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                <text>A QUALITATIVE STUDY ON BEST PRACTICES IN TECHNOLOGY AFFORDANCES, ICT AND GOOD GOVERNANCE IN MANAGING HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN ZIMBABWE </text>
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                <text>PROFESSOR GABRIEL KABANDA</text>
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                <text>The emergence and growth of unethical leadership in the corporate world in Zimbabwe militate against competitiveness of the nation. Governance issues of higher education institutions in Zimbabwe have affected their strategic response to new technological innovations and programmes associated with open educational resources (OERs), massive open online courses (MOOCS), e-learning and mobile learning in an increasingly networked environment. The purpose of the research was to evaluate the corporate governance issues that affect technology affordances and IT governance in an increasingly networked environment and the impact on strategic response to the new technologies in teaching and learning. The research methodology used was qualitative where focus group discussions were held with various groups involved in the management of higher education institutions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted on selected levels of university management on technology affordances, IT governance and business-IT alignment. Stratified sampling technique was used as the target population was stratified according to levels of management in higher education institutions, starting from the level of University Council going down to IT Managers and key users. The results show that there are corporate governance problems between the Vice Chancellor and Chairperson of the University Council, and the critical success factors were determined. However, all the higher education institutions involved in the study indicated the common problem of poor alignment between the business strategy and IT. Corporate governance and IT governance facilitate a conductive environment for technological progress and responsiveness to technological innovations such as e-learning.</text>
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                <text>GLOBAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL STUDIES</text>
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                <text>LEADERSHIP THEORIES: AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE APPLICATION OF LEADERSHIP THEORIES AMONG CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF ZIMBABWE STOCK EXCHANGE LISTED COMPANIES</text>
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                <text>DOUGLAS ZIMBANGO</text>
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                <text>Leadership in Africa is under-researched while academic investigation into leadership has been much more rigorous, in terms of trends, in America and Europe. In Africa, there is sparse empirical research on leadership in business organizations. This study contributes towards closing the gap through investigating the application of leadership theories by Chief Executive Officers of Zimbabwe Stock Exchange listed companies. While the theoretical propositions and frameworks have been largely influenced by empirical studies within the Western World, emerging studies on African leadership and management culture show a gap that needs to be filled for Africa to move forward. This research, therefore, investigates the efficacy and relevance of some of the theories on leadership by focusing on Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) drawn from organizations listed on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange during the period 2005 to 2010. The research will also aim to analyse the leadership characteristics that help to transform a corporation into a social system. In essence, the study sought to ascertain the role of the various factors proposed in the literature as affecting leadership and how leaders act to get the best out of their subordinates through inducing an appropriate action for a particular need. The theoretical proposition posed is that leaders, through influencing an entire group, can improve the fortunes of a company. The research problem for this study is premised on the resource endowment and educational levels in Zimbabwe which do not reconcile with the level of development in the country especially when compared with Asian countries that were at the same levels of development just a few decades ago. The research methodology applied to investigate the application of theory, in this study, involved a combined approach i.e. quantitative and qualitative analysis (triangulation). Instruments used to investigate the underlying practices and characteristics of leaders in a developing country context were questionnaires, observations, case studies and oral interviews. The archival method of directing questions at a population concerning key issues was aimed at understanding the present and predicting the future. The qualitative approach informed by phenomenology was used to come up with a holistic view where emphasis was on meaning rather than frequency while the quantitative approach was used to determine frequency. This process introduced flexibility as it allowed for greater spontaneity and adaptation through the more elaborate responses by respondents and follow up questions. The study looked at the evolving theories of leadership from the Great Man and Trait theories, Behavioural Theories, Theory X and Y, the Contingency/Situational Theories and Transformational theories and investigated their application by Chief Executive Officers of Zimbabwe Stock Exchange listed companies between the period 2005 to 2010. The findings from this research support calls against the blanket implementation of universal models of leadership and leadership development, as well as approaches that break culture down into a series of discrete dimensions. They call for the facilitation of a more constructionist approach to the surfacing of Afro-centric knowledge about leadership and management. The study concluded that while some Western World principles, with regards to work and leadership, do not work in an African set up, it is agreed that the underlying theories on leadership are applicable universally but their universal and uncritical acceptance without regard to culture and the peculiarities of the operating environment does not work. The study calls for a pragmatic adaptation of the theories for application in Zimbabwe. Finally, the study recommends further and deeper studies with specific interest on African and Zimbabwean cultural and environmental idiosyncrasies.&#13;
