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                <text>Scientists usually view theories as rationally thought out explanations of some empirically observed&#13;
phenomena, consisting of sets of interrelated principles that describe relationships in association with those&#13;
phenomena for the purposes of understanding, explaining, predicting and, possible, seeking evaluation of the&#13;
results, and eventual control of the events. Three classifications of public administration theories and theory&#13;
include (a) the whole body of theories; (b) individual theories covering the whole of theories, and (c) individual&#13;
theories covering particular aspects or phenomena. However, five fine types of administrative theory, namely,&#13;
descriptive theory; prescriptive theory; normative theory; assumptive theory, and instrumental theory. All these&#13;
constitute the subject of this article</text>
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                <text>THE NECESSITY OF RELATED LITERATURE SEARCH AND REVIEW EXERCISES IN&#13;
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                <text>The systematic and scientific study of the related literature is the life cycle of every&#13;
dissertation/thesis research proposal and research writing process. It is a form of secondary data collection,&#13;
data analysis, and data presentation. The content we are dealing with here is textual, and the form of secondary&#13;
data analysis is a form of phenomenologically qualitatively data analysis</text>
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                <text>THE ROLE OF TURNITIN POLICY IN ACADEMIC&#13;
WRITING: A CASE OF ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>Academics strive to produce quality academic writing. There is need to ensure that issues of&#13;
plagiarism are addressed to promote quality academic writing. Plagiarism means using some&#13;
one’s ideas without even acknowledging the source (en.writecheck.com/resources). In academic&#13;
writing plagiarism is a serious offence. It results in one loosing academic or professional&#13;
standing or failing assignments or courses (http:// www.examiner.com/ adult –education-in-&#13;
pittsburg/plagiarism-higher education. It is therefore imperative that academics make use of anti-&#13;
plagiarism software such as turnitin as it would assist them to avoid plagiarism. The study sought&#13;
to findout the role of turnitin in academic writing. A qualitative approach was adopted and a case&#13;
study design was employed. The case study allowed the researcher to focus on a particular&#13;
instance to get an in-depth understanding of the situation (Creswell, 2009).A purposive sampling&#13;
of 5 lecturers and 5 students was drawn. The lecturers revealed that they have been trained to use&#13;
the anti-plagiarism but were yearning for a clear policy since it would determine universal&#13;
acceptable percentage. The students on the other hand revealed that they have not been trained to&#13;
use it and would appreciate such training to promote production of quality assignments. It is&#13;
recommended that there be a turnitin policy used in faculties to promote quality academic&#13;
writing. Students on the other hand should be trained to use turn it in soft-ware in order to&#13;
produce quality assignments. Thus generally both students and lecturers should be encouraged to&#13;
use the anti-plagiarism software in all their academic writing</text>
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                <text>THE NATURE AND PREVALENCE OF BULLYING IN PRIMARY&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>The aim of the present study was to investigate the nature and prevalence of bullying among&#13;
primary school pupils in Nkayi South Circuit in Matabeleland North Province in Western Zimbabwe.&#13;
The population comprised of all the 300 teachers in Nkayi South Circuit. Random sampling was&#13;
used to arrive at a sample of 30 teachers from ten schools. The study adopted the descriptive&#13;
survey design and the questionnaire was used for collecting data. The main findings of the study&#13;
revealed that the most common forms of bullying were physical (that is, fighting, punching, hitting),&#13;
verbal (that is, threatening, swearing, teasing) social (that is, deliberately leaving out of a game or&#13;
group, ignoring). The study also revealed that boys were the main contributors of bullying. The&#13;
findings also revealed that the bullying behaviours were influenced by home based factors, peers and school based factors. The study recommends that schools should encourage teachers to&#13;
engage all children in productive work all the time and also liaise with parents on best ways of&#13;
guiding the behaviour of pupils who exhibit characteristics of bullies</text>
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                <text>British Journal of Education, Society &amp;&#13;
Behavioural Science</text>
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                <text>THE WIDER VISION OF SOCIAL POLICY: EXPLORING THE WAYS OF&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>The researchers sought to discover the forms and depths of violence against women, and to analyse&#13;
the current responses to the violence in Shamva North constituency in Zimbabwe. Prevent violence&#13;
against women through in-depth understanding of such violence and the analysis of the current&#13;
responses in the 4 wards was the overall aim of the study. This aim emanated from the view that&#13;
