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                <text>WHY DO FEMALE STREET VENDORS EARN LESS THAN MALE STREET&#13;
VENDORS IN HARARE?&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>TAVONGA NJAYA </text>
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                <text>The study explored the factors that influenced income disparities betweenmaleand female street&#13;
vendors in Harare, the capital city ofZimbabwe.Qualitative data collection techniques used in the study&#13;
included in-depth personal interviews, focus group discussions, direct observations and document reviews. The&#13;
study observed three categories of street vendors, namely, stationary, peripatetic and mobile vendors. Although&#13;
street vending reflected the face of a woman in Harare, a majority of the female street vendors earned less than&#13;
their male counterparts. The reasons for low sales and hence low daily incomes for female street vendors were&#13;
varied and includeddisruptions caused by household chores including child-care; stiff competition from rising&#13;
number of street vendors;men grabbed bigger vending space and more strategic vending sites; low capital&#13;
investment; a majority of women traded in low volume and perishable goods such as vegetables, fruits and&#13;
cooked food and less lucrative goods; female street vendors had less access to productive tools and financial&#13;
capital and worked as commission agents or employees of other vendors; gender bias towards some goods like&#13;
leather and electronic products which generally required a substantial investment that could only be made by&#13;
male vendors and female street vendors operated in insecure and illegal spaces where they became easy targets&#13;
of eviction and confiscation. The major problem faced by women vendors was that street vending was illegal in&#13;
Zimbabwe. The government should formally recognise the economic activities of the street vendors which would&#13;
allow them to carry on their work with dignity and freedom</text>
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                <text>2016</text>
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                <text>WHO IS DISENGAGING THE GEAR? IS SCHOOL LEADERSHIP THE IMPEDIMENT IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF&#13;
THE NEW CURRICULUM IN ZIMBABWE?&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>PAUL MUPA</text>
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                <text>School leadership is there to build ‘learning bridges’ between learners and the curriculum content&#13;
(Everand, Morris &amp; Wilson, 2004, p. x). This study seeks to investigate challenges that school&#13;
leadership face in the implementation of the new curriculum in Zimbabwean primary schools. It&#13;
particularly examines the dissonance between the current implementation level and the expected&#13;
standard of implementation. The implementation of a new curriculum requires effective school&#13;
leadership (Bennett, Crawford &amp; Cartwright, 2003). The key stakeholder in the process of&#13;
curriculum implementation in any education system is school leadership. This article argues that&#13;
school leadership should have a clear picture of what to do and how for effective implementation&#13;
of any new curriculum. The curriculum introduced in Zimbabwe is not spared. The study was&#13;
located within the qualitative paradigm using semi-structured interviews and focus group&#13;
discussions to generate. Purposive sampling was done to select information rich cases from among&#13;
school leaders in Masvingo Province. The study highlighted a number of complex challenges&#13;
linked to school leadership which include the problem of suffering from multiple meanings and&#13;
conceptual complexity of the new curriculum and lack of orientation on the new curriculum. The&#13;
study also revealed that school leadership has not been sufficiently retrained for fitness of purpose.&#13;
The study thus recommends retooling of school leadership so that they develop the craft&#13;
competency needed in the implementation of the new curriculum.</text>
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                <text>African Perspectives of Research in Teaching &amp; Learning</text>
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                <text>WEANING AGE/TIME BASED MODEL INFLUENCING PERFORMANCE IN GOATS AND SHEEP&#13;
MEAT PRODUCTION&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>NEVER ASSAN</text>
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                <text>Weaning is an essential animal husbandry intervention which has&lt;br /&gt;been associated with nutritional stress that interferes with both animal’s&lt;br /&gt;behavioral and physiological responses consequently influencing post&lt;br /&gt;weaning growth performance in goats and sheep production. The timing&lt;br /&gt;of weaning and/or weaning age of kids/lambs becomes critical in&lt;br /&gt;determination of flock performance with the intention of maximizing&lt;br /&gt;meat productivity and improving profitability. There are two possibilities&lt;br /&gt;that exist in deciding on weaning age of kids/lambs, thus early and late&lt;br /&gt;weaning, however, the decision on when to wean is dependent mainly&lt;br /&gt;on the production environment and purpose, as well as the dam&lt;br /&gt;welfare. Age at weaning differ greatly in sheep and goats, therefrom 14&lt;br /&gt;days to natural weaning, and exceeding four months of age. In sheep&lt;br /&gt;production effective early weaning has been practiced untimely at 14&lt;br /&gt;days; in goats’ kids have been weaned early successfully at 28 days. Early&lt;br /&gt;weaning is considered traditionally weaning ahead of the 90 days of age;&lt;br /&gt;60 days is most widely used; age thereafter qualifies for late weaning.&lt;br /&gt;The age at weaning greatly influences post weaning animal&lt;br /&gt;performance, however if not timed properly it would impact negatively&lt;br /&gt;also on weaner survival rates. Weaning itself is a very stressful&lt;br /&gt;procedure and subjecting kids/lambs to further stress which directly&lt;br /&gt;impinge on the kid/lamb’s immunity consequently increasing their&lt;br /&gt;susceptibility to diseases and reduced weight gain. There is need for age&lt;br /&gt;of weaning to balance the potential positive impacts on the ewes/does&lt;br /&gt;to rebreed, with potential negative impacts on the kid/lamb growth&lt;br /&gt;performance and survivability. Early weaning has become an effective husbandry practice especially in advanced goat and sheep production&lt;br /&gt;systems, which focuses on shortened female breeding reproductive&lt;br /&gt;cycle, while enhancing meat productivity through increased frequency of&lt;br /&gt;kidding/lambing. It is important to consider weaning age in relation to&lt;br /&gt;nutritional strategies which provide adequate time for diet transition&lt;br /&gt;which is intended not to compromise feed utilization and feed&lt;br /&gt;conversion efficiency in kids/lambs consequently reducing growth&lt;br /&gt;performance. The effectiveness of weaning age and anticipated live&lt;br /&gt;weight gains post-weaning is dependent on nutritional management&lt;br /&gt;especially concentrate supplementation which may promote&lt;br /&gt;performance and productivity in pastured based systems. Late weaning&lt;br /&gt;is probably convenient for less prolific goat and sheep breeds and&lt;br /&gt;genotypes not selected for their growth potential. It should be&lt;br /&gt;acknowledged that there is interaction between weaning age with other&lt;br /&gt;factors such as nutrition, sex and weight of animal. Some of the goat and&lt;br /&gt;sheep producers worldwide have shifted to use of weight based&lt;br /&gt;weaning model, similar age but with different weights, heavier lambs&lt;br /&gt;have superior development efficiency during lactation. The present&lt;br /&gt;review gives an insight on the consequences of early and late weaning&lt;br /&gt;on animal’s post weaning performance in small ruminants</text>
