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                <text>THE EFFECT OF BANK-SPECIFIC FACTORS ON BANKING SECTOR DEVELOPMENT IN&#13;
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                <text>LASTEN MUDZINGWA&#13;
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                <text>DR KUDZANAI MATOWANYIKA</text>
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                <text>The study sought to ascertain the effect of bank-specific factors on banking sector development&#13;
in Zimbabwe since the introduction of the multi-currency system. This was prompted by an&#13;
inability of Zimbabwe’s banking system to efficiently and effectively execute its financial&#13;
intermediary role of supplying affordable long-term loans to productive sectors of the economy&#13;
as a catalyst for economic growth. The study made use of a post-positivist research philosophy&#13;
and utilised 218 structured questionnaires to gather quantitative data on study constructs. Data&#13;
was analysed using Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) in&#13;
SmartPLS 4.0 software model and SPSS software package version 25. Study findings revealed&#13;
that liquidity, business intelligence and analytics, board structure, asset quality, digitalisation&#13;
and bank size have a statistically positive effect on banking sector development. The study,&#13;
therefore, recommends authorities to invest in digital banking, enhance cybersecurity, augment&#13;
bank liquidity, refine asset quality and boost banks’ capitalisation in order to enhance banking&#13;
sector development. </text>
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                <text>2025 </text>
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                <text>BUILDING RESILIENCE IN HUMANITARIAN ORGANISATIONS IN ZIMBABWE: THE&#13;
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RESPONSE&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>EDDINE EDSON MUDYAZHEZHA </text>
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                <text>TENDAYI VIMBAI FAITH MUKWEHWA</text>
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                <text>The study aimed to assess the significance of Information and Communication Technology in&#13;
enhancing supply chain resilience and improve disaster response in humanitarian organisations&#13;
in Zimbabwe. The population for this study comprised 160 individuals who were purposively&#13;
selected from the humanitarian organisations that operated in Manicaland, Zimbabwe, where&#13;
Cyclone Idai took place in 2019. The Yamane formula was used to calculate the sample size&#13;
of 114 respondents in the study. Structured questionnaires were used as research instruments&#13;
in the study. The study revealed that Information and Communication Technology was&#13;
important in humanitarian organisations as it helps to build resilience and improve disaster&#13;
response. The study recommended the formulation of clear policies and guidelines that could&#13;
govern the use of ICT in disaster response, ensuring that data security, privacy protection, and&#13;
the interoperability among different organisations and agencies. The study also recommended&#13;
the development of partnerships between humanitarian organisations, the government&#13;
agencies, and the private sector entities to jointly invest in and leverage ICT solutions for the&#13;
disaster preparedness and the response by implementing a centralised platform that integrates&#13;
all the relevant stakeholders and the data sources to ensure seamless communication and&#13;
information sharing during the disaster response operations.</text>
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                <text>2025</text>
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                <text>THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN SHAPING CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR AND BRAND&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>KUMBIRAI MAKARUKE</text>
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                <text>This study explored the role of social media in shaping consumer behaviour and brand&#13;
engagement among the youth in Masvingo, Zimbabwe. Using a mixed-methods paradigm, the&#13;
research combined quantitative data from 351 respondents and qualitative insights from 20&#13;
interviewees to examine how social media influences purchasing decisions, brand loyalty, and&#13;
consumer attitudes. A stratified random sampling technique was used to ensure representation&#13;
across key demographic variables such as age, gender, and education level. Findings revealed&#13;
that social media platforms, particularly WhatsApp, Facebook, and Instagram, played a pivotal&#13;
role in shaping consumer behaviour, with 68% of the respondents acknowledging the direct&#13;
influence of social media ads and influencer recommendations. Thematic analysis highlighted&#13;
the importance of trust, authenticity, peer influence, and emotional connections with brands.&#13;
Additionally, the study identified platform-specific behaviours and contextual factors, such as&#13;
economic constraints and hybrid shopping preferences that shape consumer behaviour in&#13;
Masvingo. The results underscored the transformative role of social media in driving brand&#13;
loyalty and purchase decisions, offering valuable insights for marketers and businesses&#13;
targeting youth in emerging markets. </text>
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                <text>2025 </text>
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                <text>DEBT AMNESTY FOR ZIMBABWE’S LOCAL GOVERNMENT: ISSUES, EFFECTS AND&#13;