violence against women is enduring despite the existence of national policies, regional and&#13;
international frameworks and platforms for action against violence on women. Four wards of the&#13;
constituency were selected for the study. These are Wards 7, 10, 18 and 29. A mixed methods&#13;
research design was applied because the problem has both qualitative and quantitative aspects.&#13;
The results of the study indicate that women are the main victims of various forms of violence in the&#13;
four wards. Violence against women is rooted in the social structures and relations of the wards.&#13;
The results of the study show that the current responses to violence against women are inadequate&#13;
in both scope and rigour. There is need therefore to widen the scope and depth of the responses to&#13;
enhance effectiveness. A successful response to violence against women is a vital instrument of&#13;
social policy and human development</text>
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                <text>THE VALUE OF AN INFORMATION POLICY&#13;
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                <text>Information policy is the glue that holds the proper management of information for nations and&#13;
organisations. Information if not well managed poses challenges to privacy and confidentiality, intellectual&#13;
rights, security, reliability, accountability and responsibility. This then calls for information policy to maintain&#13;
proper rules and procedures in the use of formation for effective and efficient information flow. This paper&#13;
shows the value of having an information policy. The dangers of not having an information policy are&#13;
articulated which include inconsistency, repetition of work and lack of accountability.</text>
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                <text>THE USAGE OF ELECTRONIC RESOURCES AT ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY&#13;
MIDLANDS LIBRARY, GWERU, ZIMBABWE&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>MTHOKOZISI MASUMBIKA NCUBE&#13;
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                <text> WILLARD TARUMBIRA</text>
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                <text>he advent of electronic resources in academic&#13;
circles towards the end of the 20th&#13;
I. INTRODUCTION&#13;
century presaged a fresh&#13;
landmark for research and scholarship as the innovation&#13;
offered academics and scholars in universities with extensive,&#13;
timely and contemporary sources of information. Therefore,&#13;
this research grew out of the realization that regardless of&#13;
numerous exertions that have been made by the Zimbabwe&#13;
Open University Midlands library to enhance access to these&#13;
resources, their usage among scholars remained very limited.&#13;
This pragmatic study, conducted in this library in Gweru,&#13;
endeavoured to find out why the utilization of electronic&#13;
resources within the library was limited, and also institute&#13;
what could be done to correct this problem. The study used&#13;
questionnaires, interviews, and observations to gather&#13;
information. The study established that the major cause of&#13;
low usage of electronic resources in the library was due to the&#13;
inadequate ICT resources within the library, which in turn&#13;
caused slow Internet connectivity. The study also established&#13;
that some of the students were not aware of the electronic&#13;
resources offered by the library. Therefore, the study&#13;
recommends that the library acquires adequate ICT&#13;
resources that facilitate electronic resources access; this&#13;
would also include increasing the bandwidth of the network&#13;
to expedite the Internet connectivity. The study also&#13;
recommends that the library undertakes diverse strategies to&#13;
market the electronic resources that the library offers. In&#13;
essence, the library should take a pro-active approach in&#13;
ensuring that electronic resources are utilized by students in&#13;
order for them to produce up to standard academic work,&#13;
and also such that they can enrich themselves through these&#13;
resources.</text>
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                <text>nternational Journal of Engineering and Management Research</text>
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        <name>Electronic resources</name>
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        <name>library resources and services</name>
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        <name>Zimbabwe Open University Midlands library.</name>
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                <text>THE ROLE OF THE SCHOOL LIBRARY MEDIA CENTRE IN ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT&#13;
WITHIN SELECTED SCHOOLS IN MIDLANDS AND MASHONALAND CENTRAL,&#13;
ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text>MTHOKOZISI MASUMBIKA NCUBE&#13;
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                <text>STEPHEN TSEKEA&#13;
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                <text>The role played by school libraries in ensuring academic excellence has been vividly overlooked&#13;
in most literature, and within Zimbabwe in particular. Therefore, this article looked at the&#13;
contribution of the school library media centre towards the performance of pupils in selected&#13;
schools within Midlands and Mashonaland Central provinces between year 2009 and 2014 at a&#13;