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                <text> DR. S. B. M. MARUME</text>
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                <text>In the broader field of Public administration, one of the integral elements of public accountability&#13;
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participation means participation of people in the process government and administration. It implies citizens’&#13;
control over administration or public influence on public administration. It is essential for the smooth and&#13;
effective performance of the administrative machinery of the country. What this means is that people`s&#13;
participation makes the public administration responsive to the needs and wants of the people. It secures&#13;
public support to the government policies and programmes and makes them a success. The concept of people`s&#13;
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                <text> S.B.M. MARUME</text>
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                <text>Most social scientists now publicly consider the scholarly work of Professor J.J.N Cloete&#13;
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reference. He outlines the six main administrative categories listed by him, namely, policy, organization,&#13;
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                <text>According to social scientists, namely; public administration scientists, political scientists,&#13;
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accorded a necessary element in governmental activities, as is evident from the uses of various terms and&#13;
concepts such as policy planning, development planning, economic planning, social planning, rural planning,&#13;
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                <text>IMPACT OF ACADEMIC REGISTRY INFORMATION SYSTEMS ON OPEN&#13;
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                <text>This study is to evaluate the impact of academic registry information&#13;
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the qualitative, through the interview guide complemented as a secondary method.&#13;
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respond to the questionnaire. It was concluded that the system brought effectiveness&#13;
and individual satisfaction as benefits although it was found to have some errors as&#13;
well as providing inconclusive reports. The study found that the registry system&#13;
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                <text>Many developing countries are experiencing procurement problems. The&#13;
problems include: lack of enforcement of rules and regulations, no electronic&#13;
infrastructure, high cost of technology, in some cases lack of legal framework, lack of&#13;
technical expertise, lack of e-procurement knowledge and above all lack of e-&#13;
governance. Through e-governance e-procurement can bring a lot of benefits that&#13;
include: cost reduction, visibility of procurement process, time savings, improved&#13;
productivity and minimised corruption. To resolve procurement challenges e-&#13;
governance must be in place as e-procurement is part of this process.</text>
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                <text>Many a prominent social scientist argue that the administrative process is a collective term for all&#13;
the sub-processes that fall within an accepted classification framework. It has taken long, however, to obtain a&#13;
meaningful classification framework, and numbers of distinguished overseas authors have written of the&#13;
administrative process and then discussed the widest diversity of the processes in their works; and it was only in&#13;
1967 that Professor J. J. N. Cloete in his book, Introduction of Public Administration, gave the most meaningful&#13;
analytical framework which is the subject matter of this article.</text>
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                <text>THE CONCEPT OF PUBLIC POLICY ANALYSIS</text>
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                <text>On the basis of comparative study of public policy analysis, it is difficult to underrate or downplay&#13;
the illustrious contributions of an eminent American public policy scientist in the name of Professor Robert A.&#13;
Goldwin who has greatly assisted social scientists to view public policy analysis as an earnest, systematic and&#13;
deliberate attempt to measure the costs and benefits of various policy alternatives and to evaluate actual or&#13;
proposed governmental activities [R. A. Goldwin: 1980:29] and to provide policy – makers with neutral and&#13;
objective advice pertaining to the best programme in terms of economy, efficiency and effectiveness [Fredrick S.&#13;
Lane: 1982:384 – 5 and Jenkins – Smith, 1982:89]. This forms the subject if this article.</text>
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                <text>Research indicates that a reasonable number of scientists, scholars and practitioners argue that a&#13;
few terms and concepts political science, public administration and administrative law are used so freely, and&#13;
confusingly as public responsibility and public accountability. Furthermore, in many textbooks available the&#13;
impression is created that the two concepts are synonymous if not equitable. As shown in this article, this is, however, not quite true. What follows is a reasoned exposition of terminological and semasiological distinctions between public accountability and public responsibility.</text>
