outside tutorial&#13;
sessions. Tutors’ marking was viewed as communicative, but feedback was not timely and tutors&#13;
did not use any modern teaching media. Some of the personal attributes such as openness,&#13;
humility and accessibility were viewed as wanting on the part of some tutors. The study&#13;
recommended that more tutor workshops be run to emphasize and reemphasize essential&#13;
ingredients of effective tutoring and that the tutors make use of technology available at the&#13;
regional campus, among other things</text>
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                <text>European Social Sciences Research Journal</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2013</text>
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        <name>Early Childhood Development</name>
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        <name>tutor effectiveness</name>
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                <text>THE CONCEPT OF APPROACHES IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES, IN PARTICULAR PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION&#13;
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                <text>DR S.B.M. MARUME&#13;
 &#13;
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                <text>MR. R.R. JUBENKANDA&#13;
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                <text> MR. C.W. NAMUSI</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Arnold Brecht (1967:57), one of the leading 20th century-political scientist, maintains that clarity and&#13;
unambiguity of all terms and concepts used in a study are the first requirements of logical reasoning. It is&#13;
against this background that the three academics have decided to examine systematically the concept of&#13;
approaches which has been erroneously used interchangeably and synonymously with the concept of methods in&#13;
the social sciences, for example, sociology, economics, political science, business administration, strategic&#13;
management, international politics, strategic studies, psychology, and so on. The purpose of this article is to&#13;
demonstrate that (a) methods and approaches are two different terms with different meanings and (b) different&#13;
classifications of the concept approaches in the social sciences</text>
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                <text>IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2016</text>
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        <name>approaches</name>
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        <name>empiricism</name>
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        <name>methods</name>
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        <name>normativism and logical positivism</name>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>THE CONCEPT HIERARCHY IN ORGANISATIONAL THEORY AND PRACTICE</text>
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                <text>DR. S. B. M. MARUME&#13;
&#13;
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                <text> DR. CHIKASHA</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>According to Paul H. Appleby, a respected classical American social scientist, hierarchy, which is&#13;
one of the basic concepts and principles of organisation, is the means by which and through which resources&#13;
are apportioned, personnel selected and assigned, operations activated, reviewed and modified. All these&#13;
processes constitute the subject – matter of this article.</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1397">
                <text>International Journal of Engineering Science Invention</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>THE BASIC CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF UNITY OF COMMAND AND THE SPAN OF CONTROL&#13;
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                <text> R.R. JUBENKANDA</text>
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                <text>The two basic principles of unity of command and span of control are centrally indispensable to&#13;
the study of organizational theory and practice in particular, and in general terms, to successful, efficient and&#13;
smooth public administration practice in both developed and developing societies. These two basic concepts and&#13;
principles constitute the subject matter of this article</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Business and Management Invention</text>
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                <text>TEACHING PRACTICE SUPERVISION AND ASSESSMENT AS A QUALITY&#13;
ASSURANCE TOOL IN TEACHER TRAINING: PERCEPTIONS OF PROSPECTIVE&#13;
TEACHERS AT MASVINGO TEACHER TRAINING COLLEGES</text>
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                <text>eaching practice (T.P.) is a critical stage in the training of prospective teachers as it is a&#13;
process of producing a master teacher. There are many mechanisms that are put in place to&#13;
make T.P. a beneficial experience to trainee teachers and student supervision is a part of one of&#13;
such mechanisms. Supervision and assessment of the trainee teachers is done by the college and&#13;
mentors and members of the administration at the schools where students conduct their teaching&#13;
practice. There are, however, some problems associated with supervision. For instance,&#13;
supervisors give conflicting suggestions and sometimes supervision is ill-timed or delayed. A&#13;
survey was conducted in Masvingo urban schools to determine views of prospective teachers and&#13;
student teacher supervisors on the effectiveness of T.P supervision as a tool in quality assurance.&#13;
By and large, participants regarded supervision and assessment as an indispensable tool in&#13;
assuring quality in teacher training. Nevertheless, some variables were viewed as affecting the&#13;
effectiveness of supervision. Among them were delays in supervision, supervision being far-&#13;
spaced from each other, little or no dialogue and lack of consensus on the part of supervisors in&#13;
dealing with similar issues. Among other things, the study recommended the running of&#13;
workshops on T.P supervision by training colleges for Teaching Practice supervisors at all&#13;
levels</text>
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                <text>European Social Sciences Research Journal</text>
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                <text>MOVING THE CENTRE WITHOUT CONFLICT; GENDER&#13;
AND VIRTUAL EMPOWERMENT IN HIGHER&#13;
EDUCATION: THE VIRTUAL EMPOWERMENT MODEL&#13;
IN HIGHER EDUCATION</text>
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                <text>ESTHER GANDARI</text>
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                <text>JUDITH TAFANGOMBE</text>
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                <text>There is a wide gap between women’s access to education and women’s empowerment in a patriarchal society. In&#13;
addressing marginalization, women in Southern Africa have made significant achievements and have excelled in a variety of fields,&#13;
including the male domain. This has been possible due to emergent technologies which present new opportunities for women by&#13;
empowering them in obtaining higher education, playing an active process of construction of knowledge, attitudes and values as well&#13;
as developing skills using a variety of resources such as printed material and electronic media. This article investigates how four&#13;
African housewives successfully moved the centre without conflict in their families especially with their husbands by getting educated&#13;
using web-based technologies across face-to-face, online, and virtual world classes with communication tools that are synchronous,&#13;
asynchronous, and automated pre-scripted. The study is qualitative and captures the narratives of the women using the ODL mode&#13;
in successfully changing their circumstances while attending to their roles as mothers and wives in their kitchens. The integration of&#13;
E-learning, which is the application of information and communication technologies in a wide array of solutions, improves&#13;
knowledge and performance. The results were IT supported learning helped some of the women to acquire the necessary skills&#13;
knowledge for their job without taking time off their traditional roles and duties in household work for example, cooking skill</text>
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                <text>EPRA International Journal of Research and Development (IJRD)</text>
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                <text>SYSTEMATIC CROSSBREEDING AND ITS IMPACT ON CARCASS PARAMETERS AND ASSOCIATED MEAT QUALITY PROPERTIES IN GOATS AND SHEEP&#13;
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                <text>NEVER ASSAN</text>
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                <text>The major focus of any commercial goat and sheep enterprise is to&#13;
maximize on carcass and meat production and obviously realizing&#13;
substantial gain in profits. In modern goat and sheep meat production,&#13;
crossbreeding has become an admissible and accelerated strategy to&#13;
produce carcasses that ensure the point of departure for leaner meat, in&#13;
addition to consumer acceptable carcass properties. It has become a&#13;
norm that genetic manipulation for desired carcass and meat quality in&#13;
small ruminants can be achieved through crossbreeding. There is&#13;
considerable individual, maternal and paternal heteroses for carcass and&#13;
meat quality properties in goat/ sheep crosses. In this regard, crossing of&#13;
genetic distant goat/sheep breeds fortifies the degree of manifestation of&#13;
carcass and meat quality performance results. In practice noticeable&#13;
commercial gains have been achieved in improving carcass and meat&#13;
quality properties through crossing indigenous and exotic goats’/sheep&#13;
breeds, especially in low input production systems. It should be noted&#13;
that the inconsistency on end results on the impact of crossbreeding on&#13;
carcass and meat quality parameters is due to various non-genetic factors&#13;
that are experienced in different production systems. Carcass and meat&#13;
value is influenced by a significant number of different factors where the&#13;
uttermost importance are genotype, nutrition, sex, age and weight at&#13;
slaughter and management. In this case, comparability of results of&#13;
crossbreeding on carcass and meat quality performance in different&#13;
production systems have been debatable and complicated, due to the&#13;
fact that in certain cases crossbred animals are slaughtered at the same age and varied sex, and/or different age and same sex, possibly differing&#13;
in weight at slaughter. The differentiated nutritional management in&#13;
extensive versus intensive production systems is critical in determining&#13;
the quality carcass and/or meat in crossbred goat and sheep. Consumers&#13;
have been the major prescribers of the intended form of carcass and&#13;
meat quality proponents’ world over, especially in developed countries.&#13;
In this regard crossbreeding has been strategically used to customise&#13;
meat production to the needs of various production systems, in terms of&#13;
carcass and meat attributes seem acceptable by different host markets&#13;
and consumers’ expectations. However, it has been acknowledged that&#13;
not necessarily every crossing is adapted for breeding to guarantee&#13;
comparable desired carcass and meat quality parameters, hence different&#13;
combination of two-breed and to a lesser extent three-breed crossing of&#13;
selected populations of goats and sheep have been used to carter for the needs of different production systems and markets. Against this&#13;
background, the application of any systematic crossbreeding strategy should take into account the appropriate breed combination by selecting right population to fulfill efficient goat/sheep meat production. Crossbreeding capitalize on genetic distance through utilizing superior&#13;
specialized maternal and paternal breeds/lines for the purpose of&#13;
maximizing their superiority, diluting their flaws for improved&#13;
performance in carcass and meat quality parameters. Basically,&#13;
crossbreeding is not one size fits all, in conformity with expanded genetic diversity of goat and sheep breeds and differential production systems, no one combination of specific breeds will work for multiple production systems. The purpose of the present review is to give an insight on the impact of crossbreeding on carcass and meat quality parameters in goats and sheep</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1372">
                <text>Scientific Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (2020) 9(7) 945-955</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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        <name>Carcass Meat</name>
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        <name>Crossbreeding</name>
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        <name>quality Goat</name>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                <text>SUPPORT FOR VOLUNTARY MEDICAL MALE CIRCUMCISION (VMMC) FOR HIV PREVENTION AMONG MEN AND WOMEN IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
</text>
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                <text>ANTONY CHIKUTSA&#13;
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                <text>PRANITHA MAHARAJB</text>
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                <text>Background: Medical male circumcision was introduced in Zimbabwe in 2009 as an additional HIV&#13;
prevention method. This study sought to investigate support for the roll-out of voluntary medical male&#13;
circumcision (VMMC) and men’s willingness to get circumcised for HIV prevention.&#13;
Data and Methods: Data for this study was collected from a randomly selected sample of 681 men and&#13;
women in the age group 18-49 years in Harare, Zimbabwe. The obtained data was analysed using descriptive&#13;
statistics, bivariate and regression analysis.&#13;
Results and Conclusion: The results of the study suggest that knowledge and acceptability of VMMC is&#13;
high. However, despite the relatively high knowledge and acceptability of VMMC, less than half of the male&#13;
participants were willing to undergo circumcision for HIV prevention. The study concluded that there is an&#13;
apparent gap between knowledge and acceptability of VMMC and men’s willingness to undergo circumcision&#13;
for HIV prevention.</text>
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                <text>African Population Studies</text>
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                <text>2015</text>
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        <name>HIV prevention</name>
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      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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                <text>SUPERVISION </text>
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                <text>DR. S. B. M. MARUME&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>To all those social scientists whose main focus of study is organisational theory and practice,&#13;
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various activities, namely, superintendence, direction, guidance, control, inspection, and coordination. All these&#13;
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                <text>SUNFLOWER BASED RATIONS FOR SMALL-MEDIUM MILK PRODUCING DAIRY COWS</text>
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                <text>N.T. NGONGONI &#13;
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                <text>Two dairy concentrates (ram press sunflower and sunflower heads) were formulated locally and&#13;
their effects on the performance of crossbred dairy cows were compared with that of a commercial dairy&#13;
concentrate. There were no significant differences in body condition and milk production responses by&#13;
crossbred dairy cows to sunflower based diets compared to commercial dairy concentrates (p &gt; 0.05). It was&#13;
suggested that the sunflower based rations can be used as cheaper alternatives to conventional dairy&#13;
concentrates. The ram press sunflower cake, in particular is an option that may be used by smallholder dairy&#13;
farmers to formulate local dairy concentrate, which influence dairying to a similar extent as the commercial&#13;
dairy concentrate but cheaply. More research is required to determine fermentation patterns, rumen microbial&#13;
protein synthesis, true intestinal digestibility and absorption of nutrients from sunflower-based diets at the&#13;
small intestines in crossbred dairy cows</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1354">
                <text>Pakistan Journal of Nutrition</text>
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                <text>INFLUENCE OF SUCKLING AND/OR MILKING METHOD ON YIELD AND MILK COMPOSITION IN&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>N. ASSAN</text>
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                <text>Achieving the maximum marketable milk yield with a high fat&#13;
and protein content is desirable to producers to increase farm&#13;
profitability. The present discussion points to the fact that rearing&#13;
systems and milking method used affect either milk yield or milk&#13;
composition during the entire lactation. Increased milk production&#13;
elicited by suckling is probably due to the additional stimulus of the&#13;
mammary gland, and is associated with improved mammary&#13;
development through regulation of secretion of hormone during&#13;
this period with markedly increase in milk. Dairy farmers can take&#13;
advantage of suckling stimulus as a management tool combined with&#13;
stipulated frequency of machine milking to increase milk production.&#13;
Restricted suckling may increase total milk production without&#13;
reducing milk available for human consumption or sale. The present&#13;
discussion explores the consequences of different milking methods&#13;
and/or suckling in dairy production enterprises for improving yield&#13;
and milk composition in dairy animals</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1345">
                <text>1&#13;
Scientific Journal of Zoology</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2015</text>
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        <name>composition</name>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                <text>SUBSIDIARY LEGISLATION AS A VITAL COMPONENT OF&#13;
ADMINISTRATIVE LAW&#13;
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                <text>R. R. JUBENKANDA&#13;
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                <text> N. C. MADZIYIRE&#13;
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                <text>Administrative law is the law relating to the administration of the State. Administration is the systematically detailed and&#13;
practical implementation of the policies of the central government aimed at the smooth running of the entire State</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Research (IJSER)</text>
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                <text>STUDENT RETENTION AS A FUNCTION OF THE QUALITY OF LEARNER SUPPORT IN OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING: STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS AT THE ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY&#13;
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                <text>DAVID CHAKUCHICHI</text>
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                <text>Student retention is critically linked to the quality of service in open and distance learning (odl).&#13;
Peterson (1997) points out that students will form favourable perceptions regarding the quality of&#13;
their experience and decide to persist. Student retention could therefore be viewed as a function&#13;
of the learners’ perception of the quality of service and support. Low student retention rates have&#13;
a negative impact on the perception of the institution. It is, therefore, pertinent to enhance the&#13;
student retention rate in odl. The study used tinto’s model of student retention as a theoretical&#13;
base which underpins the need to satisfy students’ social and educational needs in order to retain&#13;
them. The study is a descriptive survey utilising multistage purposive sampling in order to include&#13;
students across faculties and regions. The questionnaire and in-depth interviews were the meth-&#13;
ods of data collection. The results indicated that, student retention was affected by a fees’ prizing&#13;
policy that did not take into consideration the students’ ability to pay and lack of timely supply of&#13;
learning materials. It would appear that students’ retention as a function of the affordability fac-&#13;
tor, was affected by the negative macro-economic environment existent in zimbabwe at the time&#13;
of the study</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe International Journal of Open &amp; Distance Learning Volume</text>
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                <text>STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELLING OF UBIQUITOUS LEARNING AT ZIMBABWEAN SCHOOLS&#13;
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                <text>GABRIEL KABANDA </text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>The study tested the application of structural&#13;
equation modelling (SEM) to ubiquitous learning of selected&#13;
Zimbabwean schools. The purpose of this study was to explore&#13;
the effect of diffusion factors toward ubiquitous learning in&#13;
Zimbabwe. The main hypothesis being tested was: “ ICT&#13;
facilities have a positive effect on the diffusion and adoption of&#13;
ubiquitous learning in Zimbabwean schools”. Three models&#13;
fundamental to SEM are confirmatory analysis, causal modes&#13;
and measurement models. A good model is parsimonious,&#13;
theoretically justifiable and reproduces the underlying&#13;
correlation matrix based on the constraints imposed. The&#13;
methodology used is quantitative where the research design is&#13;
a survey method. The SEM is a comprehensive&#13;
methodological approach that allows the analysis of the&#13;
relationships between observed variables and unobserved/&#13;
latent factors. A questionnaire and a scale were administered&#13;
to heads of computer studies to 15 selected Zimbabwean&#13;
schools in May 2012.&#13;
The successful Presidential E-learning programme is the&#13;
national beacon, vision and national policy direction that&#13;
should be pursued by all schools, colleges and universities in&#13;
Zimbabwe. All the schools surveyed were aware of the&#13;
Presidential e-learning programme. However, the adoption&#13;
and diffusion of the national e-learning programme exhibited&#13;
disintegrated efforts in implementation of computerization&#13;
projects, marginally high digital divide, cyber-bullying among&#13;
school pupils, inadequate cyber-security technical measures, a&#13;
huge appetite for computer training, computer literacy rate&#13;
for teachers ranging from 5% to 80% in some of the schools,&#13;
little evidence of integration of e-learning into the school&#13;
curricula, and shocking levels of inadequate networked&#13;
computing facilities</text>
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                <text>DR PRIMROSE KURASHA&#13;
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                <text>Zimbabwe International Journal of Open &amp; Distance Learning</text>
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                <text>STRATEGY FOR A SUSTAINED QUALITY DELIVERY MODE OF ODL PROGRAMMES FOR&#13;
MASSIVE ENROLLMENTS AND E-LEARNING: THE CASE FOR ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>GABRIEL KABANDA</text>
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                <text>The market dynamics in distance education has precipitated phenomenal growth opportunities in enrollments and&#13;
e-learning. The purpose of the paper was to develop a strategy for sustained quality delivery mode of distance&#13;
education progammes that precipitate massive enrollments and e-learning in an open and distance learning (ODL)&#13;
institution using Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU) as a case study. There is an increase in public accountability for&#13;
higher education which compels institutions to demonstrate quality within the programmes and processes, including&#13;
those provided online. The strategy for massive enrollments and e-learning is developed and this includes a mobile&#13;
strategy and mobile web framework. How the landscape of quality assurance has been changed by the emergence of&#13;
MOOCs is discussed. The methodology used is qualitative and focus groups were used as research designs in the case&#13;
study of Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU). Triangulation and peer review was used to test the validity of the&#13;
data. Strategic directions were developed to inform the new key result areas, goals, objectives, strategies and priorities&#13;
for the university for the period 2015-2020</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Higher Education</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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        <name>ICTs</name>
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        <name>mobile learning</name>
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        <name>MOOCS</name>
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        <name>ODL</name>
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        <name>Quality assurance</name>
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        <name>Strategy</name>
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                <text>STRATEGIES AND APPROACHES TO SUSTAINABLE LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN SUB SAHARAN AFRICA&#13;
&#13;
</text>
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                <text>N. ASSAN</text>
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                <text>Livestock is a dominant agricultural activity in Sub Saharan&#13;
Africa, which is generally considered a key asset for most rural&#13;
population and contribute to the livelihoods and nutrition of purely&#13;
subsistence households. This discussion is a synthesis of possible&#13;
strategies to consider for sustaianble livestock production, focusing&#13;
on issues of climate change, gender, smallholder livestock support&#13;
and use of indigenous knowledge systems, and how these may&#13;
influence livestock production. There are many measures which&#13;
need to be explored with the aim of making the livestock systems&#13;
become driving forces of sustainable agricultural development. One&#13;
of the major factors responsible for the declining livestock&#13;
productivity in the region is the relegation to the background of the&#13;
contributions of women in the issues of livestock production. On the&#13;
other hand, climate change and variability is now widely regarded&#13;
as the most serious challenge facing Sub Saharan Africa, with&#13;
consequences that go far beyond the effects on the environment,&#13;
hence affecting most communities indiscriminately. Despite the&#13;
negative impact of climate change on livestock production and&#13;
biodiversity conservation, poor resources peasant famers are&#13;
incentivized to engage in these activities because of the wide&#13;
spectrum of benefits accrued, such as cash income, food, manure,&#13;
draft power and hauling services, savings and insurance, and social status and social capital. Since time immemmorial, indigenous&#13;
livestock knowledge systems have been used in smallholder livestock&#13;
farming sector, while strengthening livestock productivity. These are&#13;
some of the key aspects in promoting livestock development,&#13;
through economically and socially empowering local communities,&#13;
and consequently providing a way to enable rural communities to&#13;
break the cycle of poverty. In this discussion, some of the strategic&#13;
steps that can be adopted for future sustainable livestock&#13;
production, include and not limited to the following: promotion of&#13;
gender equality and equity in livestock production systems in terms&#13;
of equal access to livestock productive resources, boosting climate&#13;
change mitigation startegies, and empowering women in livestock&#13;
production decision making.</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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                <text>284&#13;
Scientific Journal of Animal Science</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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        <name>Climate change</name>
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        <name>Gender</name>
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        <name>Livestock production</name>
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        <name>Smallholder</name>
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              <name>Title</name>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>STORAGE TEMPERATURE AFFECTS FRUIT QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF&#13;
BER (ZIZIPHUS MAURITIANA LAMK.) IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
&#13;
</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>LOVEJOY TEMBO&#13;
&#13;
</text>
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                <text> Z. A. CHITEKA&#13;
I</text>
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                <text>RENE KADZERE&#13;
 </text>
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                <text>FESTUS K. AKINNIFESI&#13;
</text>
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                <text>F. TAGWIRA</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Fruit utilization is affected by quality attributes and shelf life. The quality of Jujube or Ber (Ziziphus&#13;
mauritiana Lamk.) fruits after harvest depends on storage conditions used. In this study, different&#13;
storage temperatures and durations were evaluated to determine the appropriate storage conditions of&#13;
fresh fruits of Z. mauritiana. Three storage temperature levels, low (5oC), intermediate (15oC) and&#13;
ambient (22oC) were evaluated at 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks storage durations. Fruits stored at low&#13;
temperature lost only 48% of their weight during the entire 12 week storage period while the fruits&#13;
stored in the ambient and intermediate temperature ranges lost 70 and 75% of weight, respectively. At&#13;
three weeks of storage, more than 40% of fruits had shrivelled under the ambient and intermediate&#13;
storage temperatures compared to only 3% under the low storage temperature. It is concluded that cold&#13;
storage condition can prolong the shelf life of Z. mauritiana fruits</text>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1307">
                <text>African Journal of Biotechnology</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>2008</text>
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        <name>drying</name>
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        <name>fruit colour</name>
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        <name>Naturalised fruit</name>
      </tag>
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        <name>shelf life</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="621">
        <name>storage condition</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="623">
        <name>vitamin C</name>
      </tag>
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  <item itemId="207" public="1" featured="0">
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        <src>https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/0dd1f1daaef70d733c47741a43dc42b3.pdf</src>
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          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text>Staff  Publications</text>
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      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1291">
                <text>MORINGA (MORINGA OLEIFERA) LEAF EXTRACTS INHIBIT&#13;
SPORE GERMINATION OF ALTERNARIA SOLANI, CAUSAL&#13;
AGENT OF EARLY BLIGHT DISEASE OF TOMATO (SOLANUM&#13;
LYCOPERSICUM)&#13;
&#13;
</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>CULVER MVUMI</text>
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                <text>ELIZABETH NGADZE&#13;
</text>
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                <text>DIANA MARAIS</text>
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                <text> ELSA S DU TOIT </text>
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                <text>BRIGHTON M MVUMI</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Alternaria solani is highly infective and can sporulate on tomato at 13.2 × 10 6 spores mL−1. The fungicidal effect of&#13;
Moringa oleifera leaf chloroform and aqueous extracts (MLCE and MLAE, respectively) was investigated in vitro&#13;
to determine the inhibitory effect on germination of spores (conidia) of A. solani. Mixtures of spore suspension&#13;
and MLCE, as well as MLAE (1:1), were prepared and dropped on slides by micropipette with 20 μL spore&#13;
suspension of A. solani and 20 μL of MLCE and MLAE. The two treatments, MLCE and MLAE, were applied at&#13;
four concentrations (62.5, 125, 250 and 500 mg mL−1) and compared with negative (distilled water; no extracts)&#13;
and positive (diflucan, a commercial fungicide) controls with five replicates. The two extracts showed relatively&#13;
high inhibitory effects on the germination of conidia from the lowest to the highest concentration. Germination&#13;
of conidia decreased with increase in the concentrations of the extracts. The study showed that 250 mg mL−1 is&#13;
the optimum concentration for both MLCE and MLAE. The highest concentration inhibited germination (0.0%)&#13;
in both extracts. Based on the results from the present study, MLCE and MLAE are both effective in inhibiting&#13;
germination of A. solani conidia</text>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1298">
                <text>South African Journal of Plant and Soil</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2017</text>
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        <name>conidia germination</name>
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      <tag tagId="616">
        <name>early blight</name>
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      <tag tagId="617">
        <name>Moringa oleifera leaves</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="618">
        <name>solvents</name>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>SOURCES AND CAUSES OF CONFLICT THAT EXIST BETWEEN LOCALS AND&#13;
REGULATORY BOARDS ON BIO-DIVERSITY MANAGEMENT:&#13;
A CASE FOR BINDURA RURAL/URBAN DWELLERS AND THE FORESTRY&#13;
COMMISSION&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>RITTAH KASOWE</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>The study sought to establish sources and causes of conflict that exist between locals and regulatory boards on&#13;
bio-diversity management in Bindura rural/urban dwellers and the Forestry Commission. According to&#13;
Zimbabwean laws, community is the owner of environment hence they have to control it .The society seem to&#13;
be economically and socially forced by the situation to destroy their environment for example the erratic power&#13;
cuts in urban set up force urban residence to depend on natural energy that is firewood for their domestic use.&#13;
The community however continues to compete in the cutting of trees expediting the destruction of the&#13;
environment. The forestry commission preserves the environment by stipulating measures against the&#13;
destruction of forests. (Forestry Commission Act). This however is a source of conflict since the community&#13;
claims it owns the forests and should depend on it whilst the forestry commission’s legislative board guards&#13;
against the destruction of the environment. The significance of the study was to come up with solutions of&#13;
reducing deforestation and preserving the environment without causing conflict amongst regulatory boards and&#13;
the community. The study was a descriptive survey which sought to establish views and perceptions of&#13;
randomly selected concerned parties in the bio-diversity management and preservation. The main questions&#13;
raised in this scenario were, was the community aware of their rights pertaining to cutting of trees in the forests?&#13;
How best could the Forestry Commission Act be incorporated so as to inform the community? How can the&#13;
conflict that do exist between the Forestry commission and the community be resolved</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1289">
                <text>Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences (JETEMS)</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2013</text>
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        <name>Bindura dwelle</name>
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        <name>deforestation</name>
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        <name>environment</name>
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        <name>orestry commission</name>
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                <text>INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH CONFERENCE REVISED EDITION&#13;
SOCRATIC DIALECTICS AND THE BANKING CONCEPT OF&#13;
EDUCATION: A COMPARATIVE PARADIGM&#13;
&#13;
</text>
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                <text>DR. FRANCIS EKANEM&#13;
&#13;
</text>
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                <text>DR. THERESA F. EKANEM&#13;
</text>
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                <text>MR. EMMANUEL I. ARCHIBONG</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1283">
                <text>In the domain of teacher-student interaction, via educational process, the ideal pedagogical praxis has&#13;
been in dispute. For instance, while Socrates regarded his role as a mid-wife, who helps others bring to&#13;
birth their innermost ideas, thus making education an extracting affair, its polar counterpart is the banking&#13;
model where knowledge is deposited on the students akin to a doctor-patient relationship. The implication&#13;
of these two contrasting views is that education becomes active on one hand, and passive on the other,&#13;
and either overtly, or covertly, this system has formed a sublime practice, in most countries, educational&#13;
objectives. This paper examines the two systems of education with a view to comparatively exposing its&#13;
tenets, thus opening us further to re-assessing our hitherto held method whether it has really captured the&#13;
essence of education, thereby envisaging a paradigm-shift.</text>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1284">
                <text>Zimbabwe International Journal of Open &amp; Distance Learning</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1285">
                <text>2011</text>
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        <name>Banking Concept</name>
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        <name>Education</name>
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        <name>Socratic Dialectics</name>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="81">
                  <text>Staff  Publications</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>SOCIO-ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF COMMERCIALIZATION&#13;
OF SMALLHOLDER RABBIT PRODUCTION IN MT DARWIN&#13;
DISTRICT OF ZIMBABWE&#13;
</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1272">
                <text>DELIWE SYLVESTER&#13;
&#13;
</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1273">
                <text>CLAYTON MASHAPA&#13;
 </text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="1274">
                <text>LIGHTON DUBE&#13;
</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1275">
                <text>MAY MREMA</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1276">
                <text>A study was conducted to analyze the socio-economic factors influencing commercialization of rabbit production in&#13;
communal areas of Mt Darwin district of Zimbabwe. A study sample of 85 smallholder rabbit farmers was randomly&#13;
selected across the study area. Data were collected by means of questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive and&#13;
inferential statistics. Results revealed that 81.2% of respondents had attained some form of education and 63.5% had&#13;
more than 6 years of rabbit farming experience. It was also observed that access to agricultural extension services,&#13;
rabbit producer price, agricultural education and experience in rabbit keeping significantly (P &lt; 0.05) influenced&#13;
commercialization of rabbit farming by the farmers. It was concluded that improved access to agricultural extension&#13;
services by a farmer, good rabbit producer prices, level of agricultural training attained by a farmer and years of&#13;
rabbit farming experience of a farmer ease farmer’s ability to adopt commercial rabbit production and hence a higher&#13;
production level. It was recommended that Zimbabwe national government create an enabling environment that&#13;
promotes adequate technology transfer to farmers. Also, an investment in agro-industries that deal with the value&#13;
chain components of rabbitory could be embarked upon by the government in order to improve on value-addition by&#13;
farmers which would in-turn lead to more favourable prices</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1277">
                <text>Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1278">
                <text>2014</text>
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      <tag tagId="608">
        <name>analysis</name>
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      <tag tagId="86">
        <name>Commercialization</name>
      </tag>
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        <name>farmer</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="606">
        <name>rabbitry</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="100">
        <name>Smallholder</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="161">
        <name>Socio-Economic</name>
      </tag>
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  <item itemId="203" public="1" featured="0">
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="81">
                  <text>Staff  Publications</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>SOCIAL SERVICES IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE FAST TRACK LAND REFORM&#13;
PROGRAMME (FTLRP): THE CASE OF MUPFURUDZI FARM (SHAMVA DISTRICT, ZIMBABWE)&#13;
&#13;
</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1267">
                <text>TOM TOM</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1268">
                <text>The impacts and outcomes of the Fast Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP) are varied, complex&#13;
and often misunderstood due to lack of empirical studies. The researcher sought to understand the state of&#13;
social services and social services needs in the aftermath of the FTLRP at Mupfurudzi farm in Shamva district.&#13;
A mixed methods approach was applied and the study shows that the land beneficiaries at the farm are&#13;
experiencing problems in accessing quality education, health care, transport services and potable water. The&#13;
land beneficiaries are not passively experiencing these problems; they are actively responding to these&#13;
problems through social organisation and agency. However, the land beneficiaries’ efforts should be&#13;
complemented by the other development actors. All the stakeholders on community and national development&#13;
should network and collaborate on social services delivery to the new farming communities and Zimbabwe at&#13;
large. Appropriate policy interventions should be informed by empirical studies</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1269">
                <text>IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2015</text>
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        <name>agrarian reform</name>
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        <name>development</name>
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        <name>land reform</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="605">
        <name>social services and wellbeing</name>
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