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                <text>MORAL REGENERATION, MULTI-FAITH PERSPECTIVES AND INTERCULTURAL EXCHANGE REPRESENTATIONS IN ZIMBABWE’S RELIGIOUS EDUCATION CURRICULA AND TEXTBOOKS&#13;
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                <text>GIFT MASENGWE</text>
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                <text>FRANCIS MACHINGURA</text>
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                <text>&#13;
DAVID BISHAU&#13;
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                <text>EBSCOhost: eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) </text>
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                <text>MORINGA (MORINGA OLEIFERA) LEAF EXTRACTS INHIBIT&#13;
SPORE GERMINATION OF ALTERNARIA SOLANI, CAUSAL&#13;
AGENT OF EARLY BLIGHT DISEASE OF TOMATO (SOLANUM&#13;
LYCOPERSICUM)&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>CULVER MVUMI</text>
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                <text>ELIZABETH NGADZE&#13;
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                <text>DIANA MARAIS</text>
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                <text> ELSA S DU TOIT </text>
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                <text>Alternaria solani is highly infective and can sporulate on tomato at 13.2 × 10 6 spores mL−1. The fungicidal effect of&#13;
Moringa oleifera leaf chloroform and aqueous extracts (MLCE and MLAE, respectively) was investigated in vitro&#13;
to determine the inhibitory effect on germination of spores (conidia) of A. solani. Mixtures of spore suspension&#13;
and MLCE, as well as MLAE (1:1), were prepared and dropped on slides by micropipette with 20 μL spore&#13;
suspension of A. solani and 20 μL of MLCE and MLAE. The two treatments, MLCE and MLAE, were applied at&#13;
four concentrations (62.5, 125, 250 and 500 mg mL−1) and compared with negative (distilled water; no extracts)&#13;
and positive (diflucan, a commercial fungicide) controls with five replicates. The two extracts showed relatively&#13;
high inhibitory effects on the germination of conidia from the lowest to the highest concentration. Germination&#13;
of conidia decreased with increase in the concentrations of the extracts. The study showed that 250 mg mL−1 is&#13;
the optimum concentration for both MLCE and MLAE. The highest concentration inhibited germination (0.0%)&#13;
in both extracts. Based on the results from the present study, MLCE and MLAE are both effective in inhibiting&#13;
germination of A. solani conidia</text>
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                <text>South African Journal of Plant and Soil</text>
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        <name>conidia germination</name>
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                <text>MOVING THE CENTRE WITHOUT CONFLICT; GENDER&#13;
AND VIRTUAL EMPOWERMENT IN HIGHER&#13;
EDUCATION: THE VIRTUAL EMPOWERMENT MODEL&#13;
IN HIGHER EDUCATION</text>
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                <text>ESTHER GANDARI</text>
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                <text>JUDITH TAFANGOMBE</text>
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                <text>There is a wide gap between women’s access to education and women’s empowerment in a patriarchal society. In&#13;
addressing marginalization, women in Southern Africa have made significant achievements and have excelled in a variety of fields,&#13;
including the male domain. This has been possible due to emergent technologies which present new opportunities for women by&#13;
empowering them in obtaining higher education, playing an active process of construction of knowledge, attitudes and values as well&#13;
as developing skills using a variety of resources such as printed material and electronic media. This article investigates how four&#13;
African housewives successfully moved the centre without conflict in their families especially with their husbands by getting educated&#13;
using web-based technologies across face-to-face, online, and virtual world classes with communication tools that are synchronous,&#13;
asynchronous, and automated pre-scripted. The study is qualitative and captures the narratives of the women using the ODL mode&#13;
in successfully changing their circumstances while attending to their roles as mothers and wives in their kitchens. The integration of&#13;
E-learning, which is the application of information and communication technologies in a wide array of solutions, improves&#13;
knowledge and performance. The results were IT supported learning helped some of the women to acquire the necessary skills&#13;
knowledge for their job without taking time off their traditional roles and duties in household work for example, cooking skill</text>
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                <text>EPRA International Journal of Research and Development (IJRD)</text>
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                <text>MUSHIKASHIKA IN HARARE: A SOCIOECONOMIC AND REGULATORY ANALYSIS&#13;
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                <text>ZVISINEI GWATSVAIRA </text>
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                <text>PROF. R. KHUMALO&#13;