IMPLICATIONS&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>SYLVESTER MARUMAHOKO</text>
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                <text>KEITH TICHAONA TASHU</text>
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                <text>TAFADZWA MOYO</text>
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                <text>This article that made use of the utilitarian framework of analysis, focused on Ignatius Chombo,&#13;
a former Zimbabwean Minister of Local Government, who issued an order granting debt&#13;
amnesty to residents of the 92 local government councils in the nation from 2009 to 2013. The&#13;
utilitarian concept of municipal government, developed by John Stuart Mill, places a strong&#13;
emphasis on maximising the well-being or overall pleasure of the greatest number of people&#13;
when making decisions. The article probed the Minister's choice by using a utilitarian&#13;
framework of analysis and a documentary research methodology. Whilst it found that the&#13;
decision curried favour with certain segments of the population, especially the indigent who&#13;
were struggling to settle their bills for service delivery, it also found it repugnant, among others,&#13;
for the reason that it ingrained a culture of non-payment for local government services&#13;
consumed by residents that subsists up to now. It also found that, despite the fact that the policy&#13;
was created a little more than ten years ago, the full consequence of the minister's decision has&#13;
not yet been fully absorbed.</text>
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        <name>Debt Amnesty</name>
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                <text>UNLOCKING A SUSTAINABLE GREEN GROWTH FRONTIER OF MANUFACTURING SMALL&#13;
TO MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN CHINHOYI&#13;
URBAN, ZIMBABWE&#13;
EN&#13;
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                <text> COLLEN   KAJONGWE</text>
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                <text>OSCAR IRIMAI  TSVUURA </text>
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                <text>AIDHA  KAMUPINI </text>
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                <text> ALL MUTUMWA</text>
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                <text>Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs) contribute significantly to economic growth and&#13;
sustainable development globally. However, their contribution to sustainable green growth in&#13;
the fourth industrial revolution has been largely not addressed by literature in Zimbabwe, which&#13;
this qualitative study sought to unveil. The mantra of green growth strategies is ensuring a&#13;
practical and flexible approach for achieving concrete, measurable progress across its&#13;
economic and environmental pillars. Green growth strategies are not limited to the provision&#13;
of critical support services, clean water, air and food production but to deliver full economic&#13;
potential on a sustainable basis. This lacuna has not been addressed by literature on SMEs in&#13;
Chinhoyi which this study sought to fill. The study purposively selected 15 registered&#13;
manufacturing SMEs where an interview guide was used to solicit data from SMEs owners,&#13;
which then was analysed and presented thematically. Study results showed that the availability&#13;
of certain types of natural capital (sun, water, wind, among others) offer new opportunities for&#13;
greening growth for SMEs in the manufacturing sector. The results confirm that technological&#13;
change has been the main driver of green growth and efficiency for manufacturing SMEs. The&#13;
results also pointed out that vital parts of the SMEs’ green growth journey is developing&#13;
business plans for new, sustainable products and services, implementing greener production or&#13;
operational processes, or integrating selected standards that can enable some companies to get&#13;
access to new markets. Based on the results, SMEs require capital to realise their green growth&#13;
business plans. SMEs are encouraged to redefine their mission, vision and values and&#13;
incorporate green concepts to enhance sustainability. A longitudinal study needs to be done on&#13;
all types of SMEs going green in their business strategic orientation in Zimbabwe.</text>
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                <text>2025</text>
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                <text>INTERSECTING DIGITAL GOVERNANCE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS IN&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>The advent of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and the internet has&#13;
revolutionalised the manner in which governments and citizens interact as well as service&#13;
delivery models. Digital tools have the potential to promote sustainable economic&#13;
transformation and development within the 21st Century by ensuring that governments attain&#13;
cost efficiency and effectiveness gains. The successful attainment of Agenda 2030 has become&#13;
a priority for all governments across the globe and Africa is no exception. There is&#13;
acknowledgement that the Agenda 2030 can be driven by digitisation efforts. However, there&#13;
is little scholarly evidence which indicates how digital tools can be incorporated in SDGs&#13;
implementation in Africa. The study adopted extant secondary qualitative literature as the&#13;
research method. Findings, conclusions and recommendations were drawn from documentary&#13;
