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                  <text>Department of Religious Studies and Philosophy</text>
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                <text>THE CHURCH, STATE ACCOUNTABILITY AND&#13;
THE ZIMBABWE GOLD CURRENCY&#13;
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                <text>GIFT MASENGWE&#13;
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                <text>This theoretical study explores the Zimbabwe Council of Churches’ (ZCC) pivotal role in&#13;
promoting social justice and economic accountability within Zimbabwe’s repressive political&#13;
climate under the Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF). The ZCC&#13;
embodies grassroots agency in resisting systemic injustices alongside the Zimbabwe Heads of&#13;
Christian Denominations (ZHOCD), representing diverse Christian expressions. The study is&#13;
anchored in decolonial theory, advocating for a vigilant prophetic tradition that counters&#13;
internal colonisation and contemporary biblical oppression, urging ecumenical and localised&#13;
initiatives to challenge state repression. The study highlights a disconnect between government&#13;
rhetoric and policy outcomes, exemplified by the failure of the Zimbabwe Gold (ZiG) currency&#13;
to ease socio-economic hardships. The study frames the disconnect through prophetic ideals,&#13;
emphasising the importance of grassroots Christians to assume church agency in this scenario.&#13;
The study asks the question: What theological indictments should the church issue against prevailing&#13;
state policies, and how can the ZCC’s resilience foster effective resistance to repression? Findings&#13;
indicate that, despite numerous challenges, the ZCC advocates for impartiality in ethical&#13;
governance and anti-corruption efforts. The study concludes that the church’s prophetic&#13;
mandate for social justice can be realised through engagement with grassroots communities,&#13;
addressing the complex interplay of economics and politics, underscoring the necessity of&#13;
prophetic witness and moral authority in Zimbabwe’s collective pursuit of justice, and calls for&#13;
unified civil society action to drive systemic economic reforms.</text>
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                <text>INTEGRATING SEX-AND-GENDER IN ZIMBABWE’S FAMILY,&#13;
RELIGIOUS AND MORAL EDUCATION SYLLABUS&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>GIFT MASENGWE&#13;
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                <text>This article reviews and assesses the Family, Religious and Moral Education (FAREME)&#13;
syllabus’ treatment of sex-and-gender (SnG) perspectives. Family, Religious and Moral&#13;
Education lacks sufficient SnG socialisation perspectives, and we propose to use the Theory of&#13;
Change (ToC) to integrate these issues. Results suggest that 10% quantitative integration&#13;
of SnG content and objectives across all FAREME levels as well as qualitative combination of&#13;
SnG differences can empower learners to become advocates for SnG equality and respectful&#13;
religious practices in Zimbabwean schools. This study is informed by qualitative research&#13;
methodology. The ToC is the theoretical framework used to support the unbiased integration&#13;
of SnG-related issues into this qualitative study of the FAREME syllabus. Theory of Change&#13;
helps identify, select, place, mentor and monitor how SnG issues are holistically integrated&#13;
into the school syllabus. The review process advocates for a 10% quantitative integration&#13;
target of SnG content and objectives across all levels, considering there are only 10 cross-&#13;
cutting issues in the FAREME syllabus. Moreover, the study emphasises the qualitative&#13;
combination of biological and socio-cultural differences within religious phenomena&#13;
throughout the syllabus. This approach allows learners to develop a comprehensive&#13;
understanding of SnG perspectives</text>
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                <text>Theologia Viatorum</text>
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                <text>DE GRUCHY AND HIS HOLISTIC MODEL OF THEOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA AND BEYOND</text>
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                <text>GIFT MASENGWE</text>
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                <text>This study reflects on Steve de Gruchy’s holistic model of theology and development (T&amp;D),&#13;
emphasising his commitment to justice, human dignity and social transformation in the&#13;
context of post-apartheid South Africa. De Gruchy was a notable South African theologian&#13;
whose scholarship significantly influenced development theory, public theology and social&#13;
ethics. This article is presented in response to the commemoration of 50 years of scholarship at&#13;
the Research Institute of Theology and Religion at the University of South Africa, and the&#13;
question is: How does De Gruchy’s holistic model of T&amp;D inform our understanding of socio-&#13;
ecological, political and economic challenges in South Africa, and what implications does it&#13;
have for development practices both locally and globally? This study employs an&#13;
interdisciplinary approach, integrating theological analysis with development theory, drawing&#13;
from De Gruchy’s works and contextual examples. It examines the historical injustices in&#13;
South Africa, critiques neoliberal economic paradigms and emphasises participatory&#13;
frameworks for social change. Findings reveal that De Gruchy advocates for T&amp;D that&#13;
transcends economic metrics, highlighting ecological, social and spiritual dimensions. His&#13;
