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                <text>STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES TO OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES (OERS)</text>
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                <text>CONSTANCE KADADA</text>
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                <text> THEMBINKOSI TSHABALALA</text>
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                <text>This paper was on students’ attitudes towards Open Educational Resources (OERs) on selected&#13;
universities and colleges. The methodology used was a desktop review. The findings on OER textbooks were&#13;
their high quality, having more information than traditional textbooks and being cheaper. Students obtained&#13;
diverse scholarly articles from OERs that added value to the content they had, while to others, OERs were&#13;
not useful. Those who did not like OER textbooks said they could not write notes on them and there was too&#13;
much information on the Internet. Some students were not computer literate and unaware of OERs. Mobile&#13;
phones were found to be one way of accessing OERs though the logistics were cumbersome. There was no&#13;
evidence of creation of OERs by the students. The research would help ODL institutions and traditional universities to obtain updated and quality OER content for students including those in remote areas even through mobile phones</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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                <text>International Journal of Social Sciences &amp; Educational Studies</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2020</text>
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        <name>Attitude</name>
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        <name>Cost</name>
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        <name>Infrastructural Support</name>
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        <name>OERS</name>
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      <tag tagId="68">
        <name>Pedagogy</name>
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        <name>Quality</name>
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                <text>ACHIEVING SOCIO –ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION&#13;
FOR WOMEN THROUGH ODL IN ZIMBABWE .A CASE&#13;
OF GWANDA DISTRICT</text>
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                <text>Z MZACA</text>
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                <text>DINGINDAWO NCUBE</text>
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                <text>Globally there is concern for women empowerment and access to education. In developing countries such as Zimbabwe, of the 17%&#13;
who are illiterate, 2/3 of them are women who are marginalized, hence most have little or no access to education especially tertiary&#13;
education. Open and Distance learning has been seen as the panacea to address this imbalance since social realities limit the&#13;
opportunities for women to take up full time study programmes. In Zimbabwe, the Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU), with its spread&#13;
to all regional compasses has been viewed as a realistic opportunity to enable the women to access university education. ZOU offers&#13;
degree programmes in the fields of Science and Technology, Business Management and Law, Humanities and Social Sciences and&#13;
Health Sciences. Based on the assumption that women have embraced the Open and Distance Learning (ODL) mode which suits&#13;
students who fulfill other commitments such as work and family, this study sought to assess the socio- economic transformation that&#13;
ODL, through ZOU has had on women in Zimbabwe in general and Gwanda district in particular. The study was carried out in&#13;
Gwanda District of Matabeleland South region in 2016, and used the qualitative approach. Purposive sampling was used to select the&#13;
participants. Data were collected through interviews. The study found that women have benefited from ODL programmes since they&#13;
now occupy influential positions at work and earn enhanced salaries. Their employment prospects have been enhanced by ODL&#13;
qualifications. Women have gained confidence to participate in workshops, meetings &amp;conferences. The study recommends that the&#13;
government of Zimbabwe subsidises ODL programmes to increase the number of women in such programmes and more Campaigns&#13;
be undertaken on the benefits of ODL to women</text>
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                <text>Global Journal of Advanced Research</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2016</text>
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        <name>Open Distance Learning (ODL)</name>
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        <name>Socio- economic transformation</name>
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        <name>Women</name>
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                <text>AN ASSESSMENT OF FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO&#13;
HIGH SECONDARY SCHOOL PUPILS DROPOUT RATES&#13;
IN ZIMBABWE. A CASE STUDY OF BULILIMA DISTRICT</text>
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                <text>SIKULILE MOYO</text>
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                <text> DINGINDAWO NCUBE</text>
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                <text>MUSA KHUPE</text>
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                <text>The study sought to assess factors contributing to high secondary school pupils dropouts in Bulilima District in Zimbabwe. Bulilima&#13;
District has for a long time been experiencing high dropout rates amongst secondary school pupils due to a number of factors which&#13;
needed exploration in order solve the problem. The study used a case study design and a qualitative method with individual and group&#13;