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                <text>Mushikashika, the informal pirate taxi system, in Harare, Zimbabwe, has become a dominant force in urban transportation. While it provides an essential service to commuters, it also poses significant challenges, including road safety concerns, regulatory issues and socioeconomic implications. This article explores the origins, impact and potential solutions to the Mushikashika phenomenon, drawing from recent studies and policy discussions. This study utilised a mixed-methods approach, combined quantitative data from surveys with 200 commuters and 100 mushikashika drivers and qualitative data from in-depth interviews with 15 key informants, including regulatory officials and transport union representatives. The results revealled that over 85% of commuters relied on mushikashika due to the unavailability of formal transport, while 70% of drivers entered the sector due to unemployment (Zulu, 2019). The findings also highlighted a significant correlation between the lack of regulation and increased road accidents, with 65% of commuters witnessing or experiencing reckless driving (Ndlovu, 2020). The study concluded that a hybrid approach, integrating mushikashika into the formal transport system through structured licensing, digital monitoring and cooperative models, was essential (Gomez, 2019). Such a strategy addressed both the economic realities of operators and the safety concerns of the public. This study provided insights into how informal transport systems can be integrated into formal urban mobility frameworks.</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe Journal of Business, Economics and Management</text>
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                <text>2025</text>
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                <text>N ASSESSMENT OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT FOLLOWING&#13;
BIRTH TRAUMA AND ITS DIDACTIC IMPLICATIONS: A CASE STUDY OF PRIMARY&#13;
SCHOOL CHILDREN IN BULAWAYO AND MATABELELAND REGIONS.&#13;
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                <text>NTOMBIYENDABA MUCHUCHUTI</text>
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                <text>This qualitative case study involved an assessment of neuropsychological development&#13;
following birth trauma and its didactic implications. The aim was to evaluate how brain&#13;
injuries occurring before, during and after birth affect the children’s mental ability. In the&#13;
study, 20 purposively selected children born at Mpilo Central Hospital, United Bulawayo&#13;
Hospitals, Gwanda Provincial and Tsholotsho District Hospital Maternity centres were used&#13;
as the research participants. Their parents, the school heads, class teachers, the school&#13;
psychologists, the nurses and doctors were used as information sources for the required data.&#13;
Document analysis of medical and school records and Standardised non-verbal tests&#13;
triangulated the data sources. Major findings were that: Children with Traumatic Birth&#13;
Injuries (TBI) were among learners in mainstream schools and some of them were not&#13;
benefiting from the teaching methodologies and curricula in schools. The children had&#13;
challenges in cognitive and behavioural domains which manifested in memory, mastery, poor&#13;
performance in Mathematics and English and they had behavioural problems. Most of them&#13;
set in the bottom 10 of the class. Most teachers had problems with teaching children with&#13;
TBI. The study made the following recommendations: revision of policies and statutory&#13;
instruments governing medical practise; resuscitation of maternal health systems in the&#13;
country; mainstreaming inclusion in teacher-education; improvement of teaching and learning&#13;
conditions; and observing reasonable teacher-pupil ratio. Collaboration of multi-sectoral&#13;
alliances in the education of children with TBI is encouraged if the traumatised children are to&#13;
benefit from time in school. Further research should focus on collaborative research in mental&#13;
health and effective schooling of children with TB</text>
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                <text>ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY </text>
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                <text>NARROWING THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC GENDER GAP THROUGH EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN IN MICRO LIVESTOCK FARMING: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES&#13;
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                <text>N. ASSAN </text>
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                <text>Micro livestock appears to be the most sustainable means of&#13;
producing high quality animal protein for the expanding populations&#13;
of the lesser developing countries. Diversification in animal&#13;
agriculture through inclusion of non-conventional livestock such as&#13;
micro livestock species (goat, sheep, poultry, rabbits, guinea pigs,&#13;
pigeon, ducks, snails, grasscutter etc) provide options that would&#13;
guarantee fully participation of women in livestock production to&#13;
alleviate rural households protein shortage or deficiencies. The micro&#13;
livestock are likely to become increasingly important source of&#13;
animal protein as a result of rapid increase in human population and&#13;
in the light of dwindling land sizes and natural resources in general.&#13;
This is on the backdrop that micro livestock have diverse economic&#13;
and social functions in rural communities, and different types of&#13;
