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                <text>ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF COMMERCE GRADUATES 2000 – 2015&#13;
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&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>LIGHTON DUBE </text>
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                <text> AMOS MUNZARA</text>
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                <text>This study traced graduates of the Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU) Faculty of Commerce (FACOM) from year 2000 to year 2015 to assess curriculum relevance, graduate outcomes, and labour market alignment. A total of 150 self-administered questionnaires were distributed through Regional Centres to collect data on employment status, further study intentions, programme perceptions, and skill acquisition. Findings showed that most respondents were adult learners, with a mean age of 40.2 years, and that 91.7% expressed the intention to pursue further studies, most preferring ZOU. Employment outcomes were diverse, with graduates largely absorbed in tertiary education, government and banking sectors. Respondents rated the FCL programmes as highly contributory to organisational, leadership, problem-solving and teamwork skills, but less effective in enhancing computer literacy and technical knowledge. Overall, the programmes were perceived as relevant to current jobs and the labour market, though areas such as ICT integration and industry linkages require strengthening. The study concluded that while ZOU FACOM effectively supported human capital development, curriculum adjustments and enhanced delivery mechanisms were essential to sustain competitiveness and graduate employability</text>
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                <text>THE ZIMBABWEAN BANKING SECTOR IN THE 21ST CENTURY: A JOURNEY TOWARDS ORGANISATIONAL LEARNING&#13;
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                <text>Organisational Learning (OL) has become a crucial strategic and dynamic capability, enabling firms to adapt their business models for sustained relevance and competitiveness in today's dynamic business environment. However, its adoption in the developing world has been slow. The collapse of nearly half (48.6%) of Zimbabwean banks, primarily indigenous institutions, within two decades starkly illustrates this challenge, especially considering the banking sector's critical role in any economy. This study examines the extent to which organisational learning has been adopted within the Zimbabwean banking sector and its impact on bank performance. A mixed methods approach was used, employing a self-administered questionnaire with open- ended questions distributed to 211 executives and senior managers at nineteen Zimbabwean banks, yielding a 79.6% response rate. Data were analysed using the Framework Analysis method. The findings suggest a positive trend in organisational learning levels, with most banks progressing from single loop to adaptive or generative learning. Significantly, foreign and dually owned banks were more likely to demonstrate generative learning, a level associated with greater effectiveness in turbulent environments, potentially explaining the disproportionate failure of indigenous banks between 1998 and 2018. This study contributed to the academic understanding of organisational learning, a concept that remained under- explored and under-appreciated in developing economies. Moreover, it emphasised the importance of continuously challenging existing business models to navigate dynamic market conditions like those in Zimbabwe. It is essential for organisational survival and success to continue to develop and actively promote higher levels of organisational learning.</text>
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                <text>YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT AND ITS PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS ON&#13;
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ZIMBABWE&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>This study sought to evaluate the effects of unemployment on youth career development in Gokwe Rural Community, Zimbabwe. Employing a mixed-methods explanatory sequential design, the research involved a population of 375 individuals, with a final sample size of 104 participants—90 for quantitative data (88 completed questionnaires) and 14 for qualitative insights. Sampling techniques included purposive, random and convenience sampling. Data were collected from youths, community members, ward councillors and Ministry of Youth officials. The findings revealed that high unemployment rates significantly contributed to psychological challenges, such as depression and anxiety, which adversely affect self-esteem and motivation. Economically, the study highlighted a concerning trend of stagnation, as educated youths often migrate to rural areas in search of better opportunities, further exacerbating local poverty. The results underscored the urgent need for targeted youth development programmes aimed at enhancing employability and providing psychological support to improve overall well-being</text>
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                <text>DATA-DRIVEN URBAN GOVERNANCE: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES IN&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>KEITH TICHAONA TASHU </text>