books, journal articles, working papers and government reports. This study focused on&#13;
examining how ICTs can be incorporated in the SDGs’ implementation trajectory, progress&#13;
made and challenges being faced. The study findings established that despite progress made in&#13;
adopting ICTs by several African countries, most of them have failed to fully embrace ICTs in&#13;
driving the implementation of SDGs. African countries are facing underlying problems which&#13;
include digital divide, lack of political will, lack of skills and limited funding, among others,&#13;
which have been a hindrance towards their digitisation efforts. The study recommended that&#13;
governments in Africa have to invest in regulatory and policy frameworks, source adequate&#13;
funding for digital projects and educate the general populace on ICTs</text>
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        <name>Sustainable Development Goals</name>
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BOARD DIVERSITY AND PERFORMANCE OF STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES IN TRANSPORT SERVICE SECTOR IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text>OSCAR IRIMAI TSVUURA&#13;
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                <text> OBERT SIFILE&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>NIKISI&#13;
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                <text>COLLEN KAJONGWE</text>
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                <text>The main aim of the study was to assess the effect of board diversity and performance of state-&#13;
owned enterprises (SOEs) in transport service sector in Zimbabwe. The research adopted mixed&#13;
methods approach rooted in the pragmatism paradigm. Probability sampling (simple random)&#13;
was used to determine respondents for the quantitative data while non-probability sampling&#13;
(purposive) was used to determine the participants to provide the qualitative data. The&#13;
population of the study was 30 respondents focusing on board members, senior managers and&#13;
middle managers in 8 parastatals. However, the research sample size were 28 respondents as&#13;
justified by using Krejcie and Morgan (1970) Table of sample size calculation. Both structured&#13;
questionnaires and an interview guide were used to solicit data where descriptive statistics were&#13;
used to analyse quantitative data and thematic analysis for qualitative data. The study results&#13;
showed that SOEs boards with a blend of board members of different age groups, varied gender&#13;
and diverse professional qualifications and experience allow continuity and exchange of&#13;
diverse ideas which, in turn, could result in improved organisational efficiency, hence&#13;
improved firm performance. However, from the results of the study, there exists adequate&#13;
evidence that board diversity and experience are a critical determinant of performance of SOEs&#13;
in the transport sector in Zimbabwe. Premised on the findings of this scholarship, the following&#13;
recommendations were made. Relevant line ministries should come up with a policy&#13;
framework that enforces the appointment to the board of individuals with proven relevant and&#13;
diverse experience in leading organisations at the senior level. Therefore, a key potential future&#13;
area for further research would be a replication of the study in the same sector focusing on the&#13;
impact of board policy on service delivery. This would, in turn, enhance the generalisability of&#13;
the findings to SOEs in other emerging markets that are facing the same performance&#13;
challenges linked to board composition.</text>
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                <text>2025</text>
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        <name>Board diversity</name>
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        <name>performance</name>
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        <name>State-Owned Enterprises</name>
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        <name>Transport service sector</name>
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                <text>EFFECTS OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE PRACTICES ON THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF LISTED COMPANIES IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text>&#13;
ALEC JEMWA</text>
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                <text>The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of corporate governance practices on the&#13;
financial performance of companies that were listed on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange (ZSE)&#13;
from 2014 to 2019. The major objectives of the study were to assess the overall corporate&#13;
governance rating of ZSE-listed companies and to examine the significance of corporate&#13;
governance practices on the financial performance of those listed companies. The researcher&#13;
chose companies listed on the ZSE as they play a pivotal role in the national economy and&#13;
their corporate governance is regulated by ZSE. The study adopted a positivism paradigm and&#13;
employed the quantitative approach. The quantitative approach is premised on gathering&#13;
scientific data through objective means which include experiments and surveys. Corporate&#13;
governance was measured using the Blau (1977) model whilst the firm performance was&#13;
measured using accounting ratios. Firm performance panel data was collected from the ZSE-&#13;
listed firms‟ annual financial reports that were available on their respective websites for the&#13;