Zimbabwean school setup. The essence of a school library media centre is to provide access to&#13;
diverse educational and recreational resources to enhance the performance of pupils. However,&#13;
as schools were ranked every year, schools that had always topped the rankings continued to do&#13;
so year in and year out. The rankings showed that schools with good grades at Ordinary Level&#13;
examinations continued to perform well at Advanced Level examinations. Therefore, this&#13;
qualitative study endeavored to explore the role that was played by libraries in the success of&#13;
such schools. The study selected schools from Mashonaland Central and Midlands provinces in&#13;
Zimbabwe that had performed well and those that did not perform well. Data was gathered using&#13;
from the Zimbabwe Library Association (ZIMLA) members in the two provinces, school&#13;
librarians, teacher librarians, general teachers and pupils within the selected schools.&#13;
Questerviews, interviews and observations. Results of the study indicated that schools that had&#13;
effective school library media centers performed better than their counterparts. The study further&#13;
found out that the major hindrance that affected the effectiveness of some school libraries in&#13;
information provision was lack of resources, that is human, financial and material resources. The&#13;
study hence concluded that school libraries media centers played a significant role in the&#13;
performance of pupils and thus it was therefore imperative for the libraries to be equipped with&#13;
adequate resources that would enable their effectiveness. In addition, the study further&#13;
recommends that various players in the library profession come into play in ensuring that school libraries within the two provinces are manned by individuals that have the necessary&#13;
competencies and skills in library management.</text>
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                <text>Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2020</text>
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        <name>Mashonaland Centra</name>
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        <name>Midlands</name>
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        <name>performance of pupils</name>
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        <name>School library</name>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
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                <text>THE ROLE OF THE SCHOOL IN TRANSITIONING YOUNG PEOPLE INTO VOCATIONAL TRAINING IN SELECTED SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN GWANDA DISTRICT</text>
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                <text>ITAYI SAMANYANGA&#13;
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              <elementText elementTextId="1531">
                <text>VICTOR MADZINGA&#13;
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                <text>This paper sought to assess the role of the school in transitioning young people into vocational&#13;
training in selected secondary schools in Gwanda district. Many young people are completing secondary school&#13;
education without skills needed to live independently or contribute meaningfully to society‟s daily demands.&#13;
With the ever increasing job demands on technical skills young people need to be prepared for specialised&#13;
technical jobs. The research sought to assess the role of the school system in preparing youths who can&#13;
effectively compete in the labour market. The major challenge youths face is unemployment due to their&#13;
unemployability. It is therefore imperative, to prepare them for vocational training and ultimately for lifelong&#13;
employment. The teaching of technical and vocational subjects prepares youths for the labour market as well as&#13;
increasing their chances of becoming professionals. Through the learning of technical and vocational subjects,&#13;
youths are empowered to make choices for their future careers and realise the benefits of possessing knowledge&#13;
of technical and vocational skills. The study evaluated the role played by the education system in preparing&#13;
youths for working life. A descriptive survey was used to obtain respondents‟ views. The study used&#13;
questionnaire, structured interview schedule and observation guide in the data collection process to promote&#13;
triangulation. The study recommends the Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education to come up with a clear&#13;
policy guiding the implementation of technical and vocational curricula in secondary schools. The study&#13;
findings reveal that secondary schools had no suitably qualified technical and vocational teachers, thus&#13;
inadequate time was allocated to technical and vocational subjects. To keep pace with global trends, the&#13;
Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education should also seriously consider the use of computers/IT in the&#13;
instruction of technical and vocational subjects</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1534">
                <text>IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1535">
                <text>2016</text>
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      <tag tagId="723">
        <name>echnical and vocational subjects</name>
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        <name>employment</name>
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        <name>vocational training and transition</name>
