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                <text>PROFESSOR CANAAN SODINDO BANANA AND HIS BORDER-&#13;
CROSSING ANTICS: LESSONS FOR THE CHURCH AND &#13;
CITIZENRY IN KAIROS MOMENTS&#13;
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                <text>PAUL HENRY GUNDAN</text>
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                <text>Professor Canaan Sodindo Banana (5 March 1936 – 10 November 2003) was a complex person with a complex historical context that began with his birth frommixed parentage. His father, a practitioner of Christianity and a herbalist, further influenced him to see no difference between African ancestors and Hebrew patriarchs. He became a cleric in the Zimbabwean Methodist Church from where he was exposed to the World Council of Churches (WCC) Programme to Combat Racism (PCR). In 1971, he resigned from the church after it voted against the PCR, which he felt was justified. Instead, in 1973, he travelled to the  United States, without a passport, probably to free himself from oppression.  When he returned to Zimbabwe and joined politics, to fill the gap created by the &#13;
arrest of nationalists, he was active in the United African National Congress (UANC), but frustrated by its moderate approach to the problem of racism, in  1976, he joined the radical Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU). In  1998, when he was accused of sodomy, probably to deter him from joining the opposition for his sharp disagreements with former President Robert Mugabe, he crossed the South African border with Botswana without a passport. This&#13;
 article discusses the history of ethnicity, African identity and African&#13;
Traditional Religion, Western Christianity, and the rise of African&#13;
consciousness as well as the violence that emerged from the colonial powers in Banana’s life. This context shaped his character and personality, so much so that “what he became to us was a product of his historical context”. Banana defied the sense of security found in colonial borders, and his attempt to free himself from the constraints of hegemony were useful lessons for hid Kairos moments</text>
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                <text>UNISA</text>
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                <text>2025</text>
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                <text>AINVESTIGATING THE GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING ROLE OF&#13;
FEMALE SPIRIT MEDIUMS IN THE FIRST AND SECOND CHIMURENGA&#13;
WARS IN ZIMBABWE, 1896-1980&#13;
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                <text>LILIAN CHAMINUKA</text>
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                <text>This study sought to appreciate the guidance and counselling roles played by the&#13;
agency of female spirit mediumship during Zimbabwe’s liberation wars, 1896-1980,&#13;
in order to describe African worldview’s link to contemporary guidance and&#13;
counselling theory and practice. In so doing, the study offers gendered perspective&#13;
research to the study of spirit mediumship in Zimbabwe. The study’s objectives&#13;
included exploring the guidance and counselling offered by spirit mediums during the&#13;
liberation wars in Zimbabwe contextualizing it to mainstream guidance and&#13;
counselling theory and practice; examining the connection of this guidance and&#13;
counselling to African cosmology; explicating factors causing the marginalisation of&#13;
female spirit mediums in the Chimurenga meta-narrative and lastly to contribute a&#13;
home grown theory of guidance and counselling. The role of guidance and counseling&#13;
by female spirit mediums is seldom mentioned in the works of other scholars.&#13;
Existential phenomenology was employed as a research design to investigate the&#13;
phenomena of spirit mediumship. Purposive sampling and snowballing were utilized&#13;
to select the research participants and was determined by data saturation. Data were&#13;
gathered through in-depth interviews guided by interview guides and observation&#13;
schedules. Research findings revealed that female spirit mediums’ guidance and&#13;
counselling role has not been contextualized within the mainstream Western oriented&#13;
guidance and counselling theory and practice. The study concluded that the important&#13;
female spirit mediumship guidance and counselling paradigm has remained outside&#13;
the purview of mainstream guidance and counselling theory in Zimbabwe. It is&#13;
recommended that the guidance and counselling services provided by the female&#13;
spirit mediums should be recognized within conventional guidance and counselling&#13;
practice.</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe Open University</text>
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                <text>THE ROLE OF TERMINOLOGICAL USES AND SEMASIOLOGICAL ANALYSES IN THE&#13;
SOCIAL SCIENCES&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>DR. S. B. M. MARUME,&#13;
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                <text>R. R. JUBENKANDA, &#13;
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                <text>C. W. NAMUSI,&#13;
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                <text>N.C MADZIYIRE</text>
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                <text>For some academics, both old and young, it seems frivolous if not a waste of space to devote some&#13;
time in social research on the issue of terminological uses and semasiological analysis. Yet, the opposite is&#13;
fundamentally true. That is, lack of special attention in any social research study to this issue is an academic&#13;
suicide, a tragedy, a scientific offence, and un pardonable scholastic shortcoming</text>
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                <text>IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2016</text>
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      <tag tagId="722">
        <name>and logical reasoning</name>
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        <name>science</name>
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        <name>semasiological analyses</name>
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        <name>terminological uses</name>
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                <text>IMPLICATIONS OF GLOBALIZATION ON SUSTAINABLE TOURISM GROWTH&#13;
AND DEVELOPMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA&#13;
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                <text>THOMAS. P.Z. MPOFU</text>
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                <text>Globalization is a phenomenon that has permeated and influenced the whole spectrum of human activities.&#13;
One such activity is the tourism industry. This is due primarily to tourism’s geographical scale; its spatial&#13;
linkages, as well as increased tourist flows to all corners of the world, including Sub-Saharan Africa. While&#13;
the benefits that have accrued to several countries of the world are well known, the impact of globalization&#13;
on tourism growth and development to Sub-Saharan Africa has not been thoroughly studied. The main&#13;
objective of this paper, therefore, is to assess the extent to which tourism globalization has benefited Sub-&#13;
Saharan African countries. The study is based on secondary data sources. The paper submits that some Sub-&#13;
Saharan African countries have, through globalization, increased their revenues and foreign currency&#13;
earnings; created additional employment; introduced new technology in transport, communications and e-&#13;
commerce; and improved their tourism facilities and services to meet international standards. On the social&#13;
and environmental fronts, globalization has broadened people’s knowledge; created respect for indigenous&#13;
cultures; contributed to the protection and conservation of historical monuments as well as the physical&#13;
environments. Some Sub-Saharan countries have attracted multinational corporations through vertical and&#13;
horizontal mergers, takeovers and integrations. However, the paper also notes that tourism globalization has&#13;
not been a panacea. It has also brought negative impacts such as price increases in land values and basic&#13;
commodities; financial leakages and repatriation of foreign currency. Also, an influx of international&#13;
tourists has led to a change in some African cultural values, resulting in local communities losing their&#13;
cohesion and commitment to family life, religion and traditional customs. On the basis of the above&#13;
findings, the paper recommends that Sub-Saharan African governments should closely monitor the negative&#13;
impacts of the globalization process while continuing to reap the many benefits that accrue from this&#13;
phenomenon.</text>
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        <name>spatial linkages</name>
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        <name>vertical and horizontal mergers.</name>
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