interviews (focus group discussions) as data collection techniques. The study participants included teachers, heads of schools and&#13;
members of the community who included both adults and the youths, selected through the purposive convenience sampling technique.&#13;
The study was anchored on the human capital theory which advocates for investing in human capital through education that in turn is&#13;
expected to stimulate socio-economic development of a country. The findings are absentee parents, financial hardships, hunger and&#13;
poverty, home school distance, teenage pregnancies and peer pressure .The study recommends that the government of Zimbabwe&#13;
subsidises examination fees, implements ‘free primary education for all’ in line with the constitution of Zimbabwe. Furthermore the&#13;
government of Zimbabwe in collaboration with key stakeholders builds more secondary schools in Bulilima district. Finally more&#13;
research be done on the problem of secondary school pupils drop out in order to bring more insight on this problem bedeviling&#13;
Bulilima district.</text>
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                <text>Global Journal of Advanced Research</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2016</text>
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                <text>AFRICAN CONTEXT FOR TECHNOLOGICAL FUTURES FOR DIGITAL&#13;
LEARNING AND THE ENDOGENOUS GROWTH OF A KNOWLEDGE&#13;
ECONOMY&#13;
</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>GABRIEL KABANDA</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>The Southern African countries, embodied as the Southern African Development Community (SADC)&#13;
region, face sustainable development problems and low global competitiveness. Innovation in the&#13;
education sector presents a promissory note that can stimulate an endogenous growth of the&#13;
knowledge economy and reduction of poverty. Technological futures in digital learning are largely&#13;
influenced by complexity, simulation and modeling, and decision-making capabilities. The paper is&#13;
purposed to develop an endogenous growth model for a knowledge economy for SADC countries&#13;
where digital learning is the engine for sustainable growth with its associated technological futures and&#13;
complexity. The learners in ubiquitous learning environments are able to access the various contents&#13;
on the Web, search the electronic databases, interactively communicate with instructors and other&#13;
learners and obtain knowledge anytime and anywhere through wireless technologies. The diffusion&#13;
discourse and the social embedded innovation can achieve a desirable impact in development, mainly&#13;
through ICTs for development (ICT4D). Social media is one area that has introduced complexity in the&#13;
digital learning environment. Chaos Theory is used to seek understanding of the aperiodic behaviour in&#13;
deterministic, non-linear dynamical systems in a digital learning environment and the design thereof.&#13;
The Lorenz attractor for such a learning environment is innovation that brings solutions and relevancy&#13;
to the developmental agenda, with Lyapunov exponents expressed by divergent trajectories of ICT4D.&#13;
The Jacobian matrix grows exponentially with each technology that goes through diffusion and&#13;
adoption. The Neo-classic theory of growth is about technical progress premised on exogenous factors&#13;
and driven by labour, capital and technology. Technology diffusion in SADC is not exogenous. The&#13;
endogenous growth theory is a model of long-run economic growth that emphasizes that technological&#13;
change is influenced by economic incentives and a great diversity of resources in an African&#13;
environment, which largely supports innovation, an embodiment of knowledge in capital and learning&#13;
by doing. The mixed method methodology is used in this research, which is a research study of the&#13;
SADC region countries. Mixed methods often combine nomothetic and idiographic approaches in an&#13;
attempt to serve the dual purposes of generalisation and in-depth understanding—to gain an overview&#13;
of social regularities from a larger sample while understanding the other through detailed study of a&#13;
smaller sample. The methodology used was largely qualitative on human capital development and&#13;
technology diffusion, and quantitative on GDP and Infodensity covering 18 countries in East and&#13;
Southern Africa. The 18 countries covered by the qualitative study are South Africa, Angola, Bostwana,&#13;
Burundi, D.R. Congo, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda,&#13;
Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. An endogenous model for sustainable economic&#13;
growth is developed through panel data analysis. Panel Data is a data set that contains repeated&#13;
observations over time, i.e., observations on multiple phenomena observed over multiple time periods&#13;
for the same firms, individuals, households, enterprises, countries, or any set of entities that remain&#13;
stable through time. An endogenous model for a knowledge economy for SADC countries is proposed.</text>
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                <text>Basic Research Journal of Engineering Innovation</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2013</text>
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    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="209">
        <name>Chaos Theory</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="208">
        <name>digital learning environment</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="210">
        <name>endogenous growth model</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="207">
        <name>ICT4D</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="206">
        <name>Knowledge economy</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="204">
        <name>sustainable development</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="211">