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                <text>Agricultural Advances &#13;
</text>
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        <name>Goats</name>
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        <name>Performance parameters</name>
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                <text>FRESH WATER SOURCES POLLUTION: A HUMAN RELATED THREAT TO&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>This paper is mainly an overview of the challenge of human induced water sources pollution in South Africa.&#13;
The major line of argument in this paper is that the rapidly growing population, urbanisation, agricultural,&#13;
industrial and mining activity in South Africa pose a threat to availability, accessibility and quality of potable&#13;
water resources in the country. This is more acute in the major centres of economic activity; for example in&#13;
the Gauteng Province, where the Johannesburg and the Tshwane metropolitan municipalities are situated. To&#13;
make matters worse these cities are located upstream of the water system drainage in the catchment area and&#13;
effluent disposal is directly into the raw water reservoirs posing serious threat to both human life and the&#13;
ecosystem. The government of South Africa has to take pollution control policies and their implementation&#13;
as a serious governance issue. The country has to take a clue from the developed countries where pollution-&#13;
control laws have helped to clean up rivers, lakes and streams. Our final conclusion is that, in South Africa,&#13;
like anywhere else in the world, freshwater management and governance is of critical importance to avoid&#13;
artificial freshwater shortages. The supply and demand for water, and therefore its abundance or scarcity,&#13;
depend significantly on the management of the resource and its use. Poor management may create functional&#13;
water scarcity even in a country with seemingly abundant supplies of fresh water.</text>
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                <text>WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTICES THAT INVOLVE COMMUNITIES&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>JONAH MUGUTI&#13;
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                <text> RITTAH KASOWE&#13;
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                <text>TONDERAI M. CHIUNYE,&#13;
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                <text>The aim of the study was to explore challenges faced by local authorities in the management of solid wastes, and to&#13;
establish the kind of linkages that exist between the ratepayers and local authorities. The study also focused on&#13;
discovering what information needs exist among urban ratepayers about waste disposal. A descriptive survey design&#13;
was used and involved informants from Bindura Municipality. These included council officials, ratepayers and the&#13;
business community. The main questions of pursuit were:&#13;
• What challenges face the town in its efforts to dispose of solid wastes?&#13;
• What information about waste disposal do ratepayers of the town have?&#13;
• What linkages should exist between local authority and ratepayers to ensure effective waste disposal?&#13;
The data collected were transcribed and themes developed in line with existing theories. Percentage frequencies were&#13;
also computed for the quantitative data. It was hoped that the results of the study would help to create baseline&#13;
knowledge for funding proposals in waste management. Community participation will also encourage entrepreneurs to&#13;
play a meaningful role in the town’s waste management programmes</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1722">
                <text>Greener Journal of Environmental Management and Public Safety </text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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        <name>Participation.</name>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                <text>GENDER, AGRICULTURE AND CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT AND VULNERABILITY OF RESOURCE&#13;
POOR FARMERS IN AFRICA&#13;
&#13;
</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1712">
                <text>N. ASSAN</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Gender is a socio-economic variable which can be used to&#13;
analyze vulnerability and adaptive capacity of people against climate&#13;
change and variability in local communities in Africa. Due to climatic&#13;
change and variability, achieving sustainability inagriculture with&#13;
emphasis on satisfying basic human needs and improving people’s&#13;
standard of living through enhancing food security and reducing&#13;
poverty has been a challenge in Africa. This has been exacerbated by&#13;
the fact that rapid increase in human population has outpaced the&#13;
ability to produce sufficient food for the growing population. This&#13;
discussion attempt to link gender vulnerability to climate change&#13;
impact on resource poor peasant farmers in Africa. Climate change&#13;
and variability is now widely regarded as the most serious challenge&#13;
facing Africa, with consequences that go far beyond the effects on&#13;
the environment, hence affecting both men and women&#13;
indiscriminately. Despite the negative impact of climate change on&#13;
crop, livestock production and biodiversity conservation, poor&#13;
resources peasant famers are incentivized to engage in these&#13;
activities because of the wide spectrum of benefits accrued, such as&#13;
cash income, food, manure, draft power and hauling services, savings&#13;
and insurance, and social status and social capital. It is against this&#13;
background that crops and livestock species that remarkably possess&#13;
distinctive qualities enabling them to excel efficiently in the context&#13;
of the uncertainties of climatic variability need to be promoted to&#13;
reduce vulnerability at household level. The use of adaptive&#13;
genotypes such as the local animal and crop genetic resources may&#13;
sustain household production in the context of climate change. Small&#13;
grain crops (sorghum, millet, cow peas. pigeon peas etc) and small&#13;
stock (goats, sheep, poultry, etc) which are associated with women&#13;
are less likely to succumb to climate change than the large ruminants&#13;
which are owned by men. It is reasonably to suggest that the&#13;
