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                <text>&#13;
PESTICIDAL PROPERTIES OF CHIVE (ALLIUM SCHOENOPRASUM)AGAINST CABBAGE APHID (BREVICORYNE BRASSICAE) IN RAPE (BRASSICA NAPUS)&#13;
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                <text>SHADRECK KATURUZA, </text>
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                <text>NYEMBEZI MGOCHEKI </text>
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                <text>WISDOM KURANGWA</text>
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                <text>The cabbage aphid is of agricultural concern vectoring at least 20 viral pathogens in crucifers. The&#13;
aphids have demonstrated tolerance to a number of synthetic pesticides. Botanical pesticides are&#13;
reasonably sustainable and effective in suppressing cabbage aphid populations in crucifers hence&#13;
improved crop quality and yield per hectare. An experiment was run to test the efficacy of various&#13;
concentrations of a botanical pesticide derived from chive (Alliumschoneoprasum&#13;
in controlling cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) in rape. The experiment was laid out in a&#13;
Complete randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and four replicates as follows; 12g chive&#13;
extract, 8g chive extract, 4g chive extract and 0g control (water spray). Analysis&#13;
separate mean mortality was done using Gens tat version 18 and least significant difference at 0.05&#13;
probability level was used to separate means. SPSS version 20 was used in estimating LC&#13;
excel was used in calculating the regression equation. Significant differences (p&lt;0.05) were observed&#13;
throughout the trial, where highest mortality rates were observed in 12g chive extract (94.5%) and&#13;
lowest mortality in control (12.2%) was observed. Pesticide concentration atLC&#13;
was estimated as a concentration of 7g/l. There were no observed signs of phytotoxicity even though&#13;
other studies have shown that chances are high when the dose is increased. The experiments revealed&#13;
that chive leaf extracts had pesticidal effects hence can be used to effectively control cabbage aphid in&#13;
rape by smallholder vegetable producers.&#13;
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                <text>International Journal of Current Research</text>
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                <text>2019</text>
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        <name>Botanical pesticides</name>
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        <name>LC50</name>
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        <name>Mortality</name>
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        <name>Phytotoxicity</name>
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                <text>&#13;
THE EFFECT OF HERBICIDES ON RESIDUAL EFFECTS OF&#13;
ATRAZINE UNDER CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE&#13;
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                <text>MUTSVANDIANI CHIKUTUMA&#13;
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                <text>LOVEJOY TEMBO&#13;
&#13;
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                <text> WISDOM KURANGWA </text>
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                <text>An experiment was set up to evaluate the residual effect of atrazine in cowpea production under conservation&#13;
agriculture. The trial was superimposed on a previous herbicide trial of a maize crop in 2012/2013 season. The&#13;
experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replicates and four treatments as follows;&#13;
1. control (manual weeding), 2. Atrazine (3.6 litres/ha), 3. Atrazine (3.6 litres/ha) + glyphosate (2.5 litres/ha) and 4.&#13;
Atrazine (3.6 litres/ha) + glyphosate (2.5 litres/ha) + metolachlor (1 litre/ha). Herbicide treatment was carried out at&#13;
planting time and manual weeding at 10 cm weed height. Data collected include: germination percentage, weed&#13;
counts and weed biomass, cowpea biomass, pod length and cowpea yield. The herbicidal treatments showed a&#13;
significant effect (p&lt;0.05) on pod length and cowpea yield. The control plot had the highest pod length of 17.03cm&#13;
and atrazine alone had the least of 15.77cm. A combination of three herbicides had the highest yield of 1.2t/ha and&#13;
atrazine alone had the lowest yield of 0.9t/ha. No significant (p&gt;0.05) effects were recorded on percentage&#13;
germination, weed counts and weed biomass as well as on cowpea biomass. Tank mixing of two or more herbicides&#13;
is recommended when using atrazine to reduce residual effect and further research is recommended under different&#13;
soil types with different climatic conditions</text>
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                <text>Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2015</text>
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        <name>atrazine</name>
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        <name>Conservation agriculture</name>
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        <name>residual effect</name>
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                <text>A PROPOSED ECONOMIC HOUSEHOLD MODEL ON LAND ACQUISITION AND UTILISATION BETWEEN MALES&#13;
AND FEMALES IN A1 RESETTLEMENT SCHEMES IN ZIMBABWE, 2000-2002&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>TAVONGA NJAYA</text>
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                <text>A RESOLUTION FRAMEWORK FOR THE PROBLEM OF DROUGHT IN BULILIMA DISTRICT IN MATABELELAND&#13;
SOUTH PROVINCE OF ZIMBABWE&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>Faced with recurrent droughts and other extreme weather events, subsistence farming&#13;
communities found in arid and semi-arid regions of the world have continuously utilized&#13;
inherent experiences and alternative livelihood sources to cope with adverse effects of an ever&#13;
changing climate. Clearly, there are two extreme ends in this narrative, with one extreme end&#13;
being climate change that has amplified the impact of extreme weather events such as drought&#13;
and the other extreme being the resilience of communities that are impacted by such weather&#13;
phenomena. Over the years, subsistence farmers have utilized their life experiences and&#13;
learning to cope with adverse effects of weather related extremes, yet such capabilities have&#13;
been overlooked in scientific research, policy and practice. There is a tendency to treat&#13;
subsistence farmers, who mostly are found in arid and semi-arid regions of the world; as&#13;
helpless victims of drought and other weather extremes, as passive recipients of knowledge.&#13;
Such farmers have over the years contributed to world knowledge through their experiential&#13;