micro livestock have been associated with women due to their&#13;
significant potential for alleviating malnutrition and food insecurity.&#13;
Therefore, supporting micro livestock should be considered as a&#13;
means to empower women in rural development which has the&#13;
capacity to improve household nutrition and food security. This&#13;
discussion looks at the opportunities of empowering women through&#13;
micro livestock as a mean of alleviating poverty and solving the food&#13;
insecurity challenges in rural communities. The challenges which women might face in engaging in micro livestock are also highlighted.&#13;
The basis of micro livestock farming may be taken from the&#13;
perspective of animal products supply being outpaced with the&#13;
increased human population in Africa. In this case, alternative&#13;
sources of animal protein such as micro livestock need to be&#13;
promoted, and if not, livestock products will be beyond the reach of&#13;
the majority of the ordinary persons. The space for classic livestock&#13;
rearing have decreased, and this scenario will suit the keeping of&#13;
smaller animals which are prolific and easy to manage. This warrant&#13;
serious consideration of micro livestock farming as one of the major&#13;
component of the livestock production systems where women can be&#13;
empowered in rural areas. Micro livestock farming has greater&#13;
opportunities in improving livelihoods among the rural poor&#13;
households, provided that productivity is enhanced and appropriate&#13;
input and services can be availed. Gender sensitive programs that&#13;
promote micro livestock farming contribution to optimization of&#13;
animal product supply and enhance food security on sustainable&#13;
basis are recommended. In most cases livestock professionals such as&#13;
veterinarians and animal scientists often do not have the necessary&#13;
familiarity and competence with gender analysis and participatory&#13;
skills to implement a gender balanced assessment or response in&#13;
livestock production issues</text>
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                <text>Scientific Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences</text>
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            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2014</text>
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        <name>Challenges</name>
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        <name>Micro livestock</name>
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        <name>Opportunities</name>
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        <name>Women</name>
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                <text>NAVIGATING MARGINALITY: RECLAIMING AND UNDERSTANDING THE STATUS AND EXPERIENCES OF ZIMBABWEAN WOMEN WHO OCCUPY EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP ROLES</text>
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                <text>PAUL MUPA</text>
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                <text>The twenty-first century has seen very few women profiled in educational leadership positions. Women need to break through the glass ceilings in order to navigate marginality. Many African governments are signatories to the convention of gender&#13;
equity and equality and vowed to fight against any forms of discrimination that bar women from positions and hinder their career development. Yet real obstacles remain. Women are still concentrated in the lower ranks of educational leadership&#13;
positions with the majority as deputy heads of schools while a minority take the headship positions. Breaking through the glass ceiling still appears elusive for all but a select few. This study was meant to analyse the experiences of those women&#13;
who are already in leadership positions in education. A qualitative research was carried out to establish experiences and opportunities by women to break the glass ceilings that affect their statuses in educational organisations. Interviews were used to generate data from women in management positions in the education department in Masvingo Province in Zimbabwe. Purposeful sampling was employed to select 10 women leaders. The study recommends creation of positive attitudes towards women, minimising gender stereotypes; crafting policies that promote gender equity, among others.</text>
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                <text>Open and Distance Learning Journal Special Edition</text>
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                <text>NITROGEN RETENTION AND MICROBIAL PROTEIN YIELD OF DESMODIUM UNCUNATUM, MUCUNA PRURIENS AND VIGNA&#13;
UNGUICULATA FORAGE LEGUMES IN GOATS&#13;
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                <text>JOSEPH J. BALOYI</text>
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                <text>S. KATSANDE</text>
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                <text>F. V. NHERERA CHOKUDA </text>
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                <text>N. T. NGONGONI</text>
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      <tag tagId="373">
        <name>Goats</name>
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      <tag tagId="374">
        <name>Legumes</name>
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      <tag tagId="375">
        <name>Microbial protein</name>