exclusion – or lack of participation – of women in decision making&#13;
over biodiversity conservation and natural resource management&#13;
can have implications for conservation outcomes because of gender&#13;
role differences in natural resources utilization and conservation&#13;
based on indigenous knowledge. The review concludes that the&#13;
impact of climate change will have a graver effect on womenthan&#13;
men, due to their different specific socio economic roles and their&#13;
participation in different agricultural activities and biodiversity&#13;
conservation effort. The range of adaptive measures that might be&#13;
taken for local communities to ameliorate climate change effects&#13;
should take into account gender differentials, if they are to succeed.</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1714">
                <text>Agricultural Advances</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1715">
                <text>2014</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="105">
        <name>Africa</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="16">
        <name>Climate change</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="815">
        <name>Gender. Agriculture</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="816">
        <name>Natural biodiversity</name>
      </tag>
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        <src>https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/8716695efe2e9d28c05a8890f601e821.pdf</src>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Staff  Publications</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>VINE HARVESTING FREQUENCY IMPACT ON TUBER YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF&#13;
COMMONEST SWEET POTATO CULTIVAR IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA&#13;
&#13;
</text>
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                <text>C. MVUMI&#13;
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                <text> B. ZENDERA</text>
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                <text>Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) root tubers and vines are important for human and animal nutritional&#13;
requirements, respectively; the vines being additionally used for propagation, but root tuber yield is greatly&#13;
affected by vine harvesting frequency. This study aimed at assessing the potential effect of vine harvesting&#13;
frequency of sweet potato German 11 cultivar on attributes of root tuber yield under sprinkler irrigation after 140&#13;
days from planting. Treatments used consisted of vine harvesting once (VHO) at 8 weeks after planting, 2 times&#13;
(VH2T) at 8 and 10 weeks after planting; 3 times (VH3T) at 8, 10 and 12 weeks after planting; and 4 times&#13;
(VH4T) at 8 weeks, 10 weeks, 12 weeks and at 14 weeks after planting. No vine harvesting was the control.&#13;
Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and replicated three times. Results&#13;
revealed that vine harvesting frequency had a relative effect on all root tuber yield attributes of sweet potato. The&#13;
lower the vine harvesting frequency the higher the yield obtained. Vines harvested once (VHO) at 8 weeks&#13;
significantly (P&lt;0.001) increased root tuber dry matter (DM) (29.3%) and total root tuber yield (14.5 t ha-1) as&#13;
compared to VH4T, and also gave optimum results in all the root tuber yield parameters measured. Based on the&#13;
results, optimum German 11 cultivar production capacity is achieved when vine harvesting for livestock feeding&#13;
and propagation is done only once at 8 weeks</text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1709">
                <text>International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR)</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2018</text>
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      <tag tagId="811">
        <name>German 11</name>
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      <tag tagId="812">
        <name>Nutritional requirements</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="813">
        <name>Propagation</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="814">
        <name>Root tuber yield</name>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>VIABILITY OF SMALLHOLDER DAIRYING IN WEDZA, ZIMBABWE&#13;
&#13;
</text>
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                <text>PLAXEDIS IVY ZVINOROVA&#13;
 </text>
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                <text>TINYIKO EDWARD HALIMANI &#13;
</text>
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                <text>RENNETH T. MANO&#13;
</text>
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                <text> NOBBERT TAKARWIRWA NGONGONI</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1701">
                <text>Viability differences in smallholder dairy farming&#13;
are a result of differences in access to markets and services.&#13;
It is hypothesized that innovations that improve productivity&#13;
and market linkages also improve returns and viability. The&#13;
viability of smallholder dairying in Wedza was characterised&#13;
by interviewing 52 households using semi-structured ques-&#13;
tionnaires. Information on demographics, production, mar-&#13;
keting, livestock numbers, assets and constraints was&#13;
obtained. Farmers were resource-constrained with differen-&#13;
ces in access to resources. The highly resourced farmers had&#13;
higher milk output and numbers of livestock. Almost 40 %&#13;
of the households were female-headed, and these dominated&#13;
the poor category. Household sizes ranged from 4 to 13&#13;
persons. Milk off-take was low (3.7±0.53 l/cow/day), due&#13;
to various constraints. Only rich farmers had viable enter-&#13;
prises in purely financial terms. Per litre cost of milk was&#13;
more than selling price (US$0.96) for most farmers except&#13;
the relatively rich. Operating ratios were 1.7, 0.6, 1.4 and&#13;
1.1 for the poor, rich, sub-centre and milk collection centre&#13;
farmers, respectively. This means incomes from the dairy&#13;
activities did not cover costs. Sensitivity analysis indicated&#13;
that increases in total variable costs and labour reduced&#13;
returns. Milk production and viability were influenced by&#13;
access to resources and markets.</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1702">
                <text>Trop Anim Health Prod</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1703">
                <text>2013</text>
              </elementText>
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    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="810">
        <name>Mixed crop–livestock production</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="808">
        <name>Resource-driven farming systems</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="809">
        <name>Sensitivity analysis</name>
      </tag>
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  <item itemId="269" public="1" featured="0">
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Staff  Publications</text>
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                <text>VALUE STATEMENTS DIFFER FROM FACTUAL STATEMENTS&#13;
&#13;
</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>DR. S. B. M. MARUME&#13;
