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                <text>Mushikashika, the informal pirate taxi system, in Harare, Zimbabwe, has become a dominant force in urban transportation. While it provides an essential service to commuters, it also poses significant challenges, including road safety concerns, regulatory issues and socioeconomic implications. This article explores the origins, impact and potential solutions to the Mushikashika phenomenon, drawing from recent studies and policy discussions. This study utilised a mixed-methods approach, combined quantitative data from surveys with 200 commuters and 100 mushikashika drivers and qualitative data from in-depth interviews with 15 key informants, including regulatory officials and transport union representatives. The results revealled that over 85% of commuters relied on mushikashika due to the unavailability of formal transport, while 70% of drivers entered the sector due to unemployment (Zulu, 2019). The findings also highlighted a significant correlation between the lack of regulation and increased road accidents, with 65% of commuters witnessing or experiencing reckless driving (Ndlovu, 2020). The study concluded that a hybrid approach, integrating mushikashika into the formal transport system through structured licensing, digital monitoring and cooperative models, was essential (Gomez, 2019). Such a strategy addressed both the economic realities of operators and the safety concerns of the public. This study provided insights into how informal transport systems can be integrated into formal urban mobility frameworks.</text>
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                <text>EXAMINING THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC DOWNTURN ON WORK-LIFE BALANCE ACROSS SELECTED SECTORS OF INDUSTRY IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text> DR. ANGELA MAPOSA </text>
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                <text>Economic downturns have significantly disrupted work-life balance for employees in Zimbabwe, intensifying stress and making it increasingly difficult to manage personal and professional responsibilities. This study aimed to examine the impact of economic instability on work-life balance across selected industry sectors in Zimbabwe. A qualitative research design was employed, focusing on the lived experiences and perceptions of employees. The research population for this study covered all employees from the selected sectors of industry but for purposes of feasibility, a purposive sample of 30 participants was drawn from six sectors: agriculture, food processing, retail (supermarkets), automotive, education and health, with five participants from each sector. Findings revealed that economic challenges led to longer working hours, reduced job security and limited organisational support, all of which contributed to poor work-life balance. Participants reported increased work-related stress and difficulty meeting family obligations. The study recommends that policymakers and employers implement flexible and supportive workplace policies to mitigate the impact of economic disruptions. Adaptable strategies are essential to sustain employee well-being and maintain industrial productivity during periods of economic hardship.</text>
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                <text>ANALYSIS OF THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT POLICIES IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text>Public transport is an essential component of urban life in Zimbabwe, yet it is beset by operational inefficiencies, regulatory fragmentation and safety concerns. This paper examines the effectiveness of public transport management policies by analysing the roles, coordination and challenges of key regulatory bodies, including the Zimbabwe Republic Police (ZRP), Ministry of Transport and Infrastructural Development (MOT), Harare City Council (HCC), Vehicle Inspection Department (VID), Traffic Safety Council of Zimbabwe (TSC) and the Zimbabwe National Road Administration (ZINARA). A mixed-methods approach was adopted, utilising document analysis of statutes, semi-structured interviews with 20 key stakeholders and a quantitative survey of 120 transport operators and users in Harare and Bulawayo. The results reveal significant dissatisfaction among commuters regarding safety and service reliability, with 75% of surveyed passengers reporting safety concerns. Qualitative findings highlight major themes of fragmented coordination among regulatory bodies, severe resource constraints hindering enforcement and the necessary but unregulated role of informal operators (Mawere, 2017). The study concludes that while a robust legislative frameworkexists, its implementation is undermined by a lack of inter-agency collaboration, inadequate funding and decaying infrastructure (Moyo, 2018). The paper recommends the establishment of a national task force to harmonise policies, increased budgetary allocations for enforcement, strategic investment in transport infrastructure and the development of an integrated policy that</text>
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ZIMBABWE JOURNAL OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT&#13;
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                <text>UNPACKING THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEM:&#13;
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                <text>This study evaluated the impact of social media (SM) technologies on the growth of business start-ups (BSs) and small to medium enterprises (SMEs) in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Specifically,it examined how the following social media platforms—X (formerly Twitter), YouTube, WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram and TikTok—affect key business outcomes: (i) sales growth, (ii) expansion of customer base, (iii) profit maximisation, (iv) enhancement of brand image and&#13;
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                <text>EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN PROMOTING&#13;