period 2014 to 2019. Data were analysed using the PCSE regression analysis model. The&#13;
research established that most ZSE-listed companies surpassed the minimum corporate&#13;
governance practices set by ZSE. However, there was a high level of non-disclosure of some&#13;
information which should ordinarily be made available to stakeholders in the Annual reports.&#13;
The study also established that financial performance was sector related. Corporate&#13;
governance practices had a varying degree effect on certain accounting ratios, and some did&#13;
not have a significant correlation with other financial performance indicators. The study&#13;
concluded that some corporate governance practices are correlated to the entity‟s financial&#13;
performance and that corporate governance practices affect the company‟s financial&#13;
performance to a different extent. It is, therefore, recommended that people charged with&#13;
corporate governance should institute sound corporate governance practices to enhance&#13;
companies‟ financial performance. Sound corporate governance practices result in sustainable&#13;
good financial performance.&#13;
</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe Open University</text>
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                <text>2024</text>
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        <name>public administration</name>
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                <text>UTILIZING FORENSIC ACCOUNTING TOOLS FOR ENHANCING FRAUD&#13;
PREVENTION AND DETECTION IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR: AN EXAMINATION OF ZIMBABWEAN LOCAL AUTHORITIES&#13;
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                <text>SILIBAZISO ZHOU (P009156A)</text>
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                <text>Fraud poses a significant challenge to the public sector in Zimbabwe, with severe consequences.&#13;
Local authorities are tasked with developing effective strategies to combat fraud. This study aimed&#13;
to investigate how the application of forensic accounting techniques can enhance fraud prevention&#13;
and detection within Zimbabwe's public sector, focusing on local authorities crucial for achieving&#13;
Zimbabwe’s Vision 2030. Operational objectives were outlined, and quantitative data was&#13;
collected. Drawing on pragmatism as the research philosophy, information was gathered from a&#13;
representative sample of 280 participants, including accountants, internal auditors, forensic&#13;
specialists, administrators, and law enforcement officials within local authorities. A structured 5-&#13;
point Likert questionnaire was employed, guided by the Reasoned Action theory. Through&#13;
Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), a Structural&#13;
Equation Modelling (SEM) approach assessed the impact of forensic accounting's fraud prevention&#13;
and detection techniques, alongside forensic accounting services, on actual fraud prevention and&#13;
detection mechanisms in urban local authorities. The results indicated that the use of forensic&#13;
accounting's fraud detection techniques had the most significant influence, followed by prevention&#13;
techniques and then forensic accounting services. The study concluded that local authorities&#13;
leveraging forensic accounting for detection and prevention are better equipped to unearth and&#13;
prevent fraudulent activities. Challenges were identified, including educational, political, and legal&#13;
obstacles hindering the effectiveness of forensic accounting. To address these issues, the study&#13;
recommends that local authorities prioritize the adoption of forensic accounting techniques as a&#13;
primary defense against fraud. It suggests enhanced training for External Auditors and internal&#13;
auditors in fraud investigation over traditional auditing methods. Additionally, it calls for&#13;
governmental reassessment of existing laws and regulations, emphasizing the urgent need for the&#13;
Forensic Accounting Act and whistle-blowing legislation. The study also proposes a forensic&#13;
accounting fraud detective tool tailored for local authority use.</text>
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                <text>ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY </text>
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                <text>2024</text>
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        <name>Forensic accounting tools</name>
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        <name>Zimbabwe Local Authorities</name>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>THE PERFORMANCE OF MARKETING AGENTS IN CHIBUKU INCLUSIVE VALUE CHAIN IN BEIRA, MOZAMBIQUE BY FERNANDO FERREIRA ALVES</text>
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                <text>FERNANDO FERREIRA ALVES</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>The study was aimed at building and driving actual and potential Chibuku beer marketing agents&#13;
towards an inclusive value chain, for performance and income improvement and lifting them from&#13;
low livelihoods. The purpose was to include the marketing agents in the market at more beneficial&#13;
terms, while supplying value for the lowest cost of the beverage. This was combined with an&#13;
improvement of business standards, conceived on the leadership of a formal brewer, for quality&#13;
and sustainability of production instead of the low value quality from small informal home opaque&#13;
beer producers. The objective was to link stakeholders to the agents and the collaboration and&#13;