</text>
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                <text>R.R. JUBENKANDA &#13;
</text>
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</text>
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                <text>N. C. MADZIYIRE</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1693">
                <text>In axiology it is customary to make a clear distinction between facts and values. A corresponding&#13;
distinction is made between value statements and factual statements. This distinction constitutes the subject of&#13;
this article</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1694">
                <text>International Journal of Engineering Science Invention</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2016</text>
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        <name>and values</name>
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        <name>axiology</name>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>Staff  Publications</text>
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      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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                <text>UTILIZING INTERVENTIONIST - PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH STRATEGIES IN&#13;
ESTABLISHING THE EFFICACY OF E-LEARNING TECHNOLOGY IN OPEN AND&#13;
DISTANCE LEARNING.&#13;
&#13;
</text>
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                <text>DAVID CHAKUCHICHI</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Research in open and distance learning (ODL), in an era of technological&#13;
advancement, e-learning innovations, social inclusion and multiculturalism,&#13;
should essentially take cognisance of the cognitive situates of the participants.&#13;
The interventionist participatory approach, grounded in the critical inquiry&#13;
research paradigm. was found to be most appropriate in establishing efficacy of&#13;
e-learning technology since it is open, descriptive, critical, interactive and&#13;
eclectic while fostering the co-construction of meanings by both researchers&#13;
and participants. Most importantly, interventionist participatory approaches&#13;
enable ODL practitioners and participants to be active in analyzing issues and&#13;
finding solutions to their problems in the face of e-learning technology. E-&#13;
learning which involves the students’ interface with a whole range of information&#13;
computer technology creates a new culture in ODL. Online programmes are fast&#13;
becoming the norm for a student population that lacks the requisite skills. E-&#13;
learning therefore presents anxieties as students try to fit in the new ODL&#13;
environment. Appropriate evidence based research strategies are therefore&#13;
imperative in order to establish the efficacy of the e-learning technology in the&#13;
context of the ODL practitioner and students. Traditional research strategies still&#13;
ignore the complex interaction between technological interventions and learner&#13;
capacities to utilize them. In ODL, both practitioners and participants need to be&#13;
integral in the process of problem analysis, development of solutions and the&#13;
strengthening and formation of initiatives which give the ODL students a voice&#13;
to define the efficacy of the e-learning innovations at their disposal. The&#13;
interventionist-participatory research strategies take into consideration the role&#13;
and complexities of the social contexts of the ODL learner and the potential for&#13;
influencing ODL practices, products and programmes. Thus interventionist&#13;
participatory strategies are well placed as evidence based research strategies to&#13;
evaluate the efficacy of e-learning technology and in the transformation of ODL&#13;
theory and practice</text>
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                <text>Distance association of Southen Africa (DEASA)</text>
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&#13;
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                <text>The importance of context specific ICT4D innovation has been highlighted in Information&#13;
Systems research by the short-comings of a-contextual innovation. This has often been&#13;
accepted without due understanding of how to develop context specific interventions. There&#13;
is therefore a need for a framework that elucidates ICT4D contextualisation and guides the&#13;
development of context specific interventions. This should be useful to practitioners that are&#13;
constantly advised to develop context specific artefacts without any clarity of how to do so.&#13;
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identifying the livelihood issues that matter in a particular locality and Sen’s Capability&#13;
Approach for assessing the opportunity freedoms to exploit the local livelihoods. This is&#13;
presented as a systematic way of establishing the context under which ICT4D interventions&#13;
will be deployed. The study uses focus groups under an interpretivist paradigm to investigate&#13;
contextual issues in Zimbabwe Highveld Prime Communal livelihood zone. The study found&#13;
a politically polarised contextual setting characterised by poor agricultural finance,&#13;
ineffective crop and livestock markets, unrewarding labour markets against a good&#13;
agricultural climate that is affected by cyclical droughts. As a result the study posits that&#13;
ICT4D innovations for the zone must be designed to operate under these realities and&#13;
limitations</text>
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                <text>EJISDC</text>
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                <text>USE OF PHILOSOPHY IN SCIENCES&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>Many years of experience point to the general statement that the usefulness and beauty of&#13;
philosophy lies not so much in the answers that it provides to problems, but in the question which it rationally&#13;
poses</text>
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                <text>IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)</text>
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                <text>UNPACKING EDUTAINMENT FOR CHILDREN&#13;
DEVELOPMENT WITHIN COMMUNITY RESOURCE&#13;
CENTRES IN GWERU, ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text>MTHOKOZISI MASUMBIKA NCUBE&#13;
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                <text>n the past decades, children used to acquire valuable insights and knowledge through storytelling and&#13;
folklore sessions from adults within the community, schools and libraries. Such sessions, termed educational&#13;
entertainment (edutainment), used to play a pivotal role in the development of children with regards to&#13;
cohesion in the society, ensuring moral behaviour, at the same instance acting as a source of entertainment.&#13;
The advancement in technology has shifted the mode of edutainment, from storytelling to virtual classrooms&#13;
and gaming-based approaches. This has been a global paradigm shift, yet most information centres, and&#13;
libraries in the developing world are still to realise adequate infrastructure able to facilitate edutainment for&#13;
children. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to derive mechanisms that could be put in place by&#13;
libraries, and information centres to ensure edutainment for children, focusing on Mkoba in Gweru as a&#13;
case. The study was qualitative in nature, utilising opinions and view-points from study participants. Expert&#13;
sampling was used to select librarians, and information centres’ staff members. Captive sampling was used&#13;
to select community members. Interviews were used to gather data from librarians and information centre&#13;
staff members. Questerviews were used to gather data from the library and information centres’ users. The&#13;
study found out that the dynamic nature of technology and lack of training and capacity development&#13;
therefore, of library and information centres’ staff members were a challenge in the implementation of&#13;
edutainment. In addition, the study found out that financial challenges hindered libraries and information&#13;
centres from instituting edutainment. Furthermore, the study found out that lack of an effective user needs&#13;
assessment was another challenge. As the libraries and information centres were not fully aware of the&#13;
library and information needs of its users, including children. As a way forward, the study signified the need&#13;
for training and capacity building of staff members by the institute management. In addition, the study also&#13;
revealed that the diverse open source edutainment application programmes that do not have financial&#13;
implications. A user assessment survey by the libraries and information centres was also noted as a strategic&#13;
mechanism to ensure awareness of effective edutainment facilities for children</text>
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                <text>International Open and Distance Learning Journal </text>
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                <text>UNHU/UBUNTU AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH CIVICS&#13;
AND CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>B.C. MUROPA &#13;
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                <text>This paper reports on the interviews and focus group discussions held with seventy two University student&#13;
teachers and three high school administrators to examine the concept and practice of Unhu or Ubuntu within the&#13;
Zimbabwean context and its perceived linkage with Civics and Citizenship education taught in high schools and&#13;
state universities. The paper draws its conceptual framework from an analysis of what various authorities have&#13;
written on the concept Unhu/Ubuntu. The results of the research indicate that people in Zimbabwe accept and&#13;
acknowledge Unhu/Ubuntu as a powerful force guiding people in their day to day interaction with one another.&#13;
This is shown through such acceptable ways of talking, attending to daily chores, and acceptable behaviour right&#13;
down to the way of dressing. Unhu/Ubuntu and human decency cannot be separated. There was a common&#13;
agreement on what the concept portrays and implies both within and outside the school. The respondents tended&#13;
to have a common stand on what Unhu/Ubuntu is all about within the Zimbabwean context. The issues of&#13;
gender bias and lack of maturity were raised by some female respondents in the focus groups. They argued that&#13;
some men complain of women’s lack of decency when it suits them and yet derive pleasure when in their&#13;
company. The necessity of linking Unhu/Ubuntu with Civics and Citizenship Education was emphasised by all&#13;
respondents. Challenges on the teaching of Unhu/Ubuntu and Civics and Citizenship Education were identified.&#13;
The significance of this research lies in its potential to provoke debate and dialogue at all levels of society on the&#13;
concept and practice of unhu/ubuntu.</text>
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                <text>ournal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies (JETERAPS) </text>
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                <text>2013</text>
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                <text>TWENTY FIRST CENTURY AND REHABILITATION PROGRAMMES FOR&#13;
INMATES IN ZIMBABWE PRISONS&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>SAMANYANGA ITAI &#13;
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                <text>The study was set to establish the extent to which Zimbabwe Prisons and Correctional&#13;
Services (ZPCS) provide rehabilitation and correctional services. World over, people are&#13;
imprisoned after the courts have found them to be guilt of an offence. Incarcerating an&#13;
offender is regarded as punishment enough. The Zimbabwe Prisons and Correctional Services&#13;
adopted the international standards that emphasise rehabilitation and empowerment of&#13;
inmates with employment opportunity skills whilst serving. The study adopted the qualitative&#13;
paradigm and descriptive survey method. Convenient sampling and snowballing were used&#13;
to select prison officers whom were involved in the interviews. The findings revealed that&#13;
ZPCS emphasises on the development and empowerment of offenders to lead a crime free&#13;
life through equipping them with employment and vocational skills. It was revealed that&#13;
ZPCS does not have standard rehabilitation and correctional service programmes. Career&#13;
guidance and counselling is not much priority provision for inmates. There is need to include&#13;
career guidance programme in the rehabilitation and correctional package so that inmates&#13;
make informed decisions on choosing vocational and career programmes. ZPCS should also&#13;
put in place some standard measures of rehabilitation and correctional services as well as&#13;
quality assurance monitoring instruments in Zimbabwe‟s prison services.</text>
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                <text>AARJSH&#13;
ASIAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH&#13;
J O U R N A L O F S O C I A L&#13;
S C I E N C E &amp; H U M A N I T I E S</text>
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        <name>Prisoners/inmates Career Guidance</name>
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        <name>Rehabilitation</name>
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        <name>Vocational Training.</name>
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                <text>TUTORING IN THE ERA OF E-LEARNING TECHNOLOGIES: RE-EXAMINING&#13;
CURRENT STATUS AND EXPLORING ALTERNATIVES AT THE&#13;
ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
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CHADAMOYO PATRICK</text>
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                <text>CHIOME CHRISPEN&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>Faced with the rapid changes in the development of tutoring and e-learning technologies, the institutions&#13;
of higher learning are now struggling to choose the appropriate mix and combinations of the tutoring&#13;
methods that meet the diverse needs of students in Open and Distance Learning (ODL). The present study&#13;
explored literature and re- examined the current status of the tutoring methods used at the Zimbabwe Open&#13;