learning by doing and they have perfected collaborative ways of building resilience to shocks.&#13;
More than 80% of their knowledge comes from daily experiences, insights and intuitions that&#13;
are then condensed into a complete world view capacities based resilience. These communities&#13;
have existed in such locations and regions without getting extinct.&#13;
Subsistence farmers in rural Zimbabwe in Bulilima district of Matabeleland South are&#13;
constantly at risk of drought and have lived with the recurrent phenomenon for many decades;&#13;
suffered food insecurity, livelihoods destruction, disrupted well-being because they are&#13;
dependent on rain-fed agriculture, yet they continue to live and exist in the same locations.&#13;
This study employed a Case Study method embedded in interpretivist paradigm and utilized&#13;
open ended household questionnaires and interview guide to generate data. Data generation&#13;
was guided by the principle of data saturation and data was analysed using emerging themes&#13;
on excel, human stories and through the use of NVivo.&#13;
The study revealed that participants were not passive victims of drought, as demonstrated by&#13;
various alternative livelihoods that they adopted in coping with the phenomenon. Some of the&#13;
adaptive coping strategies adopted by participants were; reduced meals per day, reliance on&#13;
casual labour, dependence on remittances, and to some extent participants utilized their own&#13;
production. Markets and wild fruits (wild foods gathering) also played a major role.&#13;
Participants were enterprising and innovative, and employed their indigenous knowledge&#13;
systems to predict weather patterns in the absence of conventional modern weather predictions.&#13;
The local communities adopted alternative livelihoods and income sources in order to cope&#13;
with drought</text>
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                <text>ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY </text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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        <name>Capacity</name>
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        <name>Climate change</name>
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        <name>coping mechanisms</name>
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        <name>Disaster Risk</name>
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        <name>Food insecurity</name>
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        <name>Hazard</name>
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        <name>management</name>
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                <text>ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF ADEQUATE AND&#13;
INADEQUATE INORGANIC FERTILIZER RATES ON&#13;
THE YIELD LEVELS OF PAPRIKA IN MUTASA&#13;
RESETTLEMENT AREA, MANICALAND&#13;
PROVINCE, ZIMBABWE&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>CULVER MVUMI</text>
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                <text>ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF CONSERVATION&#13;
AGRICULTURE ON MAIZE YIELD IN&#13;
NYAKATSAPA, MUTASA DISTRICT, MANICALAND&#13;
PROVINCE: IMPLICATIONS ON EXTENSION&#13;
ADVICE TO FARMERS IN PROMOTING THE&#13;
AGRICULTURE&#13;
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                <text>CULVER MVUMI</text>
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                <text>he study assessed the effects of conservation agriculture on maize yield in&#13;
Nyakatsapa, Mutasa district. 20 ca farmers, 20 farmers doing conventional farming&#13;
system and area AEW were used as research subjects in 2011/2012 farming season.&#13;
Questionnaires and interviews were used as research instruments. Mean yields&#13;
under ca and conventional tillage were compared and analysed using ‘Z’ statistical&#13;
test at 0.025level of significance. Results showed that maize mean yield from ca&#13;
was significantly higher than the mean yield from conventional system. Hectare of&#13;
all ca farmers increased from 40.5ha in 2009/2010 to 100ha in 2011/2012 season.&#13;
Yield in 2009/2010 was 1 t/ha but rose to 2.3t/ha by 2011/2012 season. Agritex, ZFU&#13;
and NGO provided extension service to Nyakatsapa ca farmers. Agritex provided&#13;
every type of extension. ZFU and NGO did not conduct any field days on ca.&#13;
Extension records revealed that (15/20) was attendance on field days and (19/20) on&#13;
field demonstrations. Results revealed that fertilizer and seed were the main inputs&#13;
given. The study therefore, recommends that farmers in Nyakatsapa use&#13;
conservation agriculture which produces higher yields than conventional system&#13;
in maize production. Soil, nutrients and moisture are conserved.</text>
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                <text>Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2013</text>
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        <name>Conservation agriculture</name>
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        <name>conventional agriculture</name>
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        <name>extension</name>
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                <text>CHARACTERIZATION OF URBAN PRODUCTION OF ROADRUNNER (INDIGENOUS) CHICKEN IN HARARE, ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text>PRIDE HODZI</text>
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                <text> TAKUDZWA CHARAMBIRA </text>
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                <text>TAKUDZWA MAFIGU </text>
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                <text> BLESSED MASUNDA</text>
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                <text>In many developing countries, Roadrunner (Indigenous) chicken production in urban areas offers multifaceted opportuni-&#13;
ties. However,Plea this local enterprise also has some potential hazards and constraints. The research aimed to characterize&#13;
Roadrunner chicken production in Harare. A descriptive survey was conducted whereby 107 respondents were identified&#13;
using a multistage sampling approach and were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Respondents comprised&#13;
52% men and 48% women. Roadrunner chickens were kept either for sale only (58%) or both household consumption and&#13;
sale (42%). All the respondents (100%) were not registered as poultry producers. The Roadrunner chicken breeds kept were&#13;
the Boschveld (41%), Koekoek (21%), Autralorp (20%) and non-discrete native strains. The average flock size was 125,&#13;
ranging from 25 to 715 birds and the average stocking density was 7 birds/m 2 . Only 8% of respondents practiced the free&#13;
range system with supplementation and the rest (92%) provided feed to the chickens. Sixty-two percent (62%) of the farmers&#13;