linking them to the market. Besides discussing the challenges that the marketing agents faced in&#13;
the Chibuku value chain, the study also considered the importance of training for the performance&#13;
of the agents. The research design that guided the research problem comprised of transforming&#13;
qualitative arguments into variables to create quantitative data. The population for this research&#13;
was made up of Chibuku marketing agents, Cervejas de Moçambique (Mozambique Brewer)&#13;
management staff representatives and the Ministries of Trade, Labour and Finance officials. The&#13;
sampling technique was convenient for the agents, those that were available at the business centres&#13;
at the time of data collection were interviewed. The researcher used purposive sampling to access&#13;
participants with relevant knowledge and experience for the Cervejas de Moçambique (CDM) and&#13;
different Ministries. Findings from the study revealed that there was management support from&#13;
suppliers, Ministries of Labour, Finance and Trade to enhance the performance of marketing&#13;
agents’ in Chibuku inclusive value chain that was important for inclusion in the value chain, as&#13;
well as collaboration between marketing agents and supplier. This collaboration was significant as&#13;
it helped the agents to perform better and overcome challenges faced in the business. The&#13;
challenges were also minimized through management training. The study also found that&#13;
management training provided by the brewer to marketing agents helped them run the business&#13;
more efficiently and perform better in the Chibuku inclusive value chain. The major&#13;
recommendation was that management support should be delivered during training in the working&#13;
environment as an on-the-job training during the acquisition of abilities and knowledge needed to&#13;
work in the business setting</text>
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                <text>Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) have gained traction as innovative management strategies&#13;
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purposively selected. Thematic analysis was employed to evaluate generated data, revealing&#13;
significant findings. Results indicated that PPPs have substantially improved infrastructure,&#13;
financial support, and specialized skills within the park, leading to enhanced visitor experiences&#13;
and increased wildlife conservation effectiveness. Despite these advancements, challenges that&#13;
that continue to exist hinder the full realization of PPP benefits including economic instability,&#13;
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                <text>Artificial intelligence is influencing how businesses operate and how people live and work in&#13;
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operations or else face relegation. Since many businesses have survival as a common business&#13;
objective, they are highly likely to adopt AI so that they stay afloat and remain competitive.&#13;
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landscape which is complex; there is a need to realign the traditional ethical frameworks and&#13;
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dilemmas such as algorithmic bias, data privacy, transparency and potential job loss which&#13;
have sparked debate on the topic of emerging technology adoption, particularly AI and ethics.&#13;
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frameworks and business ethics. Recent incidences documented in literature are examined to&#13;
illustrate how businesses are navigating consequences of AI adoption. The role of regulators&#13;
and their influence in shaping legal frameworks is also examined. Results of this study showed&#13;
that there was a significant need of dynamic ethical guidelines that were readily responsive to&#13;
the unprecedented pace of technological changes and innovation. Management and those&#13;
charged with governance need to take a proactive role in designing and implementing dynamic&#13;
ethical frameworks. For instance, they could adopt strategies such as ethics auditing and the&#13;
use of an inclusive design process when crafting/ changing ethical frameworks.</text>
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                <text>THE EFFICACY OF LEAN MANUFACTURING ON ORGANISATIONAL PERFORMANCE. A&#13;
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                <text>The impact of Lean Manufacturing (LM) on organisational performance is an ongoing&#13;
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performance across various industries. The Beverage industry has also been identified to be&#13;
focusing on initiatives such as developing products that are less expensive, sell better and faster&#13;
for it to remain competitive and reclaiming market shares, sales revenue and profitable in&#13;
today's global market. The primary goal of this study was to determine the efficacy and viability&#13;
of lean manufacturing processes at Zimbabwean Beverages production plants. The study used&#13;
a qualitative research methodology, which yielded in-depth, detailed and rich data from human&#13;
viewpoints and experiences resulting in a realistic understanding that was interpreted using the&#13;
participants' social and cultural context. A total of thirty participants were purposeful selected&#13;
based on their knowledge of the phenomenon under investigation. Physical face-to-face&#13;
interviews, Ms team interviews, and focus groups responded to semi-structured interviews in&#13;
data collection. Document analysis was used to collect data. The study found out that&#13;