University (ZOU) and assessed their effectiveness from the student perspective. A qualitative descriptive&#13;
survey was used to gather data from a convenient sample of 105 returning students at the ZOU. Results&#13;
showed a slow reaction by the university to catch up with these rapid changes in technology and a mixed&#13;
reaction by students in assessing the effectiveness of these pedagogical, technological changes. When&#13;
observed from a distance, the picture that one gets is that both the university and students are in a dilemma.&#13;
They are not sure of which method to use to maximise learning. As a way forward, the study proposed and&#13;
recommended that a ‘cafeteria’ approach be adopted so that each learner chooses an instructional method&#13;
according to need and taste.</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe International Journal of Open &amp; Distance Learning</text>
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                <text>2011</text>
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        <name>e-learning technologies</name>
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                <text>TUTOR EFFECTIVENESS: CONCEPTIONS OF STUDENT TEACHERS AT&#13;
ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY IN MASVINGO&#13;
NGARA ROSEMARY&#13;
ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY, ZIMBABWE&#13;
NGWARAI RICHARD&#13;
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                <text>NGWARAI RICHARD</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Tutoring is an age - old practice .There are some requisites for tutors to be effective. Content&#13;
knowledge is an essential ingredient for effective tutoring and many other personal attributes. If&#13;
a tutor is received as genuine and having a genuine desire to listen, students will be willing to&#13;
open up and discuss their problems. Good mastery of subject matter by the tutor contributes to&#13;
tutor effectiveness as students turn up for tutorials if they feel they benefit from tutors`&#13;
contributions. Much of the quality of tutoring depends on the attitude of the instructor and their&#13;
capabilities in using technology. Research suggests that the effectiveness of distance learning is&#13;
based on preparation, excellent communication skills and the instructors’ understanding. A&#13;
survey was conducted at Zimbabwe Open University in Masvingo region to establish tutees’&#13;
perceptions of the effectiveness of the tutors’ teaching courses in the Bachelor of Education in&#13;
Early Childhood Development Programme (BECDECD) using questionnaires. Respondents&#13;
were of the opinion that most tutors had impressive subject mastery and were usually thoroughly&#13;
prepared for tutorials and methodology used was viewed by most participants as suitable.&#13;
However, there were sentiments that tutors hardly communicated with students outside tutorial&#13;
sessions. Tutors’ marking was viewed as communicative, but feedback was not timely and tutors&#13;
did not use any modern teaching media. Some of the personal attributes such as openness,&#13;
humility and accessibility were viewed as wanting on the part of some tutors. The study&#13;
recommended that more tutor workshops be run to emphasize and reemphasize essential&#13;
ingredients of effective tutoring and that the tutors make use of technology available at the&#13;
regional campus, among other things</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1639">
                <text>European Social Sciences Research Journal </text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>2013</text>
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        <name>Early Childhood Development</name>
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      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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                <text>RELEVANCE OF MIXED METHODS&#13;
RESEARCH IN DEVELOPING A&#13;
FRAMEWORK FOR DIGITISING&#13;
RECORDS AND ARCHIVES&#13;
GODFREY TSVUURA&#13;
</text>
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                <text>GODFREY TSVUURA&#13;
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>This chapter discusses the relevance of mixed methods research in developing a framework for digitising&#13;
records and archives. Mixed methods research has never been extensively used to find solution to the&#13;
problems experienced in digitising records and archives. Digitisation, in general, has become a diverse&#13;
area whose problems cannot be solved with a mono research methodology. The application of both quan-&#13;
titative and qualitative techniques in finding solutions in the digitisation of records and archives would&#13;
help records and archives professionals to have a deeper understanding of the difficulties associated&#13;
with digitising records and archives, especially as the field is facing some rebirth due to advancement&#13;
in technology. Digitisation of records and archives is revolving and gaining momentum due to the shifts&#13;
of paradigms in techniques of record-keeping.</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>IGI Global</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2022</text>
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        <name>Records Management</name>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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                <text>© ESARBICA ISSN 2220-6442 | ESARBICA JOURNAL, VOL. 40, 2021&#13;
CREATION AND STORAGE OF RECORDS IN THE CLOUD BY ZIMBABWE&#13;
OPEN UNIVERSITY&#13;
&#13;
</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1625">
                <text> GODFREY TSVUURA</text>
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                <text>KUDZAI D MBAWUYA&#13;
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                <text>PATRICK NGULUBE</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>This study investigated the challenges and prospects of creating and storing records in&#13;
the cloud by Zimbabwe Open University in Zimbabwe. Like other universities in&#13;
Zimbabwe, the university adopted Education 5.0 advocated by the government in&#13;
2019. Consequently, the university came up with innovation hubs and industrial parks&#13;
that became centres for records creation. Keeping all records in the computer without&#13;
appropriate backups and servers has consequences such as losing vital records.&#13;
Organisations around the world use cloud computing increasingly to address records&#13;
storage and disposal. Adoption of cloud computing services carries with it cost&#13;
implications, and legal and ownership challenges as the virtualised environments are&#13;
hosted and managed by third parties. The objective of this study was to examine the&#13;
management, operational, legal and technical issues surrounding the storage of&#13;
records in the cloud, and the implications for their trustworthiness and authenticity.&#13;
The study adopted a qualitative research design and drew data from interviews with&#13;
key participants. Qualitative data were organised into broad themes and the content&#13;
reported in narrative form. The study found that Zimbabwe Open University is not&#13;
using cloud computing services effectively and is in the trial phase of cloud&#13;