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                <text>The study aimed to determine whether Performance Management Systems (PMS) are effective in improving employees' performance or not. The paper also addresses policies and procedures used when implementing PMS and whether recommendations should be made to improve what isn't working well and maintain what is in to provide the best system execution in Zimbabwe's Small to Medium Enterprise (SME) sector. The objectives of the study were to determine how well PMS works to enhance the performance of the employees and to determine the protocols and guidelines utilised in the implementation of PMS. Theoretical literature review looked at the Theory of Expectancy, the Goal setting theory, the Theories of staff productivity and performance management systems, the effect of performance reviews on workers' output and how employee productivity is affected by performance training and development. Reviews of the theoretical and empirical literature were conducted to answer research questions. The study employed systematic review of literature. It was discovered that the Small to Medium Enterprises sector is using PMS and that the yearly performance reports were being prepared on time. The themes that were found from the study were improved and increased teamwork and communication, increased fairness, transparency and better hiring decisions, provision of detailed, qualitative feedback and increased motivation and protection of employees from potential bias. It can be inferred that the SME sector should continue to employ the assessment system. The study recommended that additional research be conducted to empirically assess the effect of performance management system on employee performance in specific context.</text>
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ZIMBABWE JOURNAL OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT&#13;
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                <text>HARNESSING THE ROLE OF SUCCESSION PLANNING ON THE PERFORMANCE OF RETAIL&#13;
SMALL TO MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (SMES) IN MASHONALAND WEST PROVINCE&#13;
ZIMBABWE&#13;
MASAMBA TERRENCE &#13;
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                <text>TERRENCE MASAMA&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>GETRUDE MAVUNGA   </text>
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                <text>PAIDAMOYO MANDIZVIDZA</text>
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                <text>Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs), within the Zimbabwean retail sector, play a pivotal role in the nation's economic growth. This study investigated the antecedents for adopting succession planning by retail SMEs in Mashonaland West Province. The study was guided by Positivism Research Philosophy. The study was anchored on Systems Theory and a Raosoft sample size calculator with a 5% margin of error and 95% confidence level was used. The sample size reached was 148 owner-managers of the SMEs. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data. Quantitative data was uploaded on SPSS Version 21 and analysed using descriptive statistics and correlations. It was established from the main study findings that effective succession planning prepares the next generation of leaders, minimising disruptions when key personnel leave. This is vital in retail, where customer relationships and operational knowledge are critical. The study findings showed that investors and stakeholders are more&#13;
inclined to support businesses with a succession strategy. They view it as a sign of stability and foresight, which can lead to better funding opportunities. It was established that once employees saw a path for advancement, it boosted morale and productivity. Engaged employees were more likely to contribute positively to the business, enhancing overall performance. It was revealed that succession planning encouraged long-term thinking and strategic goal setting. Retail SMEs can align their succession strategies with their overall business goals, ensuring sustained growth. The recommendations proffered by the study was that owners should provide the necessary support and strategies such as focusing on continuity, knowledge retention, employee engagement and strategic adaptability. These businesses could improve their resilience and competitiveness in the marketplace.&#13;
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                <text>ZIMBABWE JOURNAL OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT</text>
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                <text>2025</text>
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        <name>Mashonaland West Province</name>
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        <name>performance</name>
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        <name>Retail SMEs sector</name>
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        <name>Succession planning</name>
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                <text>BOARD APPOINTMENT PROCESSES AND THEIR IMPACT ON CORPORATE PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC ENTITIES IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text>GARIKAI   MANYERUKE</text>
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                <text>The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of appointment systems for public entity boards in Zimbabwe in enhancing meritocracy, given the contribution of the parastatals&#13;
to the national economy. Most public entities in Zimbabwe have been drowned in scandals, which have left them underperforming and recording losses over the years. The AgencyTheory, Upper Echelon Theory and Political Theory informed the study. The study adopted a pragmatist research philosophy, a mixed research paradigm and a cross-sectional survey research design. The target population of the study comprised permanent secretaries and board&#13;
members from the 107 public entities in Zimbabwe. A sample size of 261 participants was used for collecting quantitative data, and 25 participants were used for collecting qualitative data. Stratified sampling and purposive sampling techniques were employed to sample participants for quantitative and qualitative data respectively. Semi-structured questionnaires and in-depth&#13;