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                <text>The study investigated the opportunities and challenges associated with data-driven urban governance in Zimbabwean cities, focusing on Harare, Bulawayo and Mutare. It employed a qualitative, descriptive research design, drawing on document analysis and semi-structured interviews with municipal officials, urban planners and ICT officers. Guided by the theoretical lens of Technological Determinism, the research identified significant opportunities for improving urban governance through real-time data, predictive analytics, digital citizen engagement and smart city initiatives. However, it also revealed major constraints, including infrastructural deficits, the digital divide, outdated planning frameworks, fragmented data governance and low levels of digital literacy. The study concluded that, while data technologies held transformative potential, their effective implementation in Zimbabwe required strengthened institutional capacity, ethical data governance and inclusive digital development strategies. Without addressing these foundational issues, data-driven urban governance risked reinforcing existing structural inequities rather than resolving them.</text>
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                <text>THE COST OF CORRUPTION IN A RESOURCE-CONSTRAINED COUNTRY: THE CASE OF&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>Despite repeated reform efforts, corruption remains deeply entrenched across key institutions. Zimbabwe is now ranked 160 out of 180 in terms of the perceived levels of public sector corruption. Whilst the cost of corruption has remained un-assessed in most economic zones, Zimbabwe included, there is significant amount of evidence that suggests it has been widespread in most nations, including Zimbabwe. However, the consequences differ from one country to the other and from institution to institution. The cost of corruption in resource constrained environments, Zimbabwe has remained a grey area, unexplored and untheorised. Zimbabwe as a case remains a’ black box’. This study employed qualitative content analysis to assess the cost and impact of corruption in Zimbabwe. The study adopted a multi-theoretical framework encompassing Social Exchange Theory, Game Theory, White-Elephant Theory, and X-inefficiency Theory to adequately conceptualise the dynamics of corruption in Zimbabwe. These perspectives enable nuanced analysis of behavioural, institutional and structural dimensions of corruption. A purposive sample of 30 scholarly sources including peer-reviewed articles, institutional reports, and policy briefs from 2010 to 2024 was selected from academic databases and institutional platforms. Findings indicated that corruption eroded institutional accountability, exacerbated poverty and inequality, discouraged investment,undermined public services in health, education, infrastructure and natural resource sectors. Social cohesion was compromised, with rising public disillusionment and inequality in service access. The study concluded that corruption in Zimbabwe was multidimensional and pervasive, impeding national development goals. Addressing it required comprehensive reforms, including stronger transparency frameworks, independent oversight institutions, civic engagement and global cooperation on asset recovery. These measures were essential for restoring accountability, enhancing governance and achieving sustainable development. The study highlighted the need for further research into the psychosocial dimensions of corruption; how societal norms, expectations and historical injustices influenced corrupt behaviour.</text>
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                <text>Mushikashika, the informal pirate taxi system, in Harare, Zimbabwe, has become a dominant force in urban transportation. While it provides an essential service to commuters, it also poses significant challenges, including road safety concerns, regulatory issues and socioeconomic implications. This article explores the origins, impact and potential solutions to the Mushikashika phenomenon, drawing from recent studies and policy discussions. This study utilised a mixed-methods approach, combined quantitative data from surveys with 200 commuters and 100 mushikashika drivers and qualitative data from in-depth interviews with 15 key informants, including regulatory officials and transport union representatives. The results revealled that over 85% of commuters relied on mushikashika due to the unavailability of formal transport, while 70% of drivers entered the sector due to unemployment (Zulu, 2019). The findings also highlighted a significant correlation between the lack of regulation and increased road accidents, with 65% of commuters witnessing or experiencing reckless driving (Ndlovu, 2020). The study concluded that a hybrid approach, integrating mushikashika into the formal transport system through structured licensing, digital monitoring and cooperative models, was essential (Gomez, 2019). Such a strategy addressed both the economic realities of operators and the safety concerns of the public. This study provided insights into how informal transport systems can be integrated into formal urban mobility frameworks.</text>