computing. It further found that there was a lack of collaboration between the&#13;
information and communication technology and the records management units as the&#13;
university decided to move to the cloud on a full-scale basis. The study recommends&#13;
that the university should first address the management, operational, legal and&#13;
technical issues surrounding the storage of records in the cloud before implementing&#13;
the complete use of the cloud. The study deepens the understanding of cloud&#13;
computing in the management of records at the university, and other state universities&#13;
in Zimbabwe can use this study to deal with the management of records in the cloud.</text>
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                <text>ESARBICA </text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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        <name>Cloud computing</name>
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        <name>industrial parks</name>
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        <name>innovation hubs</name>
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        <name>Records Management</name>
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        <name>Zimbabwe Open University</name>
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    <itemType itemTypeId="1">
      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>A FRAMEWORK FOR THE DIGITISATION OF RECORDS AND ARCHIVES&#13;
AT SELECTED STATE UNIVERSITIES IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
&#13;
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>GODFREY TSVUURA&#13;
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              <elementText elementTextId="1620">
                <text>PATRICK NGULUBE</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1621">
                <text>This research study investigates the digitisation of records and archives at two selected state&#13;
universities in Zimbabwe, namely, Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU) and Harare Institute of&#13;
Technology (HIT). The two state universities have embarked on digitisation of their records and&#13;
archives resources in line with new technological trends of carrying out business online in both&#13;
teaching and administration. Mukred et al. (2019), and Mukred and Yusof (2018) stated that digital&#13;
technology in the educational sector can play a positive role in building on traditional learning&#13;
and teaching methods, enabling students to have easy access to the information they need and&#13;
leveraging academic achievements. However, Ambira, Kemoni and Ngulube (2019) observed that&#13;
digitisation, in most cases, is disjointed and uncoordinated, with each section adopting its strategy&#13;
and approach. Such practices negate the collective principle and responsibility of working jointly&#13;
towards delivering goods and services to stakeholders (Ambira et al. 2019).&#13;
The objective of this study was to determine whether the state universities were using a model or&#13;
framework for managing the digital records and archives, as digitisation of records and archives&#13;
must be a well-planned project with adequate resources and framework of operation (Tsvuura &amp;&#13;
Ngulube 2020). Another objective was to identify the gaps that exist in the digitisation of records and&#13;
archives in the two selected state universities and recommend ways of filling those gaps, if they exist</text>
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                <text>South African Journal of Information Management</text>
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                <text>DIGITISATION OF RECORDS AND ARCHIVES AT TWO SELECTED&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>This study focused on the digitisation of records and archives at two selected state universities in&#13;
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The specific objective was to evaluate the legal and statutory frameworks for managing the&#13;
digitisation of records and archives at the state universities. The legislative and statutory&#13;
imperatives in Zimbabwe, the exponential growth in digitised records and archiving in the state&#13;
universities and the lack of capacity of records personnel with regard to the management of digital&#13;
records and archives, motivated this study. The records of the state universities are stored on&#13;
network servers that the university can access. However, individual users are often able to copy or&#13;
move them to individual desktops and portable devices that are beyond the university’s control.&#13;
The study adopted a mixed methods convergent parallel research design and collected data through&#13;
questionnaires and interviews. The data collection instruments provided both quantitative and&#13;
qualitative data. Quantitative data were analysed using the SPSS analytical software package,&#13;
while qualitative data were organised into broad themes and the content reported in narrative form.&#13;
The findings were that both respondents and participants understand the records management&#13;
functions in their universities and both state universities are busy creating policies and procedures&#13;
for the digitisation of records and archives in their business transactions. The findings further&#13;
indicated that the two state universities were digitising their records and archives using untrained&#13;
personnel. Legislation, policies, and standards and procedures were not enforced. This exposed&#13;
the materials to major threats and risks in terms of their integrity, security and authenticity. The&#13;
study recommended that there the legal and statutory frameworks must be formulated,&#13;
implemented and enforced to cater for the digitisation of records and archives at state universities&#13;
in Zimbabwe</text>
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                <text>THE ROLE OF TERTIARY EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RECORDS AND&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>SAMSON MUTSAGONDO</text>
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                <text>This work sought to explore the role of tertiary education institutions in the&#13;
development of the records and archives management discipline in Zimbabwe. The paper&#13;
assessed the contributions made by the few tertiary institutions offering records management&#13;
training, the relevance of their curricula in the country and the professional status of records&#13;
and archives professionals in industry and society as well as the challenges faced by tertiary&#13;
education institutions in offering the programme. Polytechnic colleges currently offer the&#13;
National Certificate, National Diploma and Higher National Diploma, while universities offer&#13;
bachelors’ degrees and only one university offers a master’s degree. The study made use of the&#13;
survey research design where data were collected through questionnaires and interviews. It was&#13;
discovered that more still needed to be done in opening up training opportunities for information&#13;
professionals as currently only 3 out of 15 universities and 5 out of 7 polytechnic colleges in&#13;