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  <item itemId="243" public="1" featured="0">
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      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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                <text>THE ROLE OF TERMINOLOGICAL USES AND SEMASIOLOGICAL ANALYSES IN THE&#13;
SOCIAL SCIENCES&#13;
&#13;
</text>
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                <text>DR. S. B. M. MARUME,&#13;
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                <text>For some academics, both old and young, it seems frivolous if not a waste of space to devote some&#13;
time in social research on the issue of terminological uses and semasiological analysis. Yet, the opposite is&#13;
fundamentally true. That is, lack of special attention in any social research study to this issue is an academic&#13;
suicide, a tragedy, a scientific offence, and un pardonable scholastic shortcoming</text>
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                <text>IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)</text>
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                <text>Public administration is a science and as such its activities have to be undertaken according to&#13;
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                <text>The Zimbabwe Open University Midlands regional library acts as a back bone for the Zimbabwe&#13;
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the university students. Therefore this pragmatic research intended to establish the reasons&#13;
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                <text>Many thinkers have regarded it as the philosopher’s task to synthesize the results of all the sciences&#13;
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                <text>THE IMPORTANCE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>The Postal and Telecommunications Authority of Zimbabwe (POTRAZ) statistics point to&#13;
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economic development and growth around the world. This study sought to find a nexus&#13;
between the exponential rise in usage of social media and its impact on the tourism and&#13;
hospitality in Zimbabwe which ultimately could contribute to the economic growth of the&#13;
country. The research set out to focus on establishing from tourists, the influence of social&#13;
media in the choice of tourist destinations as well as to determine the role of social media as a&#13;
marketing tool from players in the tourism and hospitality sector. Other objectives were to&#13;
identify popular social media platforms as well as the benefits and challenges arising out of&#13;
the use of social media in the industry. The qualitative research methodology was used for the&#13;
study where face to face and telephonic interviews as well as in-depth emailed questionnaires&#13;
were used to as data collection instruments using a purposive sampling method. The findings&#13;
of the study show that social media plays a significant role in influencing people’s decisions&#13;
on choice of tourist destinations and is also an important, cost effective, efficient and&#13;
convenient marketing tool. Popularity of social media is also driven by its affordability and&#13;
interactive nature. Findings also point out some challenges arising out of use of social media.&#13;
The study concluded that social media plays a significant role in the tourism and hospitality&#13;
sector. The study therefore recommended the adoption of social media for the purposes of&#13;
creating positive perceptions on destinations to improve the pull power of destinations. The&#13;
study also recommended the need to uplift the profile of social media in organisations&#13;
through employment of appropriate staff to advance digital marketing on social media&#13;
platforms. Another recommendation was to call for the enactment of policies to penalise&#13;
detractors and culprits who peddle falsehoods and fake news on social media for ulterior&#13;
motives</text>
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                <text>THE IMPACT OF URBAN WETLAND FARMING ON FOOD SECURITY IN&#13;
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                <text>This study explores the urban wetlands contribution to household food security in Zimbabwe. This is&#13;
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observations, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and a household questionnaire survey, to&#13;
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this study. A sum of 300 subjects from the three main residential areas namely Seke, St Mary’s and&#13;
Zengeza suburbs were selected for the study. Systematic sampling was used to select wetland urban&#13;
farmers in each surbub, followed by random sampling which resulted in a sample size of 100 from each&#13;
suburb. The results revealed that 92% of the urban farmers practice agriculture in wetlands. Sixty two&#13;
percent acknowledge that they are food secure because of wetland agriculture. The main crops which are&#13;
planted in these wetlands include maize, sweet potatoes, and vegetables in order of their importance.&#13;
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landscapes and therefore reducing expenses on input costs like fertilizers. About 80% of those that are&#13;
food secure are women headed households. Eighty seven percent of the respondents confirmed that&#13;
wetlands provide products and services that significantly contribute to their household food security.&#13;