vaccinated their chickens against common poultry diseases. The average mortality rate was 7%, being caused by diseases&#13;
(99%) and unknown (1%). Bio-security was achieved through cleaning, disinfection and restricted entry. The most preffered&#13;
age at sale was 18–24 weeks. An informal market system was mainly used (95%) and the average selling price per bird was&#13;
$8 (ranging from $6—$11). The most commonly reported challenges were unreliable customers, lack of capital, few markets,&#13;
theft, and insufficient feeds. Adressing these challenges could improve urban production of roadrunner chickens and have a&#13;
positive impact on Zimbabwe Poultry Industry.</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2519">
                <text>Tropical Animal Health and Production</text>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2520">
                <text>2025</text>
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        <name>Indigenous chicken</name>
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        <name>Production systems</name>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>CLOSING GENDER ASSET GAP IN LAND ACCESS AND CONTROL IN A1 SCHEMES IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text>TAVONGA NYAYA </text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>The study reflected on the impact of the fast track land reform programme, 2000-2002 on the&#13;
distribution of land between men and women in A1 resettlement areas in Zimbabwe. Throughout the discourse&#13;
on the land reform programme, the virtues of land transfer have been extensively extolled while ignoring its&#13;
impact on gender relations and gender asset gap.&#13;
The study used a national quantitative baseline survey and qualitative data collected in Goromonzi District.&#13;
Qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews, direct observations and documentary analysis so&#13;
as to triangulate the evidence. This dataset was used to complement findings from statistical analysis of the&#13;
survey data.&#13;
The chi-square tests on survey data and findings from the case study conducted in Goromonzi District&#13;
did not show evidence of discrimination against women under the fast track land reform programme. Instead,&#13;
women tended to obtain more rights to land through two avenues: obtaining land as individuals in their own&#13;
right and through the joint registration of offer letters with their husbands. The results showed that women&#13;
beneficiaries obtained the same land rights as men in terms of land use patterns.&#13;
The study recommended that allocation of land under the land reform programme should focus on individuals&#13;
within households. Government officials directly involved in the design, planning and implementation of the&#13;
land reform programme should be trained in gender analysis and participatory gender planning. Methods&#13;
should be devised to inform women about their land rights and the avenues through which these rights can be&#13;
enforced</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="334">
                <text>IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="335">
                <text>2014</text>
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      <tag tagId="97">
        <name>A1 model; asset; chi-square; household; gender asset gap; statistical analysis; women</name>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="81">
                  <text>Staff  Publications</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>COMMUNITY BASED SMALL SCALE COMMERCIAL CATTLE BREEDING PROGRAMME IN&#13;
MANGWE DISTRICT OF ZIMBABWE&#13;
&#13;
</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1795">
                <text>N.T. BIDIA</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1796">
                <text>A.B. DUBE</text>
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                <text>A, C.T. KHOMBEA</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1798">
                <text> N. ASSAN</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>The objective of the study was to assess the impact of the&#13;
introduction of improved indigenous beef cattle bulls on&#13;
productivity, herd population dynamics and socioeconomic factors in&#13;
small scale commercial livestock production areas of Mangwe district&#13;
in Zimbabwe. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to&#13;
all 20 participating farmers in the breeding scheme. The data&#13;
collected included household demographics, herd structure,&#13;
breeding practices, management, marketing, socio-economic&#13;
impacts, challenges and impacts of withdrawal of funds on the&#13;
breeding project by donors. Data analysis was perfomed using&#13;
statistical package for social science (SSPS), version 16 for descriptive&#13;
statistics. The herd sizes increased by 77%, 96%, 71%, and 60% for&#13;
the White Brahman, Black Brahman, Tuli and Nguni, respectively. The&#13;
highest number of offspring was sired by the White Brahman (4 per&#13;
year per farmer).The Tuli and Nguni bulls contributed the least&#13;
number of offspringof 2 per year per farmer. The mean age at first&#13;
calving from the progeny of the White Brahman, Black Brahman, Tuli&#13;
and Nguni were 36 ± 0 , 34,5 ± 2.12 , 33.75± 2.26, 35 ± 1.73&#13;
months, respectively. The main challenges affecting the programme&#13;
were lack of adequate feed, uncontrolled mating and lack of functional fences. The withdrawal of support funds on the breeding&#13;
programme resulted in collapse of the restocking program and lack&#13;
of improvement of water points. It was concluded that improved&#13;
indigenous cattle genetic resources can survive, reproduce under low&#13;
input communal systems. Therefore, community based breeding&#13;
schemes are a viable and sustainable option in improving beef&#13;
production in the country</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1800">
                <text>Agricultural Advances</text>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2015</text>
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        <name>Cattle breeding</name>
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        <name>Indigenous cattle</name>
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      <tag tagId="847">
        <name>Small scale commercial</name>
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      <tag tagId="30">
        <name>Zimbabwe</name>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>COMMUNITY/STAKEHOLDER LINKAGES IN AGROFORESTRY DEVELOPMENT: EXPERIENCES&#13;
FROM ZIMBABWE&#13;
</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>D. MWENYE</text>
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                <text>W.  KURANGWA </text>
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                <text>M. DUBE </text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>The need for tertiary institutions’ involvement in agroforestry development is relevant now&#13;
more than ever due to limited funding within the national research and extension institutions&#13;
and weak community/stakeholder linkages. A study was undertaken to understand&#13;
perceptions and experience of tertiary education insititutions and their community&#13;
linkages and to review possible models for improving the linkages. A desk study was&#13;
carried out to analyse community stakeholder linkages. A case study of a communal farmer&#13;
practising agroforestry technologies in Chinhamora communal area of Zimbabwe and an&#13;
assessment of multistakeholder approaches in promotion of agroforestry technologies for&#13;
improvement of livelihoods are presented in this paper. A qualitative research approach&#13;
was adopted. The study revealed the following: age differences between the students and&#13;
host farmers affected effective communication; increased diversity in opinions amongst&#13;
stakeholders; and weak linkages with tertiary institutions. Recommendations proposed&#13;
include review of curricula focusing on agribusiness and entrepreneurship in agroforestry&#13;
training, involvement of social based institutions in the development of agroforestry, and&#13;
establishment of permanent community training sites. More is expected from tertiary&#13;
institutions beyond supervision of students’ projects to post graduation follow ups.</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="894">
                <text>RUFORUM Working Document Series </text>
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                <text>2016</text>
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        <name>Conservation agriculture</name>
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        <name>institutional arrangements</name>
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        <name>multi-disciplinary skills</name>
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      <tag tagId="402">
        <name>xtension</name>
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        <name>Zimbabwe</name>
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              <name>Title</name>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>COMPARISON OF GROWTH AND YIELD ADAPTABILITY INDICATORS&#13;
OF TWO MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) CULTIVARS UNDER PLANTING&#13;
BASIN TECHNIQUE IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="605">
                <text>STEPHEN MUTUNGWE&#13;
 </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="606">
                <text>CULVER MVUMI&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>SEKAI ANNASTASIA MANYIWO</text>
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                <text>Vol. 16(1), pp. 51-57, 4 January 2017&#13;
DOI: 10.5897/AJB2015.15134&#13;
Article Number: 34843B162248&#13;
ISSN 1684-5315&#13;
Copyright © 2017&#13;
Author(s) retain the copyright of this article&#13;
http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB&#13;
African Journal of Biotechnology&#13;
Full Length Research Paper&#13;
Comparison of growth and yield adaptability indicators&#13;
of two maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars under planting&#13;
basin technique in Zimbabwe&#13;
Stephen Mutungwe1* Culver Mvumi1 and Sekai Annastasia Manyiwo2&#13;
1Zimbabwe Open University, Faculty of Agriculture, Stand No. 992 C Avenue, Mutare, Zimbabwe.&#13;
2Chinhoyi University of Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Technology, Private Bag 7724, Zimbabwe.&#13;
Received 30 November, 2015; Accepted 27 October, 2016&#13;
In eastern semi-arid Zimbabwe, planting basins are mostly used to boost maize yields, but still low&#13;
yields are often obtained due to poor choices of varieties to grow . A comparative study of growth and&#13;
yield of the only two locally and commonly grown Pioneer cultivars (P2859W and PHB3253) under&#13;
planting basin technique (PBT) was carried out to determine a more adaptable cultivar in Guhune,&#13;
eastern Zimbabwe (NR IV). The study was done in 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 growing seasons. An&#13;
experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), with the two cultivars, each&#13;
replicated four times. Yield, leaf length and plant height were measured and averaged. Results showed&#13;
that PHB3253 had growth of 75.2 cm after measuring at 2 weeks interval for 10 weeks. Its growth was&#13;
significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in terms of plant height than P2859W. Leaf length of P2859W was not&#13;
significantly (p&gt;0.05) greater than PHB3253. Grain yield of PHB3253 (35.1 kg) was significantly (p&lt;0.05)&#13;
greater than that of P2859W (26.6 kg). PHB 3253 is therefore more adaptable to semi-arid conditions&#13;
under basin technique as signified by its higher growth and yield than P2859W. It is therefore&#13;
recommended that farmers who use planting basins in semi-arid areas for growing short season maize&#13;
cultivars (P2859W and PHB3253) should opt for PHB3253 for better productivity.</text>
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                <text>The stage of lactation was an important source of variation on the&#13;
contents of all milk components in most studies. A systematic studies on&#13;
the influence of lactation stage on milk yield and milk composition is of&#13;
foremost importance to evaluate the milk production ability of milking&#13;
animals. However, it logical to note that the shape of the lactation curve&#13;
that describes the level of milk yield in the course of lactation differs among&#13;
the different species. The highest total solids and fat contents were&#13;
observed in the late lactation stage, which might be due to low milk yield.&#13;
There was no variation in solids non-fat content during the different&#13;
lactation stages, which implies that the variation in total solids was&#13;
actually influenced by the variation in milk fat. Therefore, the present&#13;
discussion attempt to explore the influence of stage of lactation on milk&#13;
yield and milk composition in sheep</text>
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                <text>CONSUMER WILLINGNESS TO PAY (WTP) FOR ORGANIC CABBAGE IN CHEGUTU, ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text>HANYANI-MLAMBO BENJAMIN&#13;
&#13;
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 &#13;
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                <text> MUBEREKWA JUSTICE</text>
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                <text>An assessment of consumer willingness to pay for ‘novel’ products is critical because it&#13;
determines the market entry point for a business venture. A research study was conducted&#13;
between July and September 2023 in Chegutu to analyse consumers’ willingness to pay for&#13;
organic cabbage with the conventional cabbage as the benchmark. Data from 200 respondents&#13;
was collected using a mall-intercept survey from the 4th of July to the 10th of September 2023&#13;
using convenience sampling. The study targeted consumers that are 18 years and above as the&#13;
primary grocery shoppers of their households. This paper represents the first attempt to analyse&#13;
the consumer willingness to pay for organic foods in Zimbabwe to the knowledge of the&#13;
researcher. The modern approach to consumer demand theory (The Attribute/Lancaster Model)&#13;
regards consumption as an activity with goods as inputs yielding output in terms of a pool of&#13;
attributes. Unlike the traditional economic demand theory, it is able to explain why some&#13;
consumers prefer highly priced organically produced foods to the cheaper conventionally&#13;
produced alternatives. A double-bounded contingent valuation approach was used to&#13;
determine the price premium while logistic regression was used to analyse the factors affecting&#13;
willingness to pay. An average price premium of 61% was established. Lifestyle and organic&#13;
source of information (agricultural fairs or exhibitions) were shown to negatively affect&#13;
willingness to pay. On the other hand, consumers who had high ethical values and were married&#13;
had a high probability of a willingness to pay for organic cabbage. In future, willingness to pay&#13;
should be measured through actual purchase of these credence foods at the point of sale</text>
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                <text>CROSSBREEDING AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR SMALL-SCALE ANIMAL AGRICULTURE IN AFRICA: OUTCOMES, BOTH POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE, AND FUTURE PROSPECTS</text>
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&#13;
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Poultry sub sector is a privileged entry point for promoting gender&#13;
equality. Gender inequalities in poultry and livestock activities are now&#13;
more and more acknowledged by governments, scientists, and farmers in&#13;
sub Saharan Africa. This is on the background that gender inequality has&#13;
translated into loss of opportunities or potential gains on agricultural&#13;
production and food security. This has been exacerbated by the fact that&#13;
the progress in empowering women in agriculture and reducing gender&#13;
inequality has been slow despite this realization. The paper presents an&#13;
overview of the development of the indigenous chickens sector in sub&#13;
Saharan Africa and its implication on addressing gender equality. The&#13;
assumption is that despite the multitude of socio-economic constraints&#13;
faced by women in agriculture they are capable of raising indigenous&#13;
chickens for the welfare of their households, hence promoting indigenous&#13;
chickens can give women a chance to control more income, reducing&#13;
gender inequality. Achieving gender equality and women’s empowerment&#13;
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                <text>DETERMINATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF SINIGRIN GLUCOSINOLATES IN ALTERNARIA&#13;
SOLANI SUSCEPTIBLE TOMATO ( SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM ) LEAVES TREATED WITH&#13;
MORINGA ( MORINGA OLEIFERA ) LEAF E…&#13;
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                <text>ELIZABETH NGADZE&#13;
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                <text>DIANA MARAIS</text>
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                <text>Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2018</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="598">
                <text>The study investigates the presence and quantity of anti-&#13;
microbial sinigrin glucosinolates in tomato leaves after&#13;
spraying them with moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract&#13;
(MLAE). Moringa concentrates (0.5, 0.75, 1.00 and 1.5 kg L�1&#13;
(w v�1&#13;
)) were prepared. Distilled water was the control.&#13;
Sampled tomato leaves were air-dried, freeze-dried and&#13;
extracted firstly using pure methanol in a hot water bath&#13;
and then pellet re-extracted using 5 mL of hot aqueous&#13;
methanol (70% v v�1 ). An ion exchange column, and sul-&#13;
phatase was used to achieve glucosiodesulphonation. High&#13;
performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed&#13;
in the identification and quantitative analysis of the sinigrin&#13;
glucosinolates. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaves&#13;
treated with MLAE revealed highly significant (p &lt; .001) con-&#13;
tent of sinigrin glucosinolates. The sinigrin standard and the&#13;
desulphated sinigrin glucosinolates had a 7 s retention time&#13;
difference; 5 kg L�1 (w v�1&#13;
) resulted in a superior amount of&#13;
sinigrin in tomato leaves as compared to all the other MLAE&#13;
concentrations. The study reveals that spraying MLAE on&#13;
putatively diseased tomato leaves donates specific quantifi-&#13;
able glucosinolates like sinigrin, which may be involved in&#13;
defense against tomato diseases and, hence, recommends&#13;
use of 5 kg L�1 (w v�1&#13;
) for the highest sinigrin defense tag.</text>
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        <name>desulphated sinigrin glucosinolate</name>
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      <tag tagId="262">
        <name>high performance liquid chromatography</name>
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      <tag tagId="259">
        <name>Moringa oleifera leaf extract</name>
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      <tag tagId="261">
        <name>tomato leaves</name>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>EFFECT OF BREED, STAGE OF LACTATION AND NUTRITION ON MILK PRODUCTION TRAITS&#13;
IN GOATS&#13;
&#13;
</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>N. ASSAN</text>
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                <text>This discussion attempt to explore the influence of breed,&#13;
stage of lactation and nutrition on milk yield and major milk&#13;
components in goats. Different breeds protray different&#13;
lactation curves, this is possibly that their genomes from a&#13;
genetically point of view are different. Crosses of pure breeds&#13;
and local goat genetic resources will improve milk production&#13;
in an extensive traditional system because they will be able to&#13;
deal with low input that characterize the traditional extensive&#13;
farming systems. However, nutrition is a vital component in an&#13;
attempt to maximise milk synthesis in goats, as a result correct&#13;
feed management is desirable through appropriate estimation&#13;
of roughage to concentrate intake in order to optimize the&#13;
utilization of feed supplements. It is suffice to suggest that&#13;
feeding high producing dairy goat may be a major constraint in&#13;
milk production, which implies greater attention to diet&#13;
composition, feed quality, and the physical form of feedstuffs is&#13;
required. The rate and extent to which a dairy goat is capable of&#13;
drawing upon body reserves to meet the energy requirement at&#13;
different stages of lactation is critical in determining her ability&#13;
to produce and sustain a high level of milk production. In order&#13;
to increase goat milk production and to ensure high feed&#13;
efficiency, goat farmers need to pay close attention to the&#13;
lactation curves of dams within their herds</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1772">
                <text>Scientific Journal of Review</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1773">
                <text>2014</text>
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        <name>Breed Stage of lactation</name>
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        <name>Goat</name>
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      <tag tagId="265">
        <name>milk production</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="377">
        <name>Nutrition</name>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="81">
                  <text>Staff  Publications</text>
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      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="769">
                <text>EFFECT OF MILKING FREQUENCY AND LACTATION LENGTH ON YIELD AND MILK COMPOSITION IN GOATS</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="770">
                <text>N. ASSAN </text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="771">
                <text>The level of individual milk output per dam is a crucial element&#13;
in the economic survival of any dairy enterprise. A profitable goat&#13;
dairy enterprise should aim at maximazation of milk output per&#13;
dam or optimizing the overall milk output from the flock. The&#13;
present discussion explores the potential use of milking frequency as&#13;
a management tool available for goat dairy farmers in manipulation&#13;
of milk yield per dam and its implication for mammary functioning&#13;
and its influence in enhancing metabolic activities in milk secrection.&#13;
The influence of lactation length on yield and milk composition is&#13;
also discussed. Lactation length and milking frequency are some of&#13;
factors which have been implicated in influencing yield and milk&#13;
composition. Different milking frequencies in different management&#13;
systems have been studied with different results observed in their&#13;
influences on yield and milk composition. There are different&#13;
adaptive responses of the mammary gland of different animal&#13;
species to extended milking frequencies and lactation length in&#13;
different systems of management. The lactation length records can&#13;
facilitate the allocation of resources such as feed supplies both for&#13;
individual doe and the flock. From the discussion milking frequency&#13;
and lactation length account for some of the variation in milk yield&#13;
and composition, therefore adjustment of dairy records for lactation&#13;
length is essential for accurate selection of dairy animals in a flock.&#13;
The feature of once daily milking is that it reduces milk yield,&#13;
depending on stage of lactation, breed and parity. However, with the&#13;
labour costs being recognized as one of the highest contributors to a&#13;
dairy enterprise daily expense, it is suffice to suggest that the cost&#13;
implications related to once daily milking can not be ignored. In goats&#13;
milked twice daily, but increasing milking frequency to three times a&#13;
day or even more often increase goat milk yield</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="772">
                <text>Agricultural Advances </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="773">
                <text>2014</text>
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      <tag tagId="110">
        <name>Goat</name>
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      <tag tagId="343">
        <name>Lactation length</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="344">
        <name>Milking frequency</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="345">
        <name>Yield Composition</name>
      </tag>
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  <item itemId="85" public="1" featured="0">
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          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="81">
                  <text>Staff  Publications</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="590">
                <text>EFFECT OF MORINGA EXTRACT ON GROWTH AND&#13;
YIELD OF MAIZE AND COMMON BEANS&#13;
</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="591">
                <text>CULVER MVUMI</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="592">
                <text>FANUEL TAGWIRA </text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="593">
                <text>ALBERT ZVENHAMO CHITEKA&#13;
</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="594">
                <text>An evaluation on the potential benefit of using Moringa oleifera leaf extract as a&#13;
growth hormone on common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and maize (Zea mays)&#13;
was done. Trials were carried out in the greenhouse and field. In the greenhouse,&#13;
five treatments were used: control (M0, only water applied), second control (ME,&#13;
only ethanol applied), moringa extract (in 80% ethanol) applied (on leaves) once at&#13;
2 weeks from emergence (M1), moringa extract applied at 2 and 4 weeks from&#13;
emergence (M2), and moringa extract applied every 2 weeks to maturity from two&#13;
weeks from germination (M3). The same treatments were adopted in the field&#13;
except ME, which was considered unnecessary after observing the results of the&#13;
greenhouse experiment. Results showed that moringa extract increased growth&#13;
and yield of beans in both greenhouse and field, and of maize in the field. However,&#13;
the extract showed no significant effect on DM yield, root DM or plant height of&#13;
maize in the greenhouse. The highest DM and root weight, height and crop yields&#13;
in greenhouse and field experiments for beans, and for maize in the field only, were&#13;
obtained at M3. The study recommends the application of extract at M3</text>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="595">
                <text>Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="596">
                <text>2013</text>
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        <name>common beans</name>
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      <tag tagId="129">
        <name>growth hormone</name>
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      <tag tagId="266">
        <name>maize</name>
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        <name>Moringa oleifera leaf extract</name>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="81">
                  <text>Staff  Publications</text>
                </elementText>
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    <itemType itemTypeId="1">
      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>EFFECT OF MORINGA EXTRACT ON GROWTH AND&#13;
YIELD OF TOMATO&#13;
</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="371">
                <text> CALVER MVUMI</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="372">
                <text> FANUEL TAGWIRA</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="373">
                <text>ALBERT. Z CHITEKA&#13;
</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>ials were carried out to evaluate the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract as a&#13;
growth hormone on growth and yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumL var.&#13;
Rodade).&#13;
In the greenhouse, five treatments were used: the control, where only water&#13;
was added (M0), second control where ethanol 80 % was added (ME), moringa&#13;
extract applied once at 2 weeks from emergence (M1), moringa extract applied at 2&#13;
and 4 weeks from emergence (M2), and moringa extract applied every 2 weeks to&#13;
maturity,starting from two weeks from germination (M3).The same treatments were&#13;
adopted in the field except the ME which was considered unnecessary after&#13;
observing the results of the greenhouse experiment. Results showed that moringa&#13;
extract increased growth and yield of tomato in both greenhouse and field. Moringa&#13;
extract significantly increased above ground dry matter yield (DM), root dry matter&#13;
weight and plant height for the crop. Yields obtained at MI, M2 and M3 were&#13;
increasing in extract at M3.</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="375">
                <text>Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2012</text>
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        <name>tomato</name>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="81">
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    <itemType itemTypeId="1">
      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="366">
                <text>EFFECT OF MORINGA OLEIFERA LEAF AQUEOUS EXTRACT ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF RAPE AND CABBAGE</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="367">
                <text>CALVER MVUMI</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="368">
                <text>AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="369">
                <text>2012</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="127">
        <name>cabbage farming</name>
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        <name>Moringa oleifera leaf</name>
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                <text>EFFECTS OF IN-ROW SPACING ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF IRISH POTATO (SOLANUM TUBEROSUM L.) VARIETIES IN EASTERN HIGHLANDS OF ZIMBABWE</text>
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                <text>   CALVER  MVUMI</text>
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                <text> ALBERT MAWOKO</text>
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                <text>ALMA  MUROPA</text>
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                <text>ALBERT TSINDI</text>
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                <text>rish potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) yields vary widely, usually showing a declining trend, due to differences in in-row spacing used,as well as poor varietal selection for specific locations. This study evaluated the growth and yield responses to different in-row spacings of different varieties of Irish potato grown in Eastern highlands of Zimbabwe. The treatments consisted of three varieties, namely BP1, Diamond and Garnet, and three in-row spacings, namely: 10 cm, 30 cm and 50 cm. Inter-row spacing was maintained at 90cm for all treatments. Treatments were arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD); 3 × 3 factorial arrangement, replicated 3 times. Measurements taken were on plant height, number of potato tubers plant-1, and weight of marketable potato tubers, and then averaged. All in-row spacing were significantly different at P &lt;0.001 with 10 cm producing the highest mean height (92.29 cm). Of the three varieties (Garnet, Diamond and BP1), BP1 produced the greatest height (76.12 cm). There was significant interaction (P=0.001) between variety and in-row spacing on the mean number of tubers plant-1. BP1 produced superior (P &lt; 0.001) mean weight of tubers (15.14 t/ha) and potato tubers/plant (21.47) in comparison to Garnet and Diamond at 10 cm in-row spacing. In conclusion, the study reported the optimum in-row spacing of 10 cm at which, BP1, among the other tested varieties, showed potential to attain the greatest growth and tuber yield when grown under ideal conditions</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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        <name>Growth</name>
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        <name>Irish potato varieties</name>
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        <name>Tuber yield</name>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>EFFECTS OF NUTRITION ON YIELD AND MILK COMPOSITION IN SHEEP AND GOATS</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="842">
                <text>A. NEVER </text>
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                <text>he majority of sheep and goat milk produced in the world is&#13;
transformed into cheese, therefore, feeding is a major factor&#13;
affecting the quality of sheep and goat milk and, hence sheep and&#13;
goat cheese quality. This discussion is an attempt to explore the&#13;
influence of nutrition on milk yield and major milk components in&#13;
sheep and goats. Nutrition is a vital component in an attempt to&#13;
maximise milk synthesis in small ruminants, as a result correct&#13;
feeding management is desirable through appropriate estimation of&#13;
roughage to concentrate intake in order to optimize the utilization of&#13;
feed supplements. It is suffice to suggest that feeding high producing&#13;
dairy animals may be a major constraint in milk production, which&#13;
implies greater attention to diet composition, feed quality, and the&#13;
physical form of feedstuffs is required. The rate and extent to which&#13;
a dairy sheep and goat is capable of drawing upon body reserves to&#13;
meet the energy requirement at different stages of lactation is&#13;
critical in determining her ability to produce and sustain a high level&#13;
of milk production. In order to increase sheep and goat milk&#13;
production, and to ensure high feed efficiency, dairy farmers need to&#13;
pay close attention to nutritional requirement of dairy animals which&#13;
may differ during different stages of lactation.</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="844">
                <text>Scientific Journal of Animal Science </text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2015</text>
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        <name>Goats</name>
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        <name>Nutrition</name>
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        <name>Sheep</name>
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        <name>Yield Composition</name>
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>EFFICACY OF LANTANA (LANTANA CAMARA) EXTRACT APPLICATION&#13;
AGAINST APHIDS (BREVICORYNE BRASSICAE) IN RAPE&#13;
(BRASSICA NAPUS) OVER VARIED PERIODS OF TIME&#13;
</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>CULVER MVUMI</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="575">
                <text>PRECIOUS R. MAUNGA</text>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="576">
                <text>African Journal of Biotechnology</text>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2018</text>
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        <name>aphid mortality</name>
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        <name>hours after application</name>
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        <name>Lantana leaf extract</name>
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        <name>rape</name>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>ENGENDERED CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT AND RESPONSE KNOWLEDGE, AND ITS&#13;
IMPLICATION FOR ADAPTATION, VULNERABILITY AND RESILIENCE IN SUB SAHARAN&#13;
AFRICA&#13;
</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1803">
                <text>N. ASSANA,</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1804">
                <text>P. SIBANDA&#13;
</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Gender is a socio-economic variable which can be used to&#13;
analyze adaptation, vulnerability and resilience of people against&#13;
climate change and variability in local communities in Sub Saharan&#13;
Africa (Assan, 2014). Climate change refers to the variation in the&#13;
global or regional climates over time. It describes changes in the&#13;
variability or average state of the atmosphere over time scales ranging&#13;
from a decade to millions of years (Ayoade, 2003). Gender-&#13;
differentiated impacts of climate change on women and men in&#13;
developing countries will have detrimental effects on agricultural&#13;
productivity, biodiversity and ecosystem services. This is because they&#13;
have the least capacity or opportunity and knowledge to prepare for&#13;
the impacts of a changing climate given their limited resources&#13;
(Nelson et al. 2010). According to Nellemann et al., (2011) adaptation,&#13;
vulnerability and resilience of people to climate change depend upon&#13;
a range of conditions. These vary from their degree of exposure and&#13;
dependency upon weather patterns for livelihoods and food security,&#13;
to varying capacities in adaptation, which are influenced by gender,&#13;
social status, economic poverty, power, access, and control and&#13;
ownership over resources in the household, community and society. Climate change is a global phenomenon, with impacts that are already&#13;
being experienced on a human level, and around the world, many of&#13;
the most vulnerable communities are already struggling to cope with&#13;
the impacts of climate change. Therefore, it is reasonable to suggest&#13;
that climate change is reshaping human civilization and our&#13;
knowledge on how we respond to climate change calamities will&#13;
determine the future of mankind. It is recognised that it is those who&#13;
are already the most vulnerable and marginalised who experience the&#13;
greatest impacts (IPCC, 2007), and are in the greatest need of&#13;
adaptation strategies in the face of shifts in weather patterns and&#13;
resulting environmental phenomena. There is need for gender&#13;
sensitive adaptation strategies in the face of existing climate change&#13;
impacts on human activity and food security, including how these are&#13;
manifested in different contexts. Men and women experience&#13;
particular gendered vulnerabilities in climate change induced&#13;
disasters, therefore there is need to identify the extent to which lack&#13;
of gender sensitive disater preparedeness action have led to greater&#13;
risk, and to map out possible engendered strageties for interventions&#13;
to mitigate the impacts of possible disasters. Empowered with&#13;
appropriate knowledge, men and women can effectively use this&#13;
knowledge to advance sustainable use of biodiversity in most&#13;
communities as a result lessening the impact of climate change.&#13;
Useful synergies exist which can be used by both men and women for&#13;
adaptation and mitigation in local communities include conservation&#13;
agriculture, avoiding deforestation, forest conservation and&#13;
management, agro-forestry for food and energy, land restoration,&#13;
recovery of biogas and waste and in general, a wide set of strategies&#13;
that promote the conservation of soil and water resources by&#13;
improving their quality, availability and use efficiency. Knowledge on&#13;
climate change mitigation measures and adaptation strategies should&#13;
be accurate and available to general populace to accommodate the&#13;
anticipated changes.The aim of this study is to assess gender&#13;
disparities in climate change impact and response knowledge in Sub&#13;
Saharan Africa.</text>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1806">
                <text>Scientific Journal of Review</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1807">
                <text>2015</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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        </elementContainer>
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    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="116">
        <name>Adaptation</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="16">
        <name>Climate change</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="99">
        <name>Gender</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="214">
        <name>knowledge</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="18">
        <name>Sub Saharan Africa</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="848">
        <name>Vulnerability</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
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