emphasis on integrated approaches, such as the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, illustrates&#13;
the necessity of empowering marginalised communities. The role of faith communities&#13;
as catalysts for social change underscores the potential for constructive engagement between&#13;
secular and religious sectors. This study is significant as it reiterates the relevance of De&#13;
Gruchy’s insights in addressing ongoing development challenges, advocating for a&#13;
reconceptualisation of T&amp;D that intertwines theory and praxis, promoting collaborative&#13;
solutions in the African context and beyond</text>
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                <text>USING ECUMENICAL EXPERIENCES TO RESPOND TO NEW PUBLIC LIFE CHALLENGES</text>
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                <text>JOHN GAGA&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>The description of the history of the church in Zimbabwe highlights the presence of a visibly&#13;
united church that has been actively involved in supporting public life since the colonial era.&#13;
The division within the Christian community is not a recent phenomenon but has existed&#13;
throughout colonial history. The Zimbabwe Heads of Christian Denominations (ZHOCD)&#13;
serves as an umbrella organisation that aims at re-uniting Christian efforts of Catholic,&#13;
Protestant, Evangelical, and Indigenous traditions, in order to have a collective influence on&#13;
democratic processes in Zimbabwe. The ZHOCD takes a combative approach towards state&#13;
tyranny and is proactive in seeking solutions for public life challenges. This active engagement&#13;
is beneficial for national agendas, that allow citizens to freely choose and join political parties&#13;
of their preferences. The individual actions and activities of the ZHOCD members contribute&#13;
towards the overall work of the churches in Zimbabwe. This demonstrates religious confidence&#13;
in addressing the political and economic impacts on human well-being. By fulfilling its mission&#13;
and tasks, the ZHOCD actively participates in the shaping public life in Zimbabwe</text>
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                <text>THE MORAL AUTHORITY AND PROPHETIC ZEAL OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH IN ZIMBABWE</text>
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                <text>GIFT MASENGWE</text>
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                <text>This article aims to illuminate moral authority and prophetic zeal dynamics by analysing the&#13;
struggles encountered by congregations resisting state encroachments. Amidst Zimbabwe’s&#13;
political turbulence, the church operates at a critical juncture, grappling with the dual threats&#13;
of state capture and the dilution of prophetic integrity. The ecclesiastical prophetic voice,&#13;
traditionally positioned as society’s moral compass, has suffered profound erosion, trapped&#13;
within a nexus of mutually exploitative relationships among ruling elites, legal frameworks,&#13;
and acquiescent ecclesiastical leaders. Those dissenting from the Zimbabwe African National&#13;
Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) face systemic repression within the church, revealing a deep&#13;
moral crisis. Referencing Martin Luther King Jr’s assertion that the church must function as&#13;
the ethical justice of the state, this research underscores the potential decline into irrelevance&#13;
should prophetic zeal wane. This investigation employs Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to&#13;
bridge gaps concerning moral compromises within religious institutions, aligning practical&#13;
leadership insights with broader socio-political contexts. Employing qualitative methodologies,&#13;
including informal discussions and WhatsApp exchanges among church leaders and&#13;
congregants from diverse denominations, the study generates nuanced insights into the lived&#13;
experiences of church-state interactions and the preservation of prophetic integrity. Findings&#13;
indicate a pervasive trend of ecclesiastical subservience to state interests, signifying moral&#13;
decay and an imperative to restore the church’s ethical foundation. To maintain spiritual&#13;
relevance, a revival of prophetic assertiveness is essential, lest the church devolves into an&#13;
inconsequential social entity devoid of substantive moral engagement with the state</text>
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                <text>THE DISTINCTION OF CLINT LE BRUYNS’ KAIROS&#13;
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                <text>This article, contextualised within the commemoration of 50 years of scholarship at the&#13;
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public theology in post-apartheid South Africa. Le Bruyns engages contemporary&#13;
imperatives of a transformative framework, including economic justice, gender equity,&#13;
environmental sustainability, decolonisation and political responsibility by synthesising&#13;
insights from theology, development studies and social ethics. He critiques the persisting&#13;
inertia of faith communities in passive theological reflection rather than prophetic action,&#13;
wherein the church remains a pivotal agent of social justice and human flourishing. Le&#13;
Bruyns’ theological framework (dual role as a scholar and activist), intensely articulates&#13;
the communal dimensions of Kairos theology anchored in the foundational tenets of the&#13;
South African Kairos Document and complemented by insights from global decolonial&#13;
discourses that include Palestinian Kairos and Latin American Liberation Theology. He&#13;