Despite the wetland’s contribution, these urban farmers face some challenges which include low inputs,&#13;
unreliable and erratic rainfall, unfavorable urban agricultural policies and diseases. Urban population&#13;
increase around the wetlands, embedded with other anthropogenic activities, economic crisis, land&#13;
shortage and climate change presents households with limited options. The study recommends urban&#13;
agricultural policies that take into account the importance of wetlands as reliable agricultural landscape&#13;
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                <text>THE IMPACT OF ICTs ON MDGs: CONTEXT FOR DIFFUSION AND ADOPTION OF ICT INNOVATIONS IN EAST AND SOUTHERN AFRICA</text>
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                <text>he major problem of underdevelopment in Africa characterized by the huge challenge&#13;
to achieve the millennium development goals (MDGs) is on knowledge empowerment&#13;
supported by information and communication technologies (ICTs). Information has&#13;
become a strategic resource, a commodity and foundation of every activity. The&#13;
emergence and convergence of information and communication technologies (ICTs)&#13;
has remained at the centre of global socio-economic transformations. If implemented&#13;
properly and carefully, these technologies could reduce or eliminate the imbalance&#13;
between rich and poor, and the powerful and marginalized.</text>
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                <text>THE FUNCTIONS OF LEADERSHIP IN ADMINISTRATIVE INSTITUTIONS&#13;
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                <text>The basic concept and principle of the hierarchy, that is, scalar factor, binds together the&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>The basic concept and principle of the hierarchy, that is, scalar factor, binds together the&#13;
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                <text>THE EFFECTS OF STATUTORY INSTRUMENT 64 OF 2016 ON CLEARING AGENTS BASED AT BEITBRIDGE BORDER POST IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
</text>
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                <text>STANLEY  IDANAI MURANGWA </text>
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                <text>TAVONGA NJAYA</text>
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                <text>The current study sought to explore the effects of Statutory Instrument Number 64 of 2016 on the&#13;
business of clearing agents based at Beitbridge Border Post. The study used qualitative research and an&#13;
exploratory research design. Data were collected through focus group discussions, in-depth interviews,&#13;
document reviews and observations. Four basic categories of clearing agents were identified at the Beitbridge&#13;
Border Post, namely, agents who worked for large firms such as multinationals and stock exchange listed firms;&#13;
agents who worked for small enterprises; self-employed individuals; and the ―briefcase‖ agent. The study&#13;
revealed that the major challenges faced by clearing agents due to the introduction of Statutory Instrument&#13;
Number 64 of 2016 included delays in customs formalities, loss of reputation due to unethical behavior, lack of&#13;
training and skills and limited infrastructure. The researchers discovered that the effects of Statutory Instrument&#13;
Number 64 of 2016 on clearing agents were loss of business due to reduced importation of goods by traders, the&#13;
threat of salary cuts and job losses, worse standards of living due to increased prices of the few imported goods&#13;
that found their way into the economy coupled with increases in prices of locally produced goods from nascent&#13;
firms and poor quality goods. The researchers recommended that government should educate, train and equip&#13;
clearing agents with knowledge and information on the requirements of Statutory Instrument Number 64 of&#13;
2016 and ensure that the customs clearing system is always functional to avoid delays.</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1443">
                <text>International Journal of Business and Management Invention</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2016</text>
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        <name>Banking and finance</name>
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        <name>Clearing agents</name>
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        <name>statutory instrument</name>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Staff  Publications</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>THE EFFECT OF STAGE OF GROWTH AND METHOD OF DRYING&#13;
FRESH HERBAGE ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THREE TROPICAL&#13;
HERBACEOUS FORAGE LEGUMES</text>
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                <text>[EFECTO DE LA ETAPA DE CRECIMIENTO Y EL MÉTODO DE SECADO&#13;
SOBRE LA COMPOSICIÓN QUÍMICA DE TRES ESPECIES HERBACEAS&#13;
DE LEGUMINOSAS FORRAJERAS TROPICALES]</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>J. F. MUPANGWA &#13;
</text>
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                <text>N. T. NGONGONI&#13;
</text>
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                <text>H. HAMUDIKUWANDA&#13;
</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1436">
                <text>The objective of this study was to assess the effect of&#13;