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                <text>Man, the different situations in which he finds himself, the diversity of aims, objectives and functions&#13;
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                <text>Due to the amount of uncertainty in public policy – making, the idea has taken shape that public policy should be studied to&#13;
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                <text>Leadership, an important universal polymorphic phenomenon found in all cultures of all ages, in all&#13;
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                <text>S. B. M. Marume [1988 and 2015] argues that from the practical working of any government,&#13;
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making takes place at different levels, and at each particular level a somewhat different type of policy is laid&#13;
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                <text>ublic administration, which is an aspect of a more generic concept of administration, and that&#13;
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                <text>he argument is advanced that sound logical reasoning is essential in understanding the complex&#13;
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principles are wider and incorporate under to incorporate such concepts as generalization; theoretical&#13;
paradigms; empirical theories; formal theories; and intellectual theoretical and conceptual frameworks: major&#13;
premise designated as B. Secondly, that middle range theories have three sets of meanings: called minor&#13;
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frameworks. The latter aspect forms the subject of this article</text>
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                <text>TRAVELLERS’ LEVEL OF SATISFACTION WITH THE QUALITY OF&#13;
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                <text>Although Zimbabwe’s tourism suffered a dramatic downward trend between 2000 and&#13;
2010, the establishment of the government of national unity brought a positive upturn in&#13;
tourist arrivals. However, the growth of tourism is still below its expected potential.&#13;
Whilst a number of factors militating against the full realization of the country’s tourism&#13;
potential have been identified, the influence of the quality of service delivery has not&#13;
been analyzed. This study, therefore, purports to specifically assess how travellers rated&#13;
the quality of service delivery at Harare International Airport. In this pursuit, the objectives&#13;
of the study are to (1) ascertain the profile of passengers travelling through Harare&#13;
International Airport, (2) determine the quality of airport services from the passengers’&#13;
perspective and (3) identify aspects of service delivery that need to be improved. This&#13;
study adopted a quantitative approach and made use of questionnaires administered to&#13;
410 passengers departing from the Harare International Airport between December&#13;
2013 and January 2014. Drawing from the SERVQUAL model the study focused on 5&#13;
dimensions, namely, reliability, assurance, tangibility, empathy and responsiveness.&#13;
Analysis of the typically numeric data was essentially done through SPSS and reveals&#13;
that developed countries dominate international arrivals travelling to Zimbabwe by air. In&#13;
this regard, Europe is the key source market for Zimbabwean tourism, whilst South&#13;
Africa stands out as the dominant market for travellers from within the African continent.&#13;
The study reveals that the greatest number of respondents (88%) has, over the last&#13;
twelve months, travelled more than once through Harare International Airport. Travellers&#13;
on holiday dominate the tourist market followed by business and educational travellers&#13;
respectively. South African Airways, BA Comair, Kenya Airways and Emirates are the&#13;
most travelled on airlines to Harare, with South African Airways having the largest&#13;
market share of international travellers. Considerable gaps exist between expectations&#13;
and perceptions. Although rated as above average, service quality across the five&#13;
dimensions falls below passenger expectations. Of significance, the largest service quality&#13;
gap relates to the lack of a variety of well known retail outlets at the airport. It is,&#13;
therefore, concluded that there is room for improvement in all aspects of service delivery&#13;
at the airport. Whereas airport authorities should consider recommendations from the&#13;
passengers to close the existing negative gaps, the dynamic nature of the aviation industry&#13;
calls for the continuous assessment of service quality to ensure consistent satisfaction of&#13;
airline passengers</text>
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                <text>The study investigated the role of social capital among street vendors of Harare Metropolitan. The&#13;
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the uses of social networks as daily survival tools for street vendors in the face of increased marginalisation.&#13;
Observations, interviews and reviews of documents were used to collect data on the daily life, the problems&#13;
faced by street vendors and problem-solving strategies. More specifically, in-depth interviews were conducted&#13;
with twelve individual street vendors; one focus group session with six street vendors and three detailed&#13;
interviews with key informants. The high influx of street vendors was due in part to low barriers of entry which&#13;
enabled cash-poor segments of the population to make a living without a heavy financial capital outlay. But&#13;
street vending also thrived because transactions required social capital, an asset which most vendors were&#13;
endowed with. In this regard, the study found that social capital was an important variable in the livelihood&#13;
provision of street vendors. Social capital was one of the many resources and was used in combination with&#13;