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                <text>The study sought to recommend appropriate strategies for the propagation of micro-credentials that would positively influence economic growth using micro-credentials to provide knowledge and skills training. The thrust was to establish the state of micro-credentials in Zimbabwe and how they could be implemented to advantage. An interpretivist philosophy informed the choice of a qualitative paradigm and a case study design. Two institutions of higher learning and training were selected and, from each institution a team of six was purposively selected because of their superior knowledge in the matters of university business. A series of in-depth interviews was held to elicit the requisite information until a point of saturation was reached. The findings indicated that Zimbabwe and most African nations, needed to speed up the process of adopting and implementing micro-credentials. The strategies they could utilise included the use of online courses already accredited to kick-start the offering of micro-credentials, the creation and upholding regulations that catalysed the provision of micro-credentials, and the opening of identified opportunities to adopt and use micro- credentials. The study ended with a recommendation to use an ACQF-II (2024) produced Handbook on Micro-credentials in Africa as resource material and a conclusion.</text>
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                <text>Economic downturns have significantly disrupted work-life balance for employees in Zimbabwe, intensifying stress and making it increasingly difficult to manage personal and professional responsibilities. This study aimed to examine the impact of economic instability on work-life balance across selected industry sectors in Zimbabwe. A qualitative research design was employed, focusing on the lived experiences and perceptions of employees. The research population for this study covered all employees from the selected sectors of industry but for purposes of feasibility, a purposive sample of 30 participants was drawn from six sectors: agriculture, food processing, retail (supermarkets), automotive, education and health, with five participants from each sector. Findings revealed that economic challenges led to longer working hours, reduced job security and limited organisational support, all of which contributed to poor work-life balance. Participants reported increased work-related stress and difficulty meeting family obligations. The study recommends that policymakers and employers implement flexible and supportive workplace policies to mitigate the impact of economic disruptions. Adaptable strategies are essential to sustain employee well-being and maintain industrial productivity during periods of economic hardship.</text>
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                <text>Public transport is an essential component of urban life in Zimbabwe, yet it is beset by operational inefficiencies, regulatory fragmentation and safety concerns. This paper examines the effectiveness of public transport management policies by analysing the roles, coordination and challenges of key regulatory bodies, including the Zimbabwe Republic Police (ZRP), Ministry of Transport and Infrastructural Development (MOT), Harare City Council (HCC), Vehicle Inspection Department (VID), Traffic Safety Council of Zimbabwe (TSC) and the Zimbabwe National Road Administration (ZINARA). A mixed-methods approach was adopted, utilising document analysis of statutes, semi-structured interviews with 20 key stakeholders and a quantitative survey of 120 transport operators and users in Harare and Bulawayo. The results reveal significant dissatisfaction among commuters regarding safety and service reliability, with 75% of surveyed passengers reporting safety concerns. Qualitative findings highlight major themes of fragmented coordination among regulatory bodies, severe resource constraints hindering enforcement and the necessary but unregulated role of informal operators (Mawere, 2017). The study concludes that while a robust legislative frameworkexists, its implementation is undermined by a lack of inter-agency collaboration, inadequate funding and decaying infrastructure (Moyo, 2018). The paper recommends the establishment of a national task force to harmonise policies, increased budgetary allocations for enforcement, strategic investment in transport infrastructure and the development of an integrated policy that</text>
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ZIMBABWE JOURNAL OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT&#13;
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                <text>Poor governance practices have remained entrenched in both the public and private sectors despite the adoption of various legal frameworks and institutional measures aimed at promoting corporate governance practices. A close analysis of the focus of many studies conducted to date on corporate governance, reveal the existence of a gap in the search for an institutional framework of corporate governance systems for the state-owned enterprises in Zimbabwe. Poor governance has continued to haunt SOEs leading to poor service delivery. Therefore, this study using qualitative content analysis sought to develop an institutional framework of corporate governance systems for the performance of state-owned enterprises in Zimbabwe. Evidence from the study indicates that poor corporate governance in SOEs has been driven by such factors as political interference, lack of political will, poor rules and regulation in the running of SOEs among a host of other challenges. Basically, the institutional framework of corporate governance systems for the performance of state-owned enterprises in Zimbabwe that maybe adopted should comprise of the following: engage stakeholders so that they can have by-in on policies, scan and learn from best practices from elsewhere, rationalise SOEs, listing of SOEs on Public Exchanges, review and improve policy and legislation, capacity building, enhance political will, invest in corporate governance research, establish independent boards and the&#13;