Zimbabwe offer records management training. Restricted capacity has a negative impact on&#13;
institutions already offering the programme as well as on would-be trainees.</text>
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                <text>International Journal of English and Education</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                <text>TRANSFORMING PEOPLE’S LIVELIHOODS THROUGH LAND REFORM IN A1&#13;
RESETTLEMENT AREAS IN GOROMONZI DISTRICT IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text>TAVONGA NJAYA (PHD)&#13;
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                <text>The study reflected on the livelihoods activities of A1 farmers in Goromonzi District in Mashonaland&#13;
East Province in Zimbabwe. The study used both quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques. Data&#13;
were collected through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, direct observations and document reviews.&#13;
A structured household questionnaire was used as the basic tool to collect socio-economic and production data&#13;
pertaining to A1 farmers. Using a livelihoods conceptual framework and elicitation approach, the study&#13;
revealed interesting points with regard to the assets extended to and acquired by A1 households in Baines Hope&#13;
and Ingwenya farm in Goromonzi District. The study found that while some households engaged in non-&#13;
agricultural activities, for most households crop production was the main source of livelihoods. Although maize&#13;
was the dominant crop, there was some diversification into soya beans, potatoes, tobacco, sorghum and&#13;
groundnuts. In this respect, almost all households were able to utilise their landholdings to ensure household&#13;
food security. Further, several households exchanged grain as payment for agricultural labour services while&#13;
surplus grain was sold. The provision of land had also a positive impact of enabling some beneficiaries to&#13;
acquire certain assets that they did not have before they were resettled, or that they would not have been able to&#13;
accumulate if they had remained in the areas they previously lived. The acquired assets included livestock, ox-&#13;
ploughs, scotch carts, lorries, tractors, passenger vehicles and bigger houses. Some of these assets were used to&#13;
supplement household livelihoods in various ways. Generally landholding had led to significant welfare and&#13;
income gains for the majority of the households. However, limitations, in terms of access to agricultural inputs,&#13;
credit, equipment and infrastructural support severely restricted the potential of livelihood enhancement arising&#13;
from land redistribution.</text>
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                <text>IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)</text>
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        <name>credit</name>
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        <name>fast track land reform programme</name>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>“THE EFFECTIVENESS’ OF TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN SERVICE&#13;
QUALITY OF MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND CHILD CARE”&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>GORE SEKAI NOREEN&#13;
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                <text>SITHOLE KUDAKWASHE&#13;
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                <text>GONDO KUDZANAYI</text>
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                <text>Causes of child death were identified; strategies and policies were put in place to help minimize child&#13;
death. The challenge is that the service quality is being ignored which is leading to more child deaths. . The&#13;
research sought to address the gap caused by lack of quality service in Prevention of Mother to Child&#13;
Transmission ( PMTCT). The study survey was restricted to 14 health institutions in Chikomba District. The&#13;
health institutions have 217 staff who could participate. According to PMTCT Service statistics 3rd quarter 2012&#13;
for Chikomba District the beneficiaries totaled 1185. Four Chiefs in the District and two relevant stakeholders&#13;
District Aids Coordinator (DAAC) Focal Officer and PMTCT Coordinator Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric Aids&#13;
Foundation (EGPAF) were also part of the target population. All these added would give a total target&#13;
population of 1407. The sample size comprised of 98(45%) participants from the 14 health institutions, 532&#13;
beneficiaries , 2 stakeholders and 4 Chiefs . 28 questionnaires were distributed to management, 70 to employees&#13;
and 2 to (DAAC) and ( EGPAF) representatives. Focus group discussions were carried out on 532 beneficiaries&#13;
and 4 community leadership. Interviews were done with 14 senior manager, 4 community leaders and 2&#13;
stakeholder representatives. We found out that there are eight practices that support total quality management&#13;
(TQM) positively; these are top-management commitment, teamwork and participation, process management,&#13;
customer focus and satisfaction, resource management, organization behavior and culture, continuous&#13;
improvement, and training. In conclusion we found out that for successful TQM implementation employee&#13;
involvement, senior management commitment, training and also taking into account the needs of external and&#13;
internal customers is very important. There is need to carry out further research on this area so that relevant&#13;
frameworks are built</text>
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                <text>IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="72">
                  <text>Staff  Publications</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>TOWARDS A WELCOMING SOCIETY: AN EXAMINATION OF&#13;
STEPHEN ALUMENDA’STHE GIRL WHO COULDN’T DANCE&#13;
AND ANANI THE ALBINO BOY&#13;
&#13;
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>ANNA CHITANDO</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Children’s literature is a useful resource for transforming society for the better. In this study, I pay&#13;
attention to Stephen Alumenda’s ideological commitment to disadvantaged children. I undertake&#13;
a literary analysis of his works that focus on marginalised children in order to establish how&#13;
he puts forward a proposal for a new society. The study examines how Alumenda’s children’s&#13;
stories address disability and albinism. It critiques Alumenda’s approach, while appreciating his&#13;
commitment to marginalised individuals and groups.The study highlights his sensitivity towards&#13;
children living with disability and albinism. However, it questions his tendency of granting happy&#13;
endings to his children’s stories. Overall, the study appreciates Alumenda’s willingness and cour-&#13;
age to address neglected individuals and themes</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Imbizo </text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2013</text>
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        <name>marginalized</name>
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        <name>society</name>
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