        <name>technological future</name>
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                <text>DISTANCE EDUCATION&#13;
AN EMPOWERING&#13;
DISCIPLINE OR JUST A PASSING RAGE: A CASE OF ODL INSTITUTIONS IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
</text>
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                <text>THOMAS M. KAPUTA&#13;
&#13;
</text>
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                <text>JUDITH TAFANGOMBE</text>
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                <text>This study is on graduates’ perceived feelings on how Distance Education (DE) offering institutions in Zimbabwe&#13;
have empowered them. We asked the question: Is DE an empowering discipline or a passing rage which is being&#13;
used by most institutions as a raison d’être. The development of Open and Distance Learning (ODL) institutions in&#13;
the world has largely been done by conventional Universities. Distance educators agree that distance education&#13;
includes both distance learning and teaching. With the advent of changes in industry’s demand for more qualified&#13;
personnel that may need to be trained whilst on the job, conventional universities and colleges have failed to cope.&#13;
The economies of scale of this approach saw many people getting qualifications whilst they were on the job.&#13;
Governments who are the recipients of most of the graduates get concerned when most of their people are not&#13;
educated. This has resulted in the development of the single and dual mode institutions of distance education to a&#13;
large extent with the latter preceding. In this study which was carried out in the beginning of 2013. A qualitative&#13;
research paradigm was used focusing on the graduates of DE from both conventional and ODL institutions. This was&#13;
a phenomenological design because it dwelt on a careful description and analysis of the participants’ life world and&#13;
the meaning extracted thereof. Participants who included graduates, employers and lecturers were conveniently&#13;
selected from the different institutions in Zimbabwe. The sample consisted of ten graduates from eight institutions.&#13;
We used an on line open ended interview schedule, personal accounts and document analysis to collect data. This&#13;
provided us with an opportunity to look at different worldviews of the empowerment phenomenon. The findings&#13;
show mixed reactions from graduates on their empowerment status. Fierce competition is rife between institutions&#13;
raising ethical, business and quality issues. We recommend that policy be put in place to fine tune this DE to&#13;
empower all graduates regardless of their institution</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="511">
                <text>Greener Journal of Educational Research</text>
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                <text>ZIMBABWEAN INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS (ZIK)&#13;
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                <text>First part of the paper, examined conceptual issues associated with Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IK),&#13;
including the nature of the intersection between Science and IK. We reflected on methodological pluralism, and&#13;
knowledge production. Intellectual property rights and empowerment are examined. We then explored the&#13;
multiple linkages between IK and the curriculum, in terms of needs, goals, teaching strategies and instructional&#13;
resources. We reflect on anticipated outcomes and methods of evaluation. We also discussed the role of the&#13;
library media center, and the library consultant, in curriculum planning with respect to IK. Our emphasis was on&#13;
those components of IK which describe, explain, predict and try to negotiate nature. Firstly we explore some&#13;
curriculum models and approaches relevant to our discourse, and various dimensions of teaching, learning and&#13;
researching Zimbabwe Indigenous Knowledge (ZIK), through the use of 'oral traditions' and other&#13;
methodologies. Secondly we provided specific instructional guidelines on African Traditional Medicine,&#13;
Mathematics and Food Processing, Selected readings and multimedia resources are identified along with&#13;
current instructional and research challenges. We specified whether ZIK, has specific implications for&#13;
democratization, community empowerment, nation building, sustainable development, capacity building and&#13;
intellectual development in Zimbabwe and Africa as a whole, in the 21st century.</text>
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                <text>INTEGRATING ON-LINE LEARNING INTO TRADITIONAL OPEN AND&#13;
DISTANCE LEARNING (ODL) PROGRAMMES: CHALLENGES AND&#13;
PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATIONS IN SUB SAHARAN UNIVERSITIES&#13;
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                <text>STEPHEN MWENJE</text>
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                <text>Information and Communication Technology (ICT) development has helped Open and Distance&#13;
Learning (ODL) universities world wide reach out to many global students through on line programmes.&#13;
Many ODL institutions in developed countries have registered success in their on-line programmes. In&#13;
Africa integrating on line learning into existing traditional programmes has legged behind. It is&#13;
therefore critical to find out how best on- line programmes can be effectively integrated into existing&#13;
traditional programmes. It is also critical to identify ways not to affect the integrity of successful&#13;
programmes currently being offered through traditional modes. This paper seeks to investigate the&#13;
views of stratified randomly selected students; tutors’ and former students on how best to implement&#13;
on-line learning into traditional ODL programmes at the Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU) Data will be&#13;