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        <name>Nitrogen retention</name>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>OBSTACLES TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE HIV/AIDS CURRICULUM IN&#13;
GURUVE DISTRICT SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN ZIMBABWE</text>
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                <text>RITTAH KASOWE</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="544">
                <text>The aim of this present study was to investigate constraints faced by secondary school teachers&#13;
in the teaching and learning of HIV/AIDS education in Guruve District in Mashonaland Province&#13;
of Zimbabwe. Specifically, it focused on HIV/AIDS content, evaluation of the subject, teacher&#13;
qualifications, availability of resources, methodology as well as syllabus interpretation. The&#13;
quantitative methodology was used and the descriptive survey design employed. The population&#13;
consisted of all the 840 secondary school teachers in the district. Random sampling was used to&#13;
select the 200 respondents. Data were collected using a questionnaire. The study revealed that&#13;
teachers were finding it very difficult to discuss sex related issues with children. The study also&#13;
revealed that teachers lacked the knowledge and confidence to teach HIV/AIDS education. The&#13;
study recommends that teachers should be given proper training in the teaching of HIV/AIDS&#13;
education. There is also need for teachers to be provided with relevant and adequate resources to&#13;
effectively guide pupils on this subject</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="545">
                <text>IJRDO-Journal of Educational Research</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2017</text>
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        <name>Constraints</name>
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        <name>HIV/AIDS education teaching</name>
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        <name>Learning</name>
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        <name>secondary school teachers</name>
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                <text>ODL UNIVERSITY INCLUSION EXPERIENCES OF STUDENTS WITH&#13;
DISADVANTAGES IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text>PHILLIPA MUTSVANGWA </text>
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                <text>BARBARA  MAPURANGA </text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>The study’s focus is on students with disabilities and the marginalised. Riddell, Tinklin and&#13;
Wilson (2005) assert that universities are arbiters of social justice. However, despite paradigm shift to the&#13;
philosophical call for schools for all the disadvantaged students continue to face social injustice and&#13;
inclusive disparities at universities. Using ten purposively selected disadvantaged students, the study&#13;
engaged the qualitative approach based on the enthnographic design to elicit inclusion experiences of the&#13;
disadvantaged ODL students with a view to obtain best inclusive practices from their stories. In-depth&#13;
interviews with unstructured questions, unstructured observations and document analysis were use to&#13;
collect data. The collected data was coded into themes and patterns emerging from the experiences. The&#13;
study revealed that most marginalised students dropped out of ODL either in their first year or second year&#13;
due to failure to raise enough fees while students with disabilities showed that their learning moral was&#13;
destroyed by lack of relevant provisions to their needs. Thus, they suggested that now that Zimbabwe&#13;
ratified the UNCRPD on the 23 September 2013 provisions should stay available in anticipation of&#13;
admitting students with various disabilities</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="871">
                <text>International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education (IJHSSE)</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2014</text>
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        <name>Detrimental effects</name>
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        <name>experiences. Inclusion</name>
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        <name>ODL</name>
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                <text>OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR DIGITAL FINANCIAL&#13;
INCLUSION OF FEMALES IN THE INFORMAL SECTOR THROUGH&#13;
MOBILE PHONE TECHNOLOGY: EVIDENCE FROM ZIMBABWE</text>
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                <text>GLADYS SIWELA</text>
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                <text>TAVONGA NJAYA</text>
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                <text>This desk research confirms that mobile technology has brought transformative power to the&#13;
non–banked and under banked population particularly females working in the informal sector in&#13;
Zimbabwe. While mobile banking has become a major banking option to avert cash shortages,&#13;
the major challenge that still needs to be addressed is that of affordability of mobile phones and&#13;
the high cost of data. Affordability has emerged as a prohibitive factor in financial inclusion&#13;
despite the extreme convenience, reliability and accessibility that mobile phones provide to the&#13;
under banked and non-banked in Zimbabwe. The approach that was used to gather data for this&#13;
paper is on-line explanatory desk research as well as review of relevant literature on mobile&#13;