stage of growth and method of drying fresh herbage on&#13;
the chemical composition of herbaceous forage&#13;
legumes namely Cassia rotundifolia (Cassia), Lablab&#13;
purpureus (Lablab) and Macroptilium atropurpureum&#13;
(Siratro). The interactions of legume species, drying&#13;
method and stage of growth influenced the crude&#13;
protein content and nitrogen degradation of the&#13;
legumes. Siratro maintained a greater protein content&#13;
ranging from 191 to 282 g/kg DM, at all stages of&#13;
growth and drying methods than either cassia or lablab&#13;
which had values ranging from, respectively, 173 to&#13;
246 and 162 to 254 g/kg DM, but were also different.&#13;
Drying the forages at 60 0C caused an increase in the&#13;
acid detergent insoluble nitrogen content of the&#13;
legumes. The neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent&#13;
fibre and lignin content of cassia and siratro harvested&#13;
at 8 or 14 weeks of growth were greater than in lablab.&#13;
While the protein content declines with fibre&#13;
increasing with advancing plant maturity, the legumes&#13;
tend to maintain a high CP content, which makes them&#13;
acceptable protein supplementary feeds to low quality&#13;
roughages. Among the three legumes, siratro showed a&#13;
higher sustained CP content followed by cassia, and&#13;
lablab was the least. To ensure high quality forage&#13;
more emphasis should be placed on drying methods&#13;
and harvest management as this affects the extent of&#13;
leaf loss from the forage legumes and hence the&#13;
quality of the final feed given to animals</text>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1437">
                <text>Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems </text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1438">
                <text>2006</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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      <tag tagId="682">
        <name>chemical composition</name>
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      <tag tagId="680">
        <name>Forage</name>
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      <tag tagId="374">
        <name>Legumes</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="681">
        <name>stage of growth</name>
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  <item itemId="228" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
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        <src>https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/58e91103d5976d5d4db36a25a6b41877.pdf</src>
        <authentication>1ef2fb18ce6a95d02a80ce4011021f56</authentication>
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          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="81">
                  <text>Staff  Publications</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1424">
                <text>&#13;
THE EFFECT OF HERBICIDES ON RESIDUAL EFFECTS OF&#13;
ATRAZINE UNDER CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE&#13;
</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1425">
                <text>MUTSVANDIANI CHIKUTUMA&#13;
</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1426">
                <text>LOVEJOY TEMBO&#13;
&#13;
</text>
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                <text> WISDOM KURANGWA </text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1428">
                <text>An experiment was set up to evaluate the residual effect of atrazine in cowpea production under conservation&#13;
agriculture. The trial was superimposed on a previous herbicide trial of a maize crop in 2012/2013 season. The&#13;
experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replicates and four treatments as follows;&#13;
1. control (manual weeding), 2. Atrazine (3.6 litres/ha), 3. Atrazine (3.6 litres/ha) + glyphosate (2.5 litres/ha) and 4.&#13;
Atrazine (3.6 litres/ha) + glyphosate (2.5 litres/ha) + metolachlor (1 litre/ha). Herbicide treatment was carried out at&#13;
planting time and manual weeding at 10 cm weed height. Data collected include: germination percentage, weed&#13;
counts and weed biomass, cowpea biomass, pod length and cowpea yield. The herbicidal treatments showed a&#13;
significant effect (p&lt;0.05) on pod length and cowpea yield. The control plot had the highest pod length of 17.03cm&#13;
and atrazine alone had the least of 15.77cm. A combination of three herbicides had the highest yield of 1.2t/ha and&#13;
atrazine alone had the lowest yield of 0.9t/ha. No significant (p&gt;0.05) effects were recorded on percentage&#13;
germination, weed counts and weed biomass as well as on cowpea biomass. Tank mixing of two or more herbicides&#13;
is recommended when using atrazine to reduce residual effect and further research is recommended under different&#13;
soil types with different climatic conditions</text>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1429">
                <text>Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1430">
                <text>2015</text>
              </elementText>
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      <tag tagId="677">
        <name>atrazine</name>
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      <tag tagId="273">
        <name>Conservation agriculture</name>
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      <tag tagId="678">
        <name>cowpea</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="679">
        <name>residual effect</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