gathered through interviews and questionnaires. The findings of this study shall provide answers to the&#13;
challenges emanating from staffs and students’ ICT skills</text>
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                <text>Global Advanced Research Journal of Educational Research and Review </text>
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                <text>ENHANCING QUALITY OF UNIVERSITY E-LEARNING PROCESSES:&#13;
STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION IN A BLENDED LEARNING&#13;
ENVIRONMENT AT THE ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY (ZOU)&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>Increasing competition from transnational Universities has forced many Universities in Africa to provide (ODL)&#13;
through -learning technologies. In many cases E-learning is provided in partnerships with external providers or&#13;
exclusively as foreign online programmes. Such E-learning provisions are not indigenous to receiving students&#13;
as they are transplants from the source countries. However, universities in Africa have to become competitive&#13;
by improving the quality of their programmes through blending traditional systems with e -learning. Quality&#13;
enhancement of technology based teaching systems is a challenge especially to universities in the Sub-&#13;
Saharan Africa seeking to add E-learning to their traditional systems to attract and retain students. This study&#13;
seeks to explore stakeholder participation strategies that can be utilized to enhance the quality of blended&#13;
learning services at the Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU). A case study methodology was used to gather data&#13;
from a randomly selected ZOU Students and tutors from the University’s two of the ten regions. Questionnaires&#13;
and interviews were used as main data collection instruments. The findings of this study shall contribute to&#13;
theory and practice of university e-learning and quality enhancement</text>
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                <text>BUILDING SUSTAINABLE EDUCATION FUTURES FOR THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN SUB-CONTINENT</text>
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                <text>An assessment of effects of gender on affective organizational commitment of teachers in Zimbabwe.&#13;
In Zimbabwe there has been an outcry on poor performance of students at all levels. It has been noted&#13;
that yearly students’ O level percentage pass rate has declined up to 19.5 % in 2011 to 18.4% in&#13;
2012. This has raised concern amongst the stakeholders. Previously low performance has been&#13;
attributed to inadequacy of resources and poor remuneration. In 2009 the Ministry of Education Art&#13;
Sports and Culture introduced incentives to lure the teachers so that they help the majority of&#13;
people in the country until the employer had adequate funds to cushion teachers’ salaries. In 2010 -&#13;
2011 primary schools were given books and sports kits by the UNICEF under the ETF programme&#13;
and secondary schools in 2012. However this has not made a positive impact on pupil performance.&#13;
Most of the blame has been put on teachers’ affective commitment to their work. Considering that the&#13;
majority of teachers are females, the main question is whether gender is related to affective&#13;
organizational commitment of teachers’ performance in Zimbabwe? Employee affective commitment&#13;
is important because high levels of it leads to several favorable organizational outcomes. This is a&#13;
descriptive survey where data will be collected from stratified random sampled teachers using qu&#13;
estionnaires and interviews</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Current Research&#13;
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                <text>STUDENT INVOLVEMENT IN ENHANCING STUDENT, RETENTION,&#13;
PERSISTENCE AND SUCCESS IN OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING&#13;
AT ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY&#13;
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                <text>The study sought to establish how student involvement could enhance student retention, persistence and&#13;
success in Open and Distance Learning at Zimbabwe Open University for it to become a world class&#13;
university. Open and Distance Learning (ODL) systems in Sub-Saharan Africa institutions are grappling with&#13;
fiscal challenges of low state funding and low student numbers against a background of increasing&#13;
proliferation. African ODL systems are pursuing world class visions to effectively determine and monitor&#13;
variables that affect student retention, persistence and success. With Open and Distance Learning, students&#13;
are now being considered as the largest stakeholders. Investing time and money in learning, Open and&#13;
Distance Learning institutions ought to orient partnerships to retain their students throughout the course of&#13;
their learning. This research sought to find out how student persistence and success in Open and Distance&#13;
Learning could be enhanced through customer feedback approaches at the Zimbabwe Open University. The&#13;
case study survey design was used to gather data from randomly selected forty final year students and ten&#13;
alumni members. The interview and the questionnaire were used as data collection instruments. The study&#13;
established that assignments contribute much to students’ persistence and success to learning, hence the&#13;
commenting need to be thorough. Tutorial sessions were found to be theoretically based and lacking&#13;
practical activities, and some concepts in modules were viewed difficult to be conceptualized by students.&#13;
Academic advisory services being given to students were enhancing learning; however, they lacked the&#13;
social aspects.</text>
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                <text>OBSTACLES TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE HIV/AIDS CURRICULUM IN&#13;