technology and mobile banking. The data was analysed qualitatively through thematic analysis.&#13;
The study unveiled that opportunities brought by mobile banking to financial inclusion as&#13;
recommended by the United Nations though the Sustainable developmental goals (SDG’s),&#13;
have brought relief to millions of previously excluded and underserved populations the world&#13;
over. Mobile money service providers should also offer ancillary tools such as accounting and&#13;
inventory management, in order to assist females in the informal sector to better manage digital&#13;
payments</text>
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                <text>PARENTS’ ROLE TOWARDS IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF THEIR CHILDREN IN SCHOOL WORK: A CASE STUDY OF BINDURA PRIMARY&#13;
SCHOOLS&#13;
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                <text>The purpose of this present study was to investigate the role played by parents in improving the&#13;
performance of their children in school work in Bindura primary schools in Zimbabwe using the&#13;
quantitative research methodology. The population consisted of all heads, SDC/SDA members&#13;
and teachers in the thirty schools in Bindura. Random sampling was used to arrive at a sample&#13;
of ninety six (96) respondents made up of six (6) heads of schools, seventy two (72) teachers and&#13;
eighteen (18) members of School Development Committees or Associations (SDCs/SDAs). The&#13;
questionnaire and interview were used for data collection. The study revealed that there are&#13;
many barriers to effective parental involvement in school activities such as lack of education by&#13;
parents. The study recommends that heads of schools should always involve parents before&#13;
making decisions that require the inputs from the parents. There should also be staff&#13;
development workshops for teachers and parents where parental involvement in the education of&#13;
their children would be the main topic.</text>
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                <text>IJRDO-Journal of Educational Research</text>
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                <text>In Zimbabwe, the constitution indicates the freedom of expression, at the same time noting the&#13;
need for individuals to respective individual rights, including non-violent behaviours towards&#13;
others in the process of one’s expression. In addition, different legislative acts have been&#13;
instituted to prevent and alleviate violence within communities. For instance, public libraries&#13;
are governed by the National Library Documentation Services that stipulates conduct of library&#13;
staff members and patrons. Since several public libraries are managed by local authorities,&#13;
there are also bylaws that indicate the kind of behaviour that individual stakeholders are&#13;
supposed to conform to. In addition, libraries have their own rules and regulation that specify&#13;
on the kind of conduct and behaviour that staff and patrons are supposed to conform to.&#13;
Conversely, even with these legislations, policies, procedures, rules and regulations, public&#13;
libraries in Zimbabwe still face several behavioural challenges, including violent behaviour&#13;
from patrons and community members. Regrettably, there has been inadequate literature and&#13;
research around violence in libraries within a Zimbabwe context. Even within the global&#13;
context, there is lack of contemporary research on violence within public libraries. Therefore,&#13;
using a case of Gweru public libraries in Zimbabwe, this study endeavoured to reveal the causes&#13;
of violent behaviour within such libraries. Furthermore, the premise of the study was also to&#13;
expose the effects of violent behaviour within the libraries, as well as mitigation strategies that&#13;
the libraries could put in place to address violent behaviour.</text>
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                <text> Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)</text>
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                <text>PEACEBUILDING AND CONFLICT TRANSFORMATION: A&#13;
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TRANSFORMATION IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text>Beginning from the early 2000s, communities in Zimbabwe witnessed the worst forms of&#13;
politically motivated violence by state agents as well as civilian on civilian clashes at grassroots&#13;
levels. Efforts to resolve contemporary Zimbabwean politically motivated conflicts are proving&#13;
difficult if not impossible. This is caused by the efforts which are mainly top-down and&#13;
conventional in nature. The application of local traditional awareness and procedures in conflict&#13;
resolution and conflict transformation has been very negligible as many prefer the contemporary&#13;
law court system. The study assessed the effectiveness of traditional institutions in peacebuilding&#13;
and conflict transformation in Mashonaland Central Province at grassroots levels. The study&#13;
adopted a mixed methods approach in obtaining data from the field. A targeted population of 518&#13;
634 people above the age of 18 which included traditional leaders’ council and community&#13;
members was used. A sample comprising five traditional chiefs who were key informants&#13;
participated through in-depth interviews, 65 members of the chiefs’ council members&#13;