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                <text>THE DETERMINANTS OF POOR SERVICE DELIVERY IN ZIMBABWE’S LOCAL&#13;
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                <text>This article, grounded in decentralisation theory, examined the determinants of poor service delivery in Zimbabwe’s local government system, against a backdrop of chronic underperformance and growing public discontent. Using a survey-based methodology and statistical analysis via SPSS, the study captured public perceptions to uncover the root causes of service delivery failures. Findings revealed a divided citizenry, with a significant proportion expressing dissatisfaction with the management of local services. Governance-related issues, including corruption, weak accountability, limited local autonomy, poor community engagement and inadequate legal and policy frameworks, emerged as the most critical contributors to poor performance. In contrast, technical challenges such as inadequate infrastructure and human resource shortages were not widely perceived as primary obstacles. These results suggested that governance failures, rather than resource constraints, lie at the heart of the service delivery crisis. The study concludes by advocating for stronger governance and accountability mechanisms, institutionalised community engagement and meaningful&#13;
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                <text>Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs), within the Zimbabwean retail sector, play a pivotal role in the nation's economic growth. This study investigated the antecedents for adopting succession planning by retail SMEs in Mashonaland West Province. The study was guided by Positivism Research Philosophy. The study was anchored on Systems Theory and a Raosoft sample size calculator with a 5% margin of error and 95% confidence level was used. The sample size reached was 148 owner-managers of the SMEs. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data. Quantitative data was uploaded on SPSS Version 21 and analysed using descriptive statistics and correlations. It was established from the main study findings that effective succession planning prepares the next generation of leaders, minimising disruptions when key personnel leave. This is vital in retail, where customer relationships and operational knowledge are critical. The study findings showed that investors and stakeholders are more&#13;
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                <text>The government of Zimbabwe has continued with the economic management of protectionism since independence in 1980, which was being used by the former colonial government. The new black government embarked on huge expenditure on capital (infrastructure) such as roads, schools and hospitals and this drove up government spending against government revenue. Despite efforts to optimise revenue, the nation’s socio-economic conditions have worsened and are marked by a high inflationary environment, low utilisation of industrial capacity and decreases in Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The financial flexibility is limited due to weak tax revenue performance amidst increasing current spending and a shrinking tax foundation. Poor revenue collections from the formal economy have compelled the government to resort to the taxation of the informal economy, but the big challenge is that the government seems reluctant to embrace technology for the taxation in this sector, yet technology has already advanced such that developing countries are already embracing emerging technology like Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) in revenue management. The research aims to evaluate the revenue structure in Zimbabwe, challenges affecting revenue generation in Zimbabwe and the role of AI in revenue optimisation. The research made use of extant qualitative research methods. Research findings indicate that revenue generation in Zimbabwe is mostly affected by complex tax system, capacity constraints, smuggling, corruption, low tax morale, inadequate information and inadequate checks and balance. The role of AI in revenue optimisation includes revenue forecasting, assessing economic conditions, real time policy adjustments, detecting fraud and corruption, identifying tax inefficiencies and optimizing resource allocation. It can be concluded that, by employing AI-driven predictive models, the government can allocate tax revenue more precisely to fund infrastructure projects, such as healthcare facilities, schools and roads, ultimately improving living standards and economic outcomes in underdeveloped regions.</text>
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                <text>THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE PRACTICES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES IN ZIMBABWE: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES&#13;
