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                <text>WHO IS DISENGAGING THE GEAR? IS SCHOOL LEADERSHIP THE IMPEDIMENT IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF&#13;
THE NEW CURRICULUM IN ZIMBABWE?&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>PAUL MUPA</text>
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                <text>School leadership is there to build ‘learning bridges’ between learners and the curriculum content&#13;
(Everand, Morris &amp; Wilson, 2004, p. x). This study seeks to investigate challenges that school&#13;
leadership face in the implementation of the new curriculum in Zimbabwean primary schools. It&#13;
particularly examines the dissonance between the current implementation level and the expected&#13;
standard of implementation. The implementation of a new curriculum requires effective school&#13;
leadership (Bennett, Crawford &amp; Cartwright, 2003). The key stakeholder in the process of&#13;
curriculum implementation in any education system is school leadership. This article argues that&#13;
school leadership should have a clear picture of what to do and how for effective implementation&#13;
of any new curriculum. The curriculum introduced in Zimbabwe is not spared. The study was&#13;
located within the qualitative paradigm using semi-structured interviews and focus group&#13;
discussions to generate. Purposive sampling was done to select information rich cases from among&#13;
school leaders in Masvingo Province. The study highlighted a number of complex challenges&#13;
linked to school leadership which include the problem of suffering from multiple meanings and&#13;
conceptual complexity of the new curriculum and lack of orientation on the new curriculum. The&#13;
study also revealed that school leadership has not been sufficiently retrained for fitness of purpose.&#13;
The study thus recommends retooling of school leadership so that they develop the craft&#13;
competency needed in the implementation of the new curriculum.</text>
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                <text>African Perspectives of Research in Teaching &amp; Learning</text>
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                <text>2020</text>
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        <name>craft competency</name>
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        <name>craft literacy</name>
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        <name>curriculum</name>
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        <name>curriculum implementation</name>
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        <name>implementation</name>
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        <name>leadership</name>
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        <name>perspectives</name>
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        <name>school leadership</name>
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                <text>UTILIZING INTERVENTIONIST - PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH STRATEGIES IN&#13;
ESTABLISHING THE EFFICACY OF E-LEARNING TECHNOLOGY IN OPEN AND&#13;
DISTANCE LEARNING.&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>DAVID CHAKUCHICHI</text>
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                <text>Research in open and distance learning (ODL), in an era of technological&#13;
advancement, e-learning innovations, social inclusion and multiculturalism,&#13;
should essentially take cognisance of the cognitive situates of the participants.&#13;
The interventionist participatory approach, grounded in the critