<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<itemContainer xmlns="http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5 http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5/omeka-xml-5-0.xsd" uri="https://ir.zou.ac.zw/items/browse?collection=69&amp;output=omeka-xml&amp;sort_field=added" accessDate="2026-05-02T21:27:45+02:00">
  <miscellaneousContainer>
    <pagination>
      <pageNumber>1</pageNumber>
      <perPage>25</perPage>
      <totalResults>11</totalResults>
    </pagination>
  </miscellaneousContainer>
  <item itemId="62" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="61">
        <src>https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/3ec238beaee62e476c772d21c2951f8b.pdf</src>
        <authentication>7af1c116b6da238748aab3cd7b3cc7de</authentication>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <collection collectionId="69">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="79">
                  <text>Staff  Publications</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="1">
      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="465">
                <text>ACCESS AND INCLUSION OF INMATES TO EDUCATION THROUGH OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING MODE&#13;
</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="466">
                <text>MRS GILLIET CHIGUNWE</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="191">
        <name>Access</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="193">
        <name>Education</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="192">
        <name>Inclusion</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="15">
        <name>Inmates</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="48">
        <name>Open and Distance Learning</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="103" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="101">
        <src>https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/6ccd49c789e468227956d09f559d76a3.Pdf</src>
        <authentication>d26de61f1a4de075301c4228d940e964</authentication>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <collection collectionId="69">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="79">
                  <text>Staff  Publications</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="1">
      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="703">
                <text>CO-OPTING TRADITIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN STATE POLITICS; A CASE STUDY OF MASHONALAND CENTRAL PROVINCE, ZIMBABWE</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="704">
                <text>LIGHTON DUBE </text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="705">
                <text>JOHN MBWIRIRE</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="706">
                <text>This study was a comparative analysis on the effects of co-opting traditional institutions in state politics&#13;
focusing on the periods 2002-2008 and 2009-2013 in Mashonaland Central Province in Zimbabwe. The study employed&#13;
a mixed method approach combining questionnaires with community members, focus group discussions with traditional&#13;
chief`s council members and in-depth interviews with traditional chiefs. The findings indicate that co-option of&#13;
traditional institutions in politics negatively affect community peace. The study recommended that traditional institutions&#13;
should remain apolitical in order to promote peaceful co-existence</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="707">
                <text>Scholars Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="708">
                <text>2017</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="314">
        <name>co-option</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="315">
        <name>community peace</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="316">
        <name>politics.</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="313">
        <name>Traditional institutions</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="104" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="102">
        <src>https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/0d1093dda417e32bca4212319841e645.Pdf</src>
        <authentication>5c45cbc7b194ffb0a8755ff3e3f67f8b</authentication>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <collection collectionId="69">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="79">
                  <text>Staff  Publications</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="1">
      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="709">
                <text>RELEVANCE AND SUITABILITY OF TRADITIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN PEACEBUILDING AND CONFLICT TRANSFORMATION: A CASE STUDY OF MASHONALAND CENTRAL PROVINCE,&#13;
ZIMBABWE&#13;
</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="710">
                <text>JOHN MBWIRIRE</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="711">
                <text>LIGHTON DUBE</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="712">
                <text>This study explores the relevance and suitability of traditional institutions in peacebuilding and conflict&#13;
transformation during the periods 2002-2008 and 2009-2013 in Mashonaland Central Province in Zimbabwe. The study&#13;
employed a mixed method approach combining questionnaires with community members, focus group discussions with&#13;
traditional chief`s council members and in-depth interviews with traditional chiefs. The findings indicate that traditional&#13;
institutions are suitable, relevant and appropriate in maintaining community peace. The study recommended that by&#13;
becoming apolitical and dealing with political disputes, would enhance and or improve the relevance and suitability of&#13;
traditional institutions in peacebuilding and conflict transformation in Zimbabwe.&#13;
</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="317">
        <name>Keywords: Traditional institutions</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="320">
        <name>peacebuilding.</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="318">
        <name>relevance</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="319">
        <name>suitability</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="113" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="111">
        <src>https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/80790fbd9431ad0e9f93cfdf81ceaeae.pdf</src>
        <authentication>35c3b1d92a95d8bbb3597887ba0cb2a6</authentication>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <collection collectionId="69">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="79">
                  <text>Staff  Publications</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="1">
      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="757">
                <text>METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES IN A STUDY OF AFRICA IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS&#13;
&#13;
</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="758">
                <text>S.B.M. MARUME </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="759">
                <text>An analysis of methodological approaches in a study of Africa in international politics reveals a variety of approaches&#13;
including positivism and neo-positivism; approaches in Politicology involving approaches based on academic disciplines,&#13;
analytical themes and three forces levels</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="760">
                <text>The International Journal Of Humanities &amp; Social Studies </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="761">
                <text>2016</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="130" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="129">
        <src>https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/f6df9bd6db1f7ff2b375b27573753853.pdf</src>
        <authentication>ac79488da97ad9fd79ae5925477b4018</authentication>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <collection collectionId="69">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="79">
                  <text>Staff  Publications</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="1">
      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="851">
                <text>A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WOMEN’S LAND RIGHTS IN ASIA, LATIN AMERICA AND SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA&#13;
&#13;
</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="852">
                <text>TAVONGA NJAYA </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="853">
                <text>The study sought to make a systematic and critical comparative analysis of the distribution of land&#13;
between men and women in the three regions of Asia, Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa in order&#13;
to establish if there was any discrimination against women using a gender approach (or analysis). In&#13;
the study, the focus was on use rights in state-owned land or resettlement land and a critical&#13;
evaluation on whether these rights were differentiated and distributed on the basis of sex. The study&#13;
used archival data and document reviews. The analysis was based on farms or land acquired by&#13;
governments and later redistributed to smallholder farmers. Studies in the three regions showed that&#13;
women were considered a marginalised social group in land ownership although slightly better&#13;
conditions were observed in Latin America. A majority of the studies blamed customary, religious&#13;
and statutory laws but failed to estimate the relative importance of these variables in explaining the&#13;
gendered pattern of land distribution. Women’s lower access to land in the three regions increased&#13;
women’s economic dependency on men and consequently made them more vulnerable to socio-&#13;
economic and environmental shocks</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="854">
                <text>Journal of Studies in Social Sciences and Humanities</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="855">
                <text>2016</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="151" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="150">
        <src>https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/aea4866e41718f011b0a816cb341d641.pdf</src>
        <authentication>7ab276240f5dbfee84cd678e18775f88</authentication>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <collection collectionId="69">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="79">
                  <text>Staff  Publications</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="1">
      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="964">
                <text>POLITICAL PARTIES</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="965">
                <text>DR. S. B. M. MARUME</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="966">
                <text>DR. A. S. CHIKASHA</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="967">
                <text>PROF. D. NDUDZO</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="968">
                <text>olitical Science studies domestic politics of a state or states, and contains political dynamics as one&#13;
of its sub-fields of study which in turn has as one of its sub-sub-fields – political parties, a special topic for&#13;
examination of this article. As a factual statement, political parties occupy an important place and play a&#13;
significant role in the governmental process of a state having democratic political institutions. However, in&#13;
countries with government systems characterized by a combination of authorization, a term which signifies non-&#13;
democratic government, and democratic parties; parties resembling those found in democracies are likely to&#13;
develop, but their importance depends on the degree to which representatives of the people are permitted to&#13;
participate in the determination of governmental policy. Under thoroughly authoritarian governments the right&#13;
to organize parties is either denied or confined to the membership of the ruling oligarchy. Consequently, party&#13;
systems of the type which operate in a democratic or partly democratic environment fail to materialize. As&#13;
events of the twentieth and 20th centuries and 21st centuries have demonstrated, authoritarian governments may&#13;
be controlled by the leaders of an organization, known as a party, which monopolizes the field of organized&#13;
political activity. Examples are the Communist Party of the former Russia; the Communist Party of China; and&#13;
the socialist Party of Cuba under Fidel is Castro. Cases of this kind are often attributable to a combination of&#13;
authoritarianism and totalitarianism. And in this article consideration is first given to the nature of political&#13;
parties, to different varieties of parties, and to the functions which parties normally perform. Thereafter the&#13;
discussion covers such matters as the character of party organization, the several kinds of party systems, and&#13;
the reasons why political parties are invaluable in a democracy</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="969">
                <text>IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="970">
                <text>2016</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="445">
        <name>authoritarian government</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="447">
        <name>authoritarianism and totalitarianism</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="444">
        <name>democracy</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="443">
        <name>political dynamics</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="446">
        <name>political participation</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="442">
        <name>political parties</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="184" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="185">
        <src>https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/9479cc5b8829c3ebe12d250fe1b427df.pdf</src>
        <authentication>d9d4c8c70f314377c371ee89d4f877a5</authentication>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <collection collectionId="69">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="79">
                  <text>Staff  Publications</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="1">
      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1153">
                <text>REVITALISING TRANSFORMATIONAL GOVERNANCE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: PERSPECTIVES FROM KENYA&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1154">
                <text>JOSEPH AKUMA MISATI&#13;
&#13;
</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="1155">
                <text>EDWARD ONTITA</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1156">
                <text>Efficient delivery of public services in Kenya and other developing countries has for long been hindered&#13;
by highly centralised governments. Recognising the need to achieve high economic growth and reduce&#13;
poverty-related inequalities, Kenyans persistently pushed for enhanced decentralisation of governance and&#13;
development. In response, government has over time initiated numerous reforms, key among them the&#13;
Vision 2030 blue print and a new constitution aimed at strengthening institutional capacities to improve&#13;
service delivery, enhance economic governance and promote citizen participation. Despite the gains made,&#13;
more needs to be done to enhance maximum direct participation of citizens. This paper documents the&#13;
reforms and their resultant impact on social development in Kenya. It is argued that while decentralisation&#13;
is a multi-faceted concept comprising three key typologies: Devolution, De-concentration and Participation,&#13;
the prevailing decentralisation initiatives in the past ignored the key element of citizen participation&#13;
leading to “public departicipation”. It is recommended that mainstreaming transformational leadership,&#13;
prudent utilisation of devolved funds and institutionalisation of transformed and reformed national and&#13;
county governance structures characterised by high-level executive capability consistent with a rapidly&#13;
industrialising country is prioritised. Adoption of e-governance leading to honesty and transparency will&#13;
facilitate the necessary transformative platform for the public sphere.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1157">
                <text>Zimbabwe International Journal of Open &amp;amp; Distance Learning</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1158">
                <text>2011</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="546">
        <name>Decentralisation</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="547">
        <name>Devolved Funds</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="549">
        <name>Kenya</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="545">
        <name>Participatory Governance</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="544">
        <name>Transformational Leadership</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="548">
        <name>Vision 2030</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="199" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="200">
        <src>https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/413790686aa8970e3611b32373dd0d6b.pdf</src>
        <authentication>5a81165bfd32363f25fb118b2738e0c9</authentication>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <collection collectionId="69">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="79">
                  <text>Staff  Publications</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="1">
      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1241">
                <text>SHUTTING THEM OUT: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES OF WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION IN ZIMBABWEAN POLITICS - A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1242">
                <text>E.S. GUDHLANGA</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1243">
                <text>Journal of Third World Studies</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1244">
                <text>2013</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="595">
        <name>Women in politics</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="30">
        <name>Zimbabwe</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="306" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="310">
        <src>https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/b60f5813d18b8ec1d26ff959832e9234.pdf</src>
        <authentication>f830b635a5b5fc9eb0dddc05f54dd5d0</authentication>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <collection collectionId="69">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="79">
                  <text>Staff  Publications</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="1">
      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1886">
                <text>PEACEBUILDING AND CONFLICT TRANSFORMATION: A&#13;
STUDY OF TRADITIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF CONFLICT&#13;
TRANSFORMATION IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1887">
                <text>MBWIRIRE JOHN</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1888">
                <text>Beginning from the early 2000s, communities in Zimbabwe witnessed the worst forms of&#13;
politically motivated violence by state agents as well as civilian on civilian clashes at grassroots&#13;
levels. Efforts to resolve contemporary Zimbabwean politically motivated conflicts are proving&#13;
difficult if not impossible. This is caused by the efforts which are mainly top-down and&#13;
conventional in nature. The application of local traditional awareness and procedures in conflict&#13;
resolution and conflict transformation has been very negligible as many prefer the contemporary&#13;
law court system. The study assessed the effectiveness of traditional institutions in peacebuilding&#13;
and conflict transformation in Mashonaland Central Province at grassroots levels. The study&#13;
adopted a mixed methods approach in obtaining data from the field. A targeted population of 518&#13;
634 people above the age of 18 which included traditional leaders’ council and community&#13;
members was used. A sample comprising five traditional chiefs who were key informants&#13;
participated through in-depth interviews, 65 members of the chiefs’ council members&#13;
participated through focus group discussions and 250 community members were respondents to&#13;
questionnaires. The study found that traditional institutions were not effective when dealing with&#13;
politically motivated conflicts. Traditional institutions were effective in dealing with other forms&#13;
of conflicts emanating from land disputes and social disputes. Considerably, traditional practices&#13;
of peacebuilding and conflict transformation are cultural and community specific. Despite facing&#13;
economic, social, political and land challenges as well as having operational weaknesses,&#13;
traditional institutions have practical mechanisms of promoting peaceful co-existence at&#13;
grassroots levels. The study recommended that traditional institutions should be mainstreamed in&#13;
all processes of conflict management, peacebuilding and conflict transformation. This should be&#13;
done in accordance with the value system of the specific community or people in question</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1889">
                <text>ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1890">
                <text>2017</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="311">
        <name>conflict resolution</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="871">
        <name>peacebuilding</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="308" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="312">
        <src>https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/16abb1959809d5a93b17d0c1e2477fa2.pdf</src>
        <authentication>455fb07f30ee9194fad7c915f46ef7c9</authentication>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <collection collectionId="69">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="79">
                  <text>Staff  Publications</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="1">
      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1896">
                <text>ENHANCEMENT OF ACCESS AND INCLUSION OF PEOPLE WITH&#13;
VISUAL IMPAIRMENT IN THE ELECTORAL PROCESS IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1897">
                <text>EMMANUEL T. MUNEMO</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1898">
                <text>ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1899">
                <text>2014</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="877">
        <name>access and inclusion</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="876">
        <name>electoral process</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="875">
        <name>visually impaired</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="498" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="504">
        <src>https://ir.zou.ac.zw/files/original/1969d024fc035fcef737fc5d11ebd360.pdf</src>
        <authentication>62248a27684b7c4ef5fb12ea1ce8d1e4</authentication>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <collection collectionId="69">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="79">
                  <text>Staff  Publications</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="1">
      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2992">
                <text>THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HUMAN RIGHTS SUPPORT PROGRAMMES IN ZIMBABWEAN PRISONS: A CASE STUDY OF THE ZIMBABWE PRISONS AND CORRECTIONAL SERVICE&#13;
&#13;
</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2993">
                <text>OBEY JASI </text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="2994">
                <text>MBWIRIRE JOHN</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2995">
                <text>This research study outlined the effectiveness of human rights support programmes offered by Non-Governmental Organisations at Zimbabwe Prisons and Correctional Service in the Harare Metropolitan Province. ZPCS had formed partnerships with NGOs to address human rights issues concerning incarcerated prisoners. A mixed research methodology approach was employed, gathering data from correctional officers, NGO representatives, inmates and independent commissions. A quantitative sample of 300 participants was drawn using probability sampling, while a subsequent qualitative sample of 60 was purposively selected from a population of 894. The research utilised self-structured questionnaires and key informant interviews. The findings indicate a strong understanding of human rights among participants. However, the majority perceive the human rights support programmes as ineffective. Key challenges identified include a pervasive atmosphere of mistrust between ZPCS and NGOs, a lack of tailored interventions and inadequate internal capacity within ZPCS to manage these programmes effectively. The study recommends establishing a central human rights coordinating office at the ZPCS national headquarters, developing a comprehensive organisational human rights policy and conducting thorough needs analyses prior to programme implementation. These steps aim to enhance collaboration, improve the alignment of NGO activities with ZPCS’s needs, and ultimately strengthen the protection of human rights for inmates.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2996">
                <text>The Zimbabwe Open University Journal of Applied Social Sciences</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2997">
                <text>2026</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="1135">
        <name>development theory</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="1362">
        <name>human right violations</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="518">
        <name>human rights</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="1361">
        <name>human rights support programme</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="1363">
        <name>peace</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