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                <text>State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) represent a crucial component of the national economy in Zimbabwe, yet they are beset by systemic operational challenges that affect their performance and reputation. There have been concerns about the effectiveness of their corporate governance systems and how these impact the performance of the enterprise. While there is some scholarship on corporate governance in public sector entities, little has been done to interrogate the impact of corporate governance practices on the performance of SOEs in Zimbabwe. Therefore, this study, using qualitative content analysis, sought to assess the impact of corporate governance practices on the performance of state-owned enterprises in Zimbabwe. The X-inefficiency theory, Agency Theory and the Resource-Based View (RBV) constituted the theoretical framework of the study. Qualitative content analysis of several published empirical information on corporate governance in state-owned enterprises. Findings from study highlighted rampant corruption within state owned entities. Findings highlighted that there are poor corporate governance practices in these institutions fuelled by weak institutional frameworks, political patronage and the lack of effective oversight mechanisms among other                                                                                                                                     factors. The absence of strong corporate governance has resulted in poor performance of SOEs. As a result, service delivery has become very poor. Findings highlighted that there is need to evaluate potential barriers to the adoption of effective corporate governance practices such as&#13;
policy, legislation, attitudinal factors, capacity building, resources among others. The effective management of these barriers is crucial for promoting the adoption and implementation of best practices in SOEs. However, there remains the need for studies that focus on effective adoption and implementation methodologies of these strategies.&#13;
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                <text>EXAMINING MALFEASANCES BEHIND THE UNDERPERFORMANCE OF STATE ENTITY BOARDS IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text>Public entities in Zimbabwe have been experiencing frequent corporate failures that are&#13;
attributed to endless scandals that include embezzlement of funds, unscrupulous rewarding of tenders and nepotism. The primary objective of the study was, therefore, to examine the malfeasances that contribute to poor corporate performance among state entity boards in Zimbabwe. The Agency Theory and Political Theory informed the study. The pragmatism research philosophy, mixed research approach and cross-sectional survey research design were adopted. The study population comprised permanent secretaries, CEOs, executive and non- executive directors from all public entities across Zimbabwe. A sample of 261 participants was used for collecting quantitative data and 25 participants for collecting qualitative data. The stratified sampling and purposive sampling techniques were applied to sample quantitative and qualitative data respectively. Semi-structured questionnaires and in-depth personal interviews were applied to collect and generate data from participants. The study established that poor recruitment procedures and board inefficiencies were behind the underperformance of public entities. The results indicated that government policy on how public entities are governed indeed moderates the relationship between board malfeasances and corporate performance. The respondents urged the government to transform the public entities by applying stern measures to curb corruption and employing the right people to boards.&#13;
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                <text>E-HR RECORDS IN ZIMBABWE: BALANCING DATA PRIVACY, SECURITY, AND REGULATORY COMPLIANCE&#13;
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                <text>NOTHANDO TUTANI </text>
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                <text> GETRUDE MAVUNGA</text>
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                <text>The adoption of electronic Human Resource (e-HR) records is transforming HR management globally, offering enhanced efficiency, accessibility, and decision-making. However, in Zimbabwe, organisations face significant challenges in data privacy, cybersecurity, and regulatory compliance, hindering the full realisation of e-HR benefits. This study examined the current state of e-HR adoption in Zimbabwe, comparing it to global best practices and identifying critical gaps in technological infrastructure, legal enforcement, and cybersecurity readiness. Using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), the study applied the Technology- Organisation-Environment (TOE) framework, GDPR principles, and the CIA Triad model to analyse Zimbabwe’s HR digitalisation landscape. Findings revealled uneven adoption rates, with large organisations progressing faster than SMEs, weak regulatory enforcement, and high vulnerability to cyber threats due to limited security investments. The study proposed strategic&#13;
interventions, including strengthening regulatory oversight, enhancing cybersecurity measures, and aligning HR practices with international standards. The findings contributed to the discourse on HR digital transformation in emerging economies, offering policy recommendations to ensure a secure and efficient transition to digital HR records in Zimbabwe.</text>