personal interview guides were used to collect and generate data from participants. Cronbach’s alpha (α) was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. The data was analysed using SPSS Version 25 and AMOS Version 21. The study concluded that the Corporate Governance Unit was the most appropriate institution to be designated as the appointing authority for state entity boards. The appointing authority needs to be granted the full mandate&#13;
of establishing nomination committees that conduct board selection processes for all public entities. The study also concluded that government policies moderated the relationship between&#13;
meritocracy in the appointment of public entity boards and organisational performance. The study recommended that the government should avoid the frequent state interference and violations of statutory provisions in the board appointment process. Further studies could focus on the effectiveness of a boards appointment system in the private sector in Zimbabwe</text>
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                <text>2025</text>
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                <text>UNLOCKING A SUSTAINABLE GREEN GROWTH FRONTIER OF MANUFACTURING SMALL&#13;
TO MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN CHINHOYI&#13;
URBAN, ZIMBABWE&#13;
EN&#13;
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                <text> COLLEN   KAJONGWE</text>
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                <text>OSCAR IRIMAI  TSVUURA </text>
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                <text> ALL MUTUMWA</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs) contribute significantly to economic growth and&#13;
sustainable development globally. However, their contribution to sustainable green growth in&#13;
the fourth industrial revolution has been largely not addressed by literature in Zimbabwe, which&#13;
this qualitative study sought to unveil. The mantra of green growth strategies is ensuring a&#13;
practical and flexible approach for achieving concrete, measurable progress across its&#13;
economic and environmental pillars. Green growth strategies are not limited to the provision&#13;
of critical support services, clean water, air and food production but to deliver full economic&#13;
potential on a sustainable basis. This lacuna has not been addressed by literature on SMEs in&#13;
Chinhoyi which this study sought to fill. The study purposively selected 15 registered&#13;
manufacturing SMEs where an interview guide was used to solicit data from SMEs owners,&#13;
which then was analysed and presented thematically. Study results showed that the availability&#13;
of certain types of natural capital (sun, water, wind, among others) offer new opportunities for&#13;
greening growth for SMEs in the manufacturing sector. The results confirm that technological&#13;
change has been the main driver of green growth and efficiency for manufacturing SMEs. The&#13;
results also pointed out that vital parts of the SMEs’ green growth journey is developing&#13;
business plans for new, sustainable products and services, implementing greener production or&#13;
operational processes, or integrating selected standards that can enable some companies to get&#13;
access to new markets. Based on the results, SMEs require capital to realise their green growth&#13;
business plans. SMEs are encouraged to redefine their mission, vision and values and&#13;
incorporate green concepts to enhance sustainability. A longitudinal study needs to be done on&#13;
all types of SMEs going green in their business strategic orientation in Zimbabwe.</text>
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                <text>&#13;
BOARD DIVERSITY AND PERFORMANCE OF STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES IN TRANSPORT SERVICE SECTOR IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
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                <text>OSCAR IRIMAI TSVUURA&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>The main aim of the study was to assess the effect of board diversity and performance of state-&#13;
owned enterprises (SOEs) in transport service sector in Zimbabwe. The research adopted mixed&#13;
methods approach rooted in the pragmatism paradigm. Probability sampling (simple random)&#13;
was used to determine respondents for the quantitative data while non-probability sampling&#13;
(purposive) was used to determine the participants to provide the qualitative data. The&#13;
population of the study was 30 respondents focusing on board members, senior managers and&#13;
middle managers in 8 parastatals. However, the research sample size were 28 respondents as&#13;
justified by using Krejcie and Morgan (1970) Table of sample size calculation. Both structured&#13;
questionnaires and an interview guide were used to solicit data where descriptive statistics were&#13;
used to analyse quantitative data and thematic analysis for qualitative data. The study results&#13;
showed that SOEs boards with a blend of board members of different age groups, varied gender&#13;
and diverse professional qualifications and experience allow continuity and exchange of&#13;
diverse ideas which, in turn, could result in improved organisational efficiency, hence&#13;
improved firm performance. However, from the results of the study, there exists adequate&#13;
evidence that board diversity and experience are a critical determinant of performance of SOEs&#13;
in the transport sector in Zimbabwe. Premised on the findings of this scholarship, the following&#13;
recommendations were made. Relevant line ministries should come up with a policy&#13;
framework that enforces the appointment to the board of individuals with proven relevant and&#13;
diverse experience in leading organisations at the senior level. Therefore, a key potential future&#13;
area for further research would be a replication of the study in the same sector focusing on the&#13;
impact of board policy on service delivery. This would, in turn, enhance the generalisability of&#13;
the findings to SOEs in other emerging markets that are facing the same performance&#13;
challenges linked to board composition.</text>