GURUVE DISTRICT SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN ZIMBABWE</text>
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                <text>RITTAH KASOWE</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>The aim of this present study was to investigate constraints faced by secondary school teachers&#13;
in the teaching and learning of HIV/AIDS education in Guruve District in Mashonaland Province&#13;
of Zimbabwe. Specifically, it focused on HIV/AIDS content, evaluation of the subject, teacher&#13;
qualifications, availability of resources, methodology as well as syllabus interpretation. The&#13;
quantitative methodology was used and the descriptive survey design employed. The population&#13;
consisted of all the 840 secondary school teachers in the district. Random sampling was used to&#13;
select the 200 respondents. Data were collected using a questionnaire. The study revealed that&#13;
teachers were finding it very difficult to discuss sex related issues with children. The study also&#13;
revealed that teachers lacked the knowledge and confidence to teach HIV/AIDS education. The&#13;
study recommends that teachers should be given proper training in the teaching of HIV/AIDS&#13;
education. There is also need for teachers to be provided with relevant and adequate resources to&#13;
effectively guide pupils on this subject</text>
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                <text>IJRDO-Journal of Educational Research</text>
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                <text>2017</text>
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        <name>Constraints</name>
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        <name>Learning</name>
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        <name>secondary school teachers</name>
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                <text>NAVIGATING MARGINALITY: RECLAIMING AND UNDERSTANDING THE STATUS AND EXPERIENCES OF ZIMBABWEAN WOMEN WHO OCCUPY EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP ROLES</text>
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                <text>PAUL MUPA</text>
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                <text>The twenty-first century has seen very few women profiled in educational leadership positions. Women need to break through the glass ceilings in order to navigate marginality. Many African governments are signatories to the convention of gender&#13;
equity and equality and vowed to fight against any forms of discrimination that bar women from positions and hinder their career development. Yet real obstacles remain. Women are still concentrated in the lower ranks of educational leadership&#13;
positions with the majority as deputy heads of schools while a minority take the headship positions. Breaking through the glass ceiling still appears elusive for all but a select few. This study was meant to analyse the experiences of those women&#13;
who are already in leadership positions in education. A qualitative research was carried out to establish experiences and opportunities by women to break the glass ceilings that affect their statuses in educational organisations. Interviews were used to generate data from women in management positions in the education department in Masvingo Province in Zimbabwe. Purposeful sampling was employed to select 10 women leaders. The study recommends creation of positive attitudes towards women, minimising gender stereotypes; crafting policies that promote gender equity, among others.</text>
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                <text>Open and Distance Learning Journal Special Edition</text>
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        <name>leadership</name>
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        <name>marginality</name>
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        <name>Women</name>
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                <text>INTEGRATING PEDAGOGY AND TECHNOLOGY IN TEACHER&#13;
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES AT ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY: PRACTICES&#13;
AND ISSUES</text>
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                <text>ROSEMARY NGARA</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Since there seemed to be minimal integration of technology and pedagogy in teacher&#13;
development programmes in Open and distance education a case study was conducted to&#13;
determine ways by which technology had been integrated in teacher development programmes at&#13;
Zimbabwe Open University ( ZOU) and to establish impediments that were there in trying to&#13;
effectively integrate technology in teacher pedagogy at ZOU. The case study investigated&#13;
opinions held about the integration of pedagogy and technology in the teacher development&#13;
programmes by students and tutors. The study established that tutors only used modern&#13;
technology effectively as they communicated with students via telephone. Use of modern&#13;
technology in tutorials was very minimal. There was a clear indication that lecturers’ use of&#13;
technology lagged behind technological advancement and this was attributed to technological&#13;
phobia. On line discussions were one way by which technology use could be integrated in&#13;
teacher development programmes. In addition, e- marking could be done and power point and&#13;
videos could be used in tutorial sessions. Tutors had inadequate experiences using digital&#13;
technologies even those which were available at ZOU. Tutor and student continual training by&#13;
Zimbabwe Open University on the usefulness of technology and that tutors at ZOU should make&#13;
deliberate effort to use technological devices that are already at the institution were&#13;
recommended</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="803">
                <text>Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2016</text>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Staff  Publications</text>