uses this background in his ecumenical dialogues to equip grassroots movements&#13;
to transcend denominational divides in grappling with the complexities of moral&#13;
renewal and social transformation in South Africa. Kairos theology serves as both a&#13;
historical artefact and active, engaging scholarship and praxis (i.e. robust public theology)&#13;
from an interdisciplinary perspective in view of historical injustices of colonialism and&#13;
apartheid</text>
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                <text>MORAL REGENERATION, MULTI-FAITH PERSPECTIVES AND INTERCULTURAL EXCHANGE REPRESENTATIONS IN ZIMBABWE’S RELIGIOUS EDUCATION CURRICULA AND TEXTBOOKS&#13;
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                <text>FRANCIS MACHINGURA</text>
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                <text>&#13;
DAVID BISHAU&#13;
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                <text>EBSCOhost: eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) </text>
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        <name>Intellectual exchange</name>
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                <text>UNDERSTANDING CONFLICT AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION METHODS IN ZIMBABWEAN CHURCHES. THE CASE OF BINDURA SALVATION ARMY CITADEL&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>This study sought to assess how congregants at Bindura Salvation Army Citadel understand conflict and conflict&#13;
resolution methods. The study used a mixed method approach combining focus group discussions, in-depth interviews&#13;
and congregant’s survey. The study revealed that conflict was understood differently in church, understanding conflict&#13;
as violence and conflict as misunderstandings. Major causes of church conflicts are doctrine differences, social and&#13;
political in nature. The major conflict resolution used is counseling, mediation, negotiation and facilitation.&#13;
Understanding of conflict and conflict resolutions differs on the basis of gender and level of education. The study recommended that conflict and conflict resolution be defined and understood in a way which encompasses views across both gender and education level.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="701">
                <text>Greener Journal of Social Sciences </text>
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                <text>This study investigates women’s participation in resolving church conflicts. The study used a mixed method approach&#13;
combining focus group discussions, in-depth interviews and congregants survey. The findings of the study were that&#13;
women in the Salvation Army Church, Bindura Citadel were actively participating in resolving church conflicts through&#13;
counseling, mediation, negotiation, and facilitation and by being members of the powerful Pastoral Care Council whose&#13;
main role was to hear matters referred from the lower echelons of the church. It was established that the church was&#13;
organized and administered in military style with all congregants referred to as “soldiers” and leadership titles bearing&#13;
military ranks. The church faced the challenge of male domination due to the patriarchal nature of African and church&#13;
communities, lack of self confidence and esteem as well as the lack of support from fellow women. The study recommended that women be trained and encouraged to participate and support one another in resolving church conflicts. Furthermore, church policy reforms were recommended to foster women participation</text>
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                <text>‘SETTING THE RECORD STRAIGHT’ – DISAMBIGUATING ‘METAPHYSICS’ ‘AFRICAN METAPHYSICS’, &#13;
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                <text>So much mystery and confusion have surrounded the metaphysics branch of philosophy since the very coinage of the term “metaphysics”. In fact advances in research in the domain of metaphysics have not made the conceptualisation any easier; if anything they have contributed more confusion to the already confusion-suffused term, making it murkier with each new finding. Categories of metaphysics continue to emerge with each contribution from different quarters of the Universe as various philosophers dialogue and continue to dialogue with experience and already existing corpus on metaphysics. This paper aims to contribute, in part, to the disambiguation of such terms as ‘metaphysics’ itself, ‘African metaphysics’, ‘Africa-centred metaphysics’, ‘traditional metaphysics’, and ‘modern metaphysics’. The prime purpose is not to deconstruct but to reconstruct. However, in the process of unpacking reconstruction may actually become deconstruction, if not destruction. Of particular interest will be the disambiguation, deconstruction and reconstruction of such terms as ‘chivanhu’, ‘chibhoyi’, ‘chikaranga’, etc. Metaphysics shall be understood basically as one vast ocean of the laws of Mother Nature and the operation of such esoteric laws of the Universe. Questions of passwords to these universal laws, the esoteric codes through which such esoteric knowledge can be accessed and harnessed to transform or influence events (e.g. by n’angas, varoyi, vabereki, etc) will be discussed. Such knowledge helps one to experience godliness but never in its totality (mortal man being that finite), hence finiteness/limitedness of mankind’s’ metaphysical capability. Finally questions about the nature of vibrational frequencies and about God as the Ultimate/infinite metaphysical force (not human being) will wrap up the discussion. Indeed, the fact of such a force as neither good nor bad will emphasized.</text>
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