participated through focus group discussions and 250 community members were respondents to&#13;
questionnaires. The study found that traditional institutions were not effective when dealing with&#13;
politically motivated conflicts. Traditional institutions were effective in dealing with other forms&#13;
of conflicts emanating from land disputes and social disputes. Considerably, traditional practices&#13;
of peacebuilding and conflict transformation are cultural and community specific. Despite facing&#13;
economic, social, political and land challenges as well as having operational weaknesses,&#13;
traditional institutions have practical mechanisms of promoting peaceful co-existence at&#13;
grassroots levels. The study recommended that traditional institutions should be mainstreamed in&#13;
all processes of conflict management, peacebuilding and conflict transformation. This should be&#13;
done in accordance with the value system of the specific community or people in question</text>
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                <text>PEDAGOGIC POSSIBILITIES OF ICTS AND TECHNOLOGY AFFORDANCES IN AN INCREASINGLY NETWORKED ENVIRONMENT IN SUPPORT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT</text>
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                <text>The research project seeks new opportunities/ directions of learning and teaching in an increasingly&#13;
networked world, and how they can benefit people in developing countries in support of sustainable&#13;
development. The research agenda is aimed at studying how interconnected information and&#13;
communication technologies (ICTs) can expand the reach of educational opportunities and improve&#13;
learning outcomes as technology affordances. The main research question is - What are the pedagogic&#13;
possibilities of ICTs and technology affordances in an increasingly networked environment that can&#13;
impact/ benefit participative collaborative inclusive communities of learning in support of sustainable&#13;
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                <text>The research project seeks new opportunities/ directions of learning and teaching in an increasingly&#13;
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                <text>Distance education has expanded dramatically over the years and has become a needed component in the higher&lt;br /&gt;education landscape especially in this COVID-19 era. Students in distance education need the ability to make&lt;br /&gt;decisions about the quality of work and others. The argument advanced in this article is that evaluative judgement&lt;br /&gt;should be used as a pedagogical tool by students in distance education so that they develop the capacity to improve&lt;br /&gt;their reflective practices. Qualitative methodology was employed in this study. Learning facilitators from the&lt;br /&gt;Zimbabwe Open University were purposefully sampled to generate data through semi-structured interviews. The&lt;br /&gt;major findings of the study were that evaluative judgement is a very effective tool which enables students to see&lt;br /&gt;whether what they are doing is right or wrong. It is used in assignment writing, term paper presentations, research&lt;br /&gt;project writing, group discussions, peer assessment, teaching practice attachment and during examination writing. It&lt;br /&gt;improves the depth and breadth of understanding matter and also improves the quality of interaction between the&lt;br /&gt;student and the content. The study recommends that tutorial handbooks should be provided at orientation on the&lt;br /&gt;importance of evaluative judgement to students in order to improve the quality of their work</text>
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                <text>PEDAGOGY IN DISTANCE EDUCATION: IS EVALUATIVE JUDGEMENT AN EFFECTIVE PEDAGOGICAL TOOL FOR STUDENTS IN DISTANCE EDUCATION?</text>
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                <text>Distance education has expanded dramatically over the years and has become a needed component in the higher&#13;
education landscape especially in this COVID-19 era. Students in distance education need the ability to make&#13;
decisions about the quality of work and others. The argument advanced in this article is that evaluative judgement&#13;
should be used as a pedagogical tool by students in distance education so that they develop the capacity to improve&#13;
their reflective practices. Qualitative methodology was employed in this study. Learning facilitators from the&#13;
Zimbabwe Open University were purposefully sampled to generate data through semi-structured interviews. The&#13;
major findings of the study were that evaluative judgement is a very effective tool which enables students to see&#13;
whether what they are doing is right or wrong. It is used in assignment writing, term paper presentations, research&#13;
project writing, group discussions, peer assessment, teaching practice attachment and during examination writing. It&#13;
improves the depth and breadth of understanding matter and also improves the quality of interaction between the&#13;
student and the content. The study recommends that tutorial handbooks should be provided at orientation on the&#13;
importance of evaluative judgement to students in order to improve the quality of their work.</text>
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                <text>Zambia Journal of Distance Education</text>