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from management on the cost involved and the fear of losing jobs by the shop floor workers.&#13;
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manufacturing principles performance. Overwhelming evidence availed was that by&#13;
implementing lean tools such as JIT methods, the organizations would be able to cut waste,&#13;
reduce inventory holding costs and develop supplier relationships. TPM and VSM were found&#13;
to have the potential to improve productivity and quality. The study recommends that suitable&#13;
training programs should be designed to provide management with knowledge and skills to&#13;
apply the positive traits to incorporate the lean concept into the organizations. and through buy-&#13;
in from shop floor workforce increase company performance.</text>
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                <text>CONSUMER EPIPHANIES ON DIGITAL BANKING RESILIENCE IN DEVELOPING&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>Environmental awareness has become an interesting area of study for organisations since they&#13;
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one of the key strategies that is being harnessed by organisations to promote sustainable&#13;
consumption and encourage environmental conscious behaviour. This study focused on how&#13;
conventional churches in Zimbabwe leveraged on social marketing to enhance pro-&#13;
environmental behaviour among their congregates. The study adopted a qualitative research&#13;
approach and an exploratory research design in data collection through focus group discussions&#13;
and interviews. As the world becomes more aware of consumerism on the environment,&#13;
organisations were increasingly focusing on sustainability through promoting pro-&#13;
environmental behaviours among consumers. The findings showed that not–for-profit&#13;
organisations like churches were aware of environmental issues and the leaders were also&#13;
promoting the adoption of environmentally friendly behaviour. It was also found that the&#13;
leaders were using different communication channels to share information related to&#13;
environmental issues. However, some study participants indicated that the church had nothing&#13;
to do with the natural environment. It was recommended that the churches needed to partner&#13;
with other organisations and stakeholders for effective use of social marketing to promote&#13;
sustainable behaviour.</text>
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                <text>Open and Distance electronic Learning (ODeL) has transformed itself to become virtual with&#13;
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assignments and even supervise dissertations and theses online. The Zimbabwe Open&#13;
University (ZOU) has undergone a lot of transformation since becoming a fully pledged&#13;
university in 1999. ZOU started with class contact (face-to-face with tutor) and use of modules&#13;
but has made great strides towards full use of electronic learning (e-learning) in line with&#13;
contemporary global practices in ODeL. The study used the explanatory research design. A&#13;
questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data. The interview guide was used to collect&#13;
qualitative data. The study established that the majority of academics’ workload had increased&#13;
as the transition phase was taking longer than expected. A lot of administrative work, coupled&#13;
with inadequate training to effectively use the ZOU MyVista software learning platform,&#13;
pressure emanating from doctorate degree studies by most academics, the need to undertake&#13;
research and publish research papers as well as implementing a demanding quality assurance&#13;
system, all strained academics. On a positive note, the use of e-learning has expedited feedback&#13;
and communication to students, and it is also very convenient to them as they no longer have&#13;
to travel long distances or queue at regional campuses to see the regional programme&#13;
coordinators. The study recommended that more training on e-learning and availability of more&#13;
accessible infrastructure, namely computers and relevant software, would capacitate both&#13;
academics and students. There is also an urgent need to bring Part Time tutors on board, who&#13;
are the majority but currently left out of this e-learning drive, so that there is a strong learning&#13;
culture at ZOU for improved service delivery</text>
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                <text>The study analysed the effectiveness of the governance within the Zimbabwean commercial&#13;
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sector had witnessed a negative trend in terms of return on investment. The study adopted a&#13;
combination of exploratory and explanatory research designs and gathered data from 124&#13;
participants using questionnaires and interview guides. In terms of data analysis, the thematic&#13;
analysis, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and random effects panel regression was&#13;
adopted with data for 12 banks for the period 2018-2020. The study revealed that effective&#13;
boards can be rated based on board composition, independence and level of skill diversity.&#13;
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which are private owned are using a one-tier structure and others adopted the mixed tier system.&#13;
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positively significantly influenced the Zimbabwean commercial banking sector.</text>
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