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                <text>BOARD APPOINTMENT PROCESSES AND THEIR IMPACT ON CORPORATE PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC ENTITIES IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text>The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of appointment systems for public entity boards in Zimbabwe in enhancing meritocracy, given the contribution of the parastatals&#13;
to the national economy. Most public entities in Zimbabwe have been drowned in scandals, which have left them underperforming and recording losses over the years. The AgencyTheory, Upper Echelon Theory and Political Theory informed the study. The study adopted a pragmatist research philosophy, a mixed research paradigm and a cross-sectional survey research design. The target population of the study comprised permanent secretaries and board&#13;
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meritocracy in the appointment of public entity boards and organisational performance. The study recommended that the government should avoid the frequent state interference and violations of statutory provisions in the board appointment process. Further studies could focus on the effectiveness of a boards appointment system in the private sector in Zimbabwe</text>
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                <text>INFLUENCE OF EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT ON ORGANISATIONAL PERFORMANCE AT THE&#13;
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                <text>The study sought to find out the influence of employee engagement on organisational performance at the Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU), which is a state university. The study was informed by the persistent feature of ZOU in the media for wrong reasons, which suggestedthat it was very likely that some of its staff members were exposing the institution. The study used the interprevitism philosophy which resonated with the qualitative paradigm. A case study design was applied. Data were generated using face-to-face interviews. The population was eight hundred (800) staff members, and a convenience sampling method was used to identify&#13;
the number of participants who could provide qualitative data, and the actual size was determined by data saturation. An analysis of the qualitative data which characterised the study was done by using thematic analysis. The major finding was that there was low engagement among ZOU employees. Major recommendations included revisiting both the internal and external fairness of remuneration, adopting a flexible working model, employer-assisted&#13;
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                <text>A TRAINING FRAMEWORK FOR ENHANCING TAXPAYER EDUCATION AND&#13;
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                <text>This paper proposed a novel training framework for enhancing taxpayer education and&#13;
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sector, identifying the absence of an effective taxpayer education system as a critical catalyst&#13;
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tailored to improve tax compliance and revenue collection efficiency. Employing a mixed-&#13;
method approach deemed effective for a complex subject, data were gathered through&#13;
structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The findings of this study revealled that the&#13;
existing presumptive tax system was ineffective, and compliance remained low due to&#13;
inadequate taxpayer education. Based on the results, the study developed a comprehensive&#13;
contemporary training framework specifically designed to enhance taxpayer education and&#13;
compliance in Zimbabwe’s informal economic sector. The study, therefore, advocated for the&#13;
adoption of the proposed framework to improve tax literacy, streamline compliance processes,&#13;
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                <text>The rapid proliferation of social media has transformed content marketing into a critical&#13;
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and longevity. By conducting a meta-analysis of 50 peer-reviewed studies published between&#13;
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                <text>This study explored the role of people analytics in enhancing strategy execution, focusing on&#13;
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Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach grounded in the PRISMA framework, 30 high-&#13;
quality peer-reviewed studies were analysed to synthesise recent advancements in the field.&#13;
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capabilities with strategic objectives by leveraging data-driven insights into employee&#13;
performance, engagement, and predictive modelling. Organisations adopting people analytics&#13;
report significant improvements in workforce efficiency, retention, and adaptability,&#13;
contributing to better execution of strategic goals. However, challenges such as ethical&#13;
concerns, technical complexity, and resistance to adoption remain prevalent, highlighting the&#13;
need for robust governance frameworks and investment in training. This review provides&#13;
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                <text>African cities, due to substantive urban growth, have faced the challenge of urban deterioration&#13;
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markets, poor enforcement of by-laws, disinvestment among others. The study identified&#13;
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