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                <text>TERM PAPER EFFECTIVENESS: PERCEPTIONS OF STUDENTS AND&#13;
LECTURERS AT ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY</text>
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                <text>R. NGARA </text>
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                <text>R. NGWARAI</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Term papers are an important component of the curriculum of students studying at higher&#13;
levels of learning. At the Zimbabwe Open University students pursuing Masters Degrees&#13;
write one term paper in each of the courses they would be studying. Term papers are marked&#13;
and contribute to the final coursework mark. In some instances term papers are not just&#13;
written, they are also presented orally by students. Term papers are instrumental in&#13;
developing academic skills such as critical thinking. There are, however, some problems&#13;
associated with students’ writing or presentation of term papers. For instance, topics chosen&#13;
by students lack unique focus and there is general deficiency knowledge on how to write a&#13;
term paper on the part of many students. A survey was conducted at Zimbabwe Open&#13;
University’s one regional campus to determine the views of Masters students and their&#13;
lecturers on the effectiveness of term papers as a tool of learning and assessment. Generally,&#13;
participants were of the opinion that term papers were handy in developing student academic&#13;
skills if principles in writing term papers were religiously followed by students and tutors.&#13;
Some factors were viewed as negatively affecting the ways in which term papers could be&#13;
useful or could be good quality. Among them were little tutor-guidance, lack of versatile&#13;
materials and poor academic skills. The study recommended running of workshops for tutors&#13;
on term paper-related issues at the University’s regional campus inter alia</text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="815">
                <text>European Social Sciences Research&#13;
Journal</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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        <name>effectiveness</name>
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                <text>DISTANCE EDUCATION AN EMPOWERING DISCIPLINE OR JUST A PASSING RAGE: A CASE OF ODL INSTITUTIONS IN ZIMBABWE</text>
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                <text>THOMAS M. KAPUTA </text>
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                <text>JUDITH TAFANGOMBE </text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>This study is on graduates’ perceived feelings on how Distance Education (DE) offering institutions in Zimbabwe have empowered them. We asked the question: Is DE an empowering discipline or a passing rage which is being used by most institutions as a raison d’être. The development of Open and&#13;
Distance Learning (ODL) institutions in the world has largely been done by conventional Universities. Distance educators agree that distance education includes both distance learning and teaching. With the advent of changes in&#13;
industry’s demand for more qualified personnel that may need to be trained&#13;
whilst on the job, conventional universities and colleges have failed to cope.&#13;
The economies of scale of this approach saw many people getting&#13;
qualifications whilst they were on the job. Governments who are the&#13;
recipients of most of the graduates get concerned when most of their people&#13;
are not educated. This has resulted in the development of the single and dual&#13;
mode institutions of distance education to a large extent with the latter&#13;
preceding. In this study which was carried out in the beginning of 2013. A&#13;
qualitative research paradigm was used focusing on the graduates of DE from&#13;
both conventional and ODL institutions. This was a phenomenological design&#13;
because it dwelt on a careful description and analysis of the participants’ life&#13;
world and the meaning extracted thereof. Participants who included&#13;
graduates, employers and lecturers were conveniently selected from the&#13;
different institutions in Zimbabwe. The sample consisted of ten graduates&#13;
from eight institutions. We used an on line open ended interview schedule,&#13;
personal accounts and document analysis to collect data. This provided us&#13;
with an opportunity to look at different worldviews of the empowerment&#13;
phenomenon. The findings show mixed reactions from graduates on their&#13;
empowerment status. Fierce competition is rife between institutions raising&#13;
ethical, business and quality issues. We recommend that policy be put in&#13;
place to fine tune this DE to empower all graduates regardless of their&#13;
institution</text>
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                <text>Greener Journal of Educational Research</text>
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                <text>2014</text>
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        <name>empowering</name>
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        <name>single and dual modes</name>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>ODL UNIVERSITY INCLUSION EXPERIENCES OF STUDENTS WITH&#13;
DISADVANTAGES IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
</text>
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                <text>PHILLIPA MUTSVANGWA </text>
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                <text>BARBARA  MAPURANGA </text>
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                <text>The study’s focus is on students with disabilities and the marginalised. Riddell, Tinklin and&#13;
Wilson (2005) assert that universities are arbiters of social justice. However, despite paradigm shift to the&#13;
philosophical call for schools for all the disadvantaged students continue to face social injustice and&#13;