them in survival strategies. Street vendors benefitted from their social capital on three levels: personal,&#13;
suppliers and buyer relations and being members of social organisations including political parties. The main&#13;
goal of the street vendors was to expand their business and revenue in order to improve their livelihoods.&#13;
Surprisingly, the goals of the vendors were not situated in the realm of entering the formal sector. Instead, they&#13;
longed to enter the formal economy as workers and not as entrepreneurs. Macroeconomic stability and an&#13;
effective regulatory framework of the informal sector are required in Zimbabwe to assist in poverty reduction</text>
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                <text>Public administration scientists and scholars who are advocates of the generic view are agreed&#13;
that the elements, administrative process consists of six elements. One of such is organisation which forms the&#13;
focus of attention in this article. What it means is that the problems of primary elements of public administration&#13;
will be examined. Organisation is primary because in public administration the integrative, directing activity&#13;
cannot take place until personnel are grouped or organized for action. In other words, we should look at the&#13;
problems relating to the establishment, cooperation and coordination of government institutions as the executive&#13;
institutions, of the institutional framework of public administration</text>
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                <text>Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science</text>
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&#13;
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                <text>According to one of the leading American public administration scientists, Felix A. Nigro&#13;
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administration which operates through the instrument of budget and encompasses the entire budgetary cycle,&#13;
that is, formulation of the budget; enactment of the budget; execution of the budget; accounting and auditing</text>
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                <text>Public personnel administration, which is a significant aspect of public administration in the&#13;
modern state, is rightly described by Herman Finer, a renowned British social scientist, as the sovereign factor&#13;
in public administration. It is also called by such names as manpower management, personnel management,&#13;
labour welfare management, and so on. The term personnel administration is known to have a wider connotation&#13;
as it deals with numerous elements as classification is civil servants, recruitment, training, promotion,&#13;
compensation, discipline and retirement benefits of the personnel in the government. All these aspects constitute&#13;
the subject – subject of the article</text>
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                <text>Public personnel administration which is that specialized sub field of public administration,&#13;
concerns itself with the role of civil service in developing societies; classification of positions and ranks;&#13;
recruitment, selection, placement and retention; training; promotions; and utilization of human resources, pay&#13;
and service conditions (S.B. M. Marume; 1983 and 1988), for the purposes of meeting the needs of institutions,&#13;
employees and outside groups(W. Fox and Ivan H. Meyer. 1995:95 and S. B. M. Marume 2016). And public&#13;
personnel administration scientists, practitioners and researchers who are charged with the human resources&#13;
responsibilities must have a clear and sound understanding, amongst other things, of the personnel&#13;
performance appraisal system (PPPAS). They should also know the full implications of the following&#13;
fundamental public personnel performance appraisal question:&#13;
It is a traditional approach that is characterized by:&#13;
(a) mere evaluation, excluding the planning and development function;&#13;
(b) being linked with the financial rewards and sanctions; and&#13;
(c) being impersonal, bureaucratic, top down, secretive and centralized excluding participation of the&#13;
employee being assessed?&#13;
From the close analysis of the literature available, personnel psychologists industrial, scientists and researchers&#13;
strongly contend that:&#13;
(a) if the personnel appraisal approach is traditional evaluation, then it can hardly be humanistic and&#13;
motivating to an employee.&#13;
(b) instead such a personnel appraisal approach must be focusing more on filling forms giving quantitative&#13;
rather qualitative information and data.&#13;
(c) the obvious question arising from this is: what influence would such a public personnel performance&#13;
appraisal system (PPPAS) have on an employee’s future performance?&#13;
(d) it must be understood that a performance appraisal system is a management tool which can help motivate&#13;
and effectively utilize human resources and it includes public personnel performance planning (PPPP),&#13;
appraisal and counselling as essential elements</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Engineering Science Invention</text>
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information. The concept of right to information is used to refer to the freedom of people to have access to&#13;
government information which means that the citizens and non-governmental organizations should enjoy a&#13;
reasonably free access to all files and documents pertaining to the governmental decisions, operations, and&#13;
performance. In other words, it means openness and transparency in the functioning of government. Thus, the&#13;
principle of openness and transparency looks antithetical to the factor of secrecy in public administration. As&#13;
rightly observed by Paras Kuhad, the factor of secrecy as a componental part of executive privilege or&#13;
transparency through right to information which of the two be adopted as a paradigm for governance. Both&#13;
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