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                <text>2025</text>
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        <name>Board diversity</name>
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        <name>performance</name>
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        <name>State-Owned Enterprises</name>
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                <text>EXAMINING THE CONFLUENCE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, LEGAL FRAMEWORKS AND&#13;
BUSINESS ETHICS: CONTEMPORARY ISSUES AND DEBATES&#13;
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                <text>LLOYD CHINGWARO</text>
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                <text>CATHRINE PAADA KWINJE&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>TAFADZWA MOYO</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Artificial intelligence is influencing how businesses operate and how people live and work in&#13;
the 21st century. To remain competitive, businesses are forced to integrate AI in their&#13;
operations or else face relegation. Since many businesses have survival as a common business&#13;
objective, they are highly likely to adopt AI so that they stay afloat and remain competitive.&#13;
The advent of emerging technologies on its own presents a new and dynamic business&#13;
landscape which is complex; there is a need to realign the traditional ethical frameworks and&#13;
ensure they are in sync with current technological trends. This study lays bare major ethical&#13;
dilemmas such as algorithmic bias, data privacy, transparency and potential job loss which&#13;
have sparked debate on the topic of emerging technology adoption, particularly AI and ethics.&#13;
A systematic literature review is employed in reviewing literature related to AI, legal&#13;
frameworks and business ethics. Recent incidences documented in literature are examined to&#13;
illustrate how businesses are navigating consequences of AI adoption. The role of regulators&#13;
and their influence in shaping legal frameworks is also examined. Results of this study showed&#13;
that there was a significant need of dynamic ethical guidelines that were readily responsive to&#13;
the unprecedented pace of technological changes and innovation. Management and those&#13;
charged with governance need to take a proactive role in designing and implementing dynamic&#13;
ethical frameworks. For instance, they could adopt strategies such as ethics auditing and the&#13;
use of an inclusive design process when crafting/ changing ethical frameworks.</text>
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        <name>Business ethics</name>
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        <name>Emerging technologies</name>
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        <name>Legal frameworks</name>
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focusing on initiatives such as developing products that are less expensive, sell better and faster&#13;
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                <text>SOCIAL MARKETING IN PROMOTING PRO-ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR IN NOT-FOR-&#13;
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                <text>Environmental awareness has become an interesting area of study for organisations since they&#13;
all strive to contribute to the attainment of sustainable development goals. Social marketing is&#13;
one of the key strategies that is being harnessed by organisations to promote sustainable&#13;
consumption and encourage environmental conscious behaviour. This study focused on how&#13;
conventional churches in Zimbabwe leveraged on social marketing to enhance pro-&#13;
environmental behaviour among their congregates. The study adopted a qualitative research&#13;
approach and an exploratory research design in data collection through focus group discussions&#13;
and interviews. As the world becomes more aware of consumerism on the environment,&#13;
organisations were increasingly focusing on sustainability through promoting pro-&#13;
environmental behaviours among consumers. The findings showed that not–for-profit&#13;
organisations like churches were aware of environmental issues and the leaders were also&#13;
promoting the adoption of environmentally friendly behaviour. It was also found that the&#13;
leaders were using different communication channels to share information related to&#13;
environmental issues. However, some study participants indicated that the church had nothing&#13;
to do with the natural environment. It was recommended that the churches needed to partner&#13;
with other organisations and stakeholders for effective use of social marketing to promote&#13;
sustainable behaviour.</text>
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                <text>A PROPOSED ECONOMIC MODEL ON THE NEXUS BETWEEN SOCIAL CAPITAL AND&#13;
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                <text>The study analysed the effectiveness of the governance within the Zimbabwean commercial&#13;
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sector had witnessed a negative trend in terms of return on investment. The study adopted a&#13;
combination of exploratory and explanatory research designs and gathered data from 124&#13;
participants using questionnaires and interview guides. In terms of data analysis, the thematic&#13;
analysis, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and random effects panel regression was&#13;
adopted with data for 12 banks for the period 2018-2020. The study revealed that effective&#13;
boards can be rated based on board composition, independence and level of skill diversity.&#13;
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which are private owned are using a one-tier structure and others adopted the mixed tier system.&#13;
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positively significantly influenced the Zimbabwean commercial banking sector.</text>
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                <text>ENHANCING THE FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY OF ZIMBABWE’S PUBLIC&#13;
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