inclusive disparities at universities. Using ten purposively selected disadvantaged students, the study&#13;
engaged the qualitative approach based on the enthnographic design to elicit inclusion experiences of the&#13;
disadvantaged ODL students with a view to obtain best inclusive practices from their stories. In-depth&#13;
interviews with unstructured questions, unstructured observations and document analysis were use to&#13;
collect data. The collected data was coded into themes and patterns emerging from the experiences. The&#13;
study revealed that most marginalised students dropped out of ODL either in their first year or second year&#13;
due to failure to raise enough fees while students with disabilities showed that their learning moral was&#13;
destroyed by lack of relevant provisions to their needs. Thus, they suggested that now that Zimbabwe&#13;
ratified the UNCRPD on the 23 September 2013 provisions should stay available in anticipation of&#13;
admitting students with various disabilities</text>
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                <text>PARENTS’ ROLE TOWARDS IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF THEIR CHILDREN IN SCHOOL WORK: A CASE STUDY OF BINDURA PRIMARY&#13;
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                <text>The purpose of this present study was to investigate the role played by parents in improving the&#13;
performance of their children in school work in Bindura primary schools in Zimbabwe using the&#13;
quantitative research methodology. The population consisted of all heads, SDC/SDA members&#13;
and teachers in the thirty schools in Bindura. Random sampling was used to arrive at a sample&#13;
of ninety six (96) respondents made up of six (6) heads of schools, seventy two (72) teachers and&#13;
eighteen (18) members of School Development Committees or Associations (SDCs/SDAs). The&#13;
questionnaire and interview were used for data collection. The study revealed that there are&#13;
many barriers to effective parental involvement in school activities such as lack of education by&#13;
parents. The study recommends that heads of schools should always involve parents before&#13;
making decisions that require the inputs from the parents. There should also be staff&#13;
development workshops for teachers and parents where parental involvement in the education of&#13;
their children would be the main topic.</text>
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                <text>AN INSIGHT INTO THE DEFINITIONS OF DISTANCE LEARNING AND&#13;
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                <text>Firstly, this article examines various definitions of Distance Learning with the aim of enabling&#13;
scholars to have a wider perspective of the concept. While the most basic definition relates to&#13;
education that takes place when the teacher and students are separated by physical distance,&#13;
developments in this area now encompass distance learning with technology (electronic,&#13;
print, voice and data). Technology in this respect is viewed as the bridge used to mediate&#13;
the gap between the tutor and the student. Secondly, the article also puts emphasis on the&#13;
types of comments on marked assignments, that can either help the learner to work hard&#13;
or destroy the learner’s interest to learn. Appropriate, positive and constructive comments&#13;
in marked assignments promote effective communication between the tutor and the learner.&#13;
Most importantly, prompt assignment return with constructive feedback and counselling, is&#13;
a possible decisive element for study success and goal achievement, for Distance Learners.&#13;
More suggestions on enhancing the tutor – student interaction are discussed.</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe International Journal of Open &amp; Distance Learning </text>
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                <text>PEDAGOGIC POSSIBILITIES OF ICTS AND TECHNOLOGY AFFORDANCES IN AN INCREASINGLY NETWORKED ENVIRONMENT IN SUPPORT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT</text>
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                <text>GABRIEL KABANDA</text>
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                <text>The research project seeks new opportunities/ directions of learning and teaching in an increasingly&#13;
networked world, and how they can benefit people in developing countries in support of sustainable&#13;
development. The research agenda is aimed at studying how interconnected information and&#13;
communication technologies (ICTs) can expand the reach of educational opportunities and improve&#13;
learning outcomes as technology affordances. The main research question is - What are the pedagogic&#13;
possibilities of ICTs and technology affordances in an increasingly networked environment that can&#13;
impact/ benefit participative collaborative inclusive communities of learning in support of sustainable&#13;
development?</text>
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                <text>PEDAGOGY IN DISTANCE EDUCATION: IS EVALUATIVE JUDGEMENT AN EFFECTIVE PEDAGOGICAL TOOL FOR STUDENTS IN DISTANCE EDUCATION?</text>
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                <text>PAUL MUPA&#13;
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                <text>Distance education has expanded dramatically over the years and has become a needed component in the higher&#13;
education landscape especially in this COVID-19 era. Students in distance education need the ability to make&#13;
decisions about the quality of work and others. The argument advanced in this article is that evaluative judgement&#13;
should be used as a pedagogical tool by students in distance education so that they develop the capacity to improve&#13;
their reflective practices. Qualitative methodology was employed in this study. Learning facilitators from the&#13;
Zimbabwe Open University were purposefully sampled to generate data through semi-structured interviews. The&#13;