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                <text>PEER ASSESSMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION: THE ROADMAP FOR DEVELOPING EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS IN POTENTIAL JOB SEEKERS&#13;
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                <text>PAUL MUPA&#13;
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                <text>OWENCE CHABAYA </text>
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                <text>CHRISPEN CHIOME &#13;
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                <text> RAPHINOS ALEXANDER CHABAYA&#13;
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                <text>The focus of the study was on the assessment of students’ attitudes towards both being assessed by and assessing&#13;
other students’ work.Concerns about graduate employment issues, the world over, suggest that employers are&#13;
concerned by the lack of employability skills exhibited by entry-level job applications. It is also suggested that&#13;
employers consider it the responsibility of higher education institutions to develop and sharpen such skills. The&#13;
current study seeks to identify peer assessment as a potential strategy for developing employability skills and aims to&#13;
examine, from a students’ perspective, the process of introducing peer assessment into higher education teaching&#13;
programmes. Data were gathered from a sample of undergraduate students following a semi-structured interview.&#13;
The study found that students expressed a positive attitude towards peer assessment but had concerns relating to&#13;
their capability to assess peers and to the responsibility associated with assessing peers. Students felt that peer&#13;
assessment would raise standards in higher education and equip graduates with the needed employability skills. The&#13;
study recommends that peer assessment should be adopted as regular practice on undergraduate programmes&#13;
wishing to equip students with a complete repertoire of employment-relevant skills</text>
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                <text>International J. Educational &amp; Research</text>
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                <text>PEOPLE’S PARTICIPATION IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS</text>
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                <text> DR. S. B. M. MARUME</text>
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                <text> PROF.D. NDUDZO</text>
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                <text>In the broader field of Public administration, one of the integral elements of public accountability&#13;
and control is the concept of people`s participation. According to available literature, the concept of people`s&#13;
participation means participation of people in the process government and administration. It implies citizens’&#13;
control over administration or public influence on public administration. It is essential for the smooth and&#13;
effective performance of the administrative machinery of the country. What this means is that people`s&#13;
participation makes the public administration responsive to the needs and wants of the people. It secures&#13;
public support to the government policies and programmes and makes them a success. The concept of people`s&#13;
participation which constitutes an important means of enforcing administrative accountability is the subject of&#13;
this article</text>
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                <text>PERCEIVED EFFECTS OF EMPLOYEE RETENTION PRACTICES ON JOB SATISFACTION IN&#13;
THE ZIMBABWEAN HIGHER EDUCATION SECTOR: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>MAVUNGA GETRUDE</text>
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                <text>Employee retention is a critical issue in Zimbabwe’s Higher Education (HE) sector, where economic instability, inadequate remuneration, and limited career development opportunities&#13;
contribute to high staff turnover. This study employed a systematic literature review (SLR) to&#13;
synthesise existing research on employee retention strategies and their impact on job satisfaction in Zimbabwean HE institutions. Using the PRISMA framework, the study identified key retention practices, including financial incentives, professional development&#13;
programmes, flexible work arrangements, and institutional support mechanisms. The findings revealled that while Zimbabwean HE institutions employed both monetary and non-monetary retention strategies, their effectiveness was often undermined by inconsistent implementation&#13;
and resource constraints. Comparative analysis with global best practices highlighted the disparity between Zimbabwean institutions and their counterparts in developed economies, where structured career pathways, tenure systems, and work-life balance policies contribute to higher job satisfaction. The study identified critical gaps in existing literature, including a lack of longitudinal research, insufficient empirical evidence on non-monetary incentives, and methodological inconsistencies. This review underscored the need for Zimbabwean policymakers and university administrators to adopt sustainable, evidence-based retention&#13;
strategies that address both extrinsic and intrinsic motivators. Future research should explore sector-wide policy interventions and international best practices to inform retention strategies that enhance workforce stability and institutional performance</text>
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