major findings of the study were that evaluative judgement is a very effective tool which enables students to see&#13;
whether what they are doing is right or wrong. It is used in assignment writing, term paper presentations, research&#13;
project writing, group discussions, peer assessment, teaching practice attachment and during examination writing. It&#13;
improves the depth and breadth of understanding matter and also improves the quality of interaction between the&#13;
student and the content. The study recommends that tutorial handbooks should be provided at orientation on the&#13;
importance of evaluative judgement to students in order to improve the quality of their work.</text>
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                <text>Zambia Journal of Distance Education</text>
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                <text>POLITICAL ECONOMY OF EDUCATION IN ZIMBABWE</text>
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                <text>TAKAWIRA C GWARINDA </text>
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                <text>POOR PERFORMANCE OF PUPILS IN MATHEMATICS AT GRADE SEVEN EXAMINATIONS IN&#13;
FARM SCHOOLS IN MREWA DISTRICT OF ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text>RITTAH KASOWE</text>
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                <text>This present study‟s main focus was to analyse the causes of poor performance of pupils in Mathematics at&#13;
Grade Seven examinations in farm schools in Mrewa District of Zimbabwe. The research used the quantitative research&#13;
methodology and adopted the descriptive survey design. The target population included all primary schools in Mrewa&#13;
District in Matabeleland Province in Zimbabwe. Random sampling was used to arrive at a sample of 200 respondents&#13;
made up of 117 females and 83 males. All the information was collected through a questionnaire. The study revealed&#13;
that there was a serious shortage of human, material, financial and in fractural resources that negatively impacted on&#13;
pupils‟ performance in the Grade Seven Mathematics examinations. There was also a very high teacher turn-over due to&#13;
the poor working conditions as well as political volatility in the environment. The study recommends that teachers&#13;
should not be allowed to transfer during the course of the year to allow for continuity and stability in the teacher&#13;
establishment.</text>
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                <text>Scholars Journal of Economics, Business and Management</text>
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                <text>This study explored the key elements in applying learning organisation concepts in changing&#13;
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paradigm and grounded theory, an open–ended questionnaire generated data from a convenient sample of 20&#13;
lecturers and 120 students. Findings suggest that ODL institutions are pivotal for effective collaborative engagement&#13;
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                <text>PEER ASSESSMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION: THE ROADMAP FOR DEVELOPING EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS IN POTENTIAL JOB SEEKERS&#13;
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                <text>The focus of the study was on the assessment of students’ attitudes towards both being assessed by and assessing&#13;
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concerned by the lack of employability skills exhibited by entry-level job applications. It is also suggested that&#13;
employers consider it the responsibility of higher education institutions to develop and sharpen such skills. The&#13;
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examine, from a students’ perspective, the process of introducing peer assessment into higher education teaching&#13;
programmes. Data were gathered from a sample of undergraduate students following a semi-structured interview.&#13;
The study found that students expressed a positive attitude towards peer assessment but had concerns relating to&#13;
their capability to assess peers and to the responsibility associated with assessing peers. Students felt that peer&#13;
assessment would raise standards in higher education and equip graduates with the needed employability skills. The&#13;
study recommends that peer assessment should be adopted as regular practice on undergraduate programmes&#13;
wishing to equip students with a complete repertoire of employment-relevant skills</text>
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                <text>ACCESS AND SUCCESS IN E-LEARNING IN THE ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text>The study sought to determine distance education students’ experiences in access to and success in e-&#13;
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instrument had both closed and open-ended sections that yielded qualitative data. The research&#13;
employed the descriptive survey design. In this study, a sample of 158 distance education students&#13;
from all faculties in the Zimbabwe Open University’s Masvingo Regional Campus was extracted using&#13;
the convenience sampling method. The study found out that while the majority of distance education&#13;
students use computer related gargets such as cell phones, television remote control the majority of&#13;
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could not communicate with other students and tutors on the internet. The students nevertheless were&#13;
excited about e-learning facilities provided by the university. The study, among others, recommended&#13;
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workshops targeting all students, e-learning support centre and e-learning course must be put in place&#13;
to enable Zimbabwe Open University students to benefit from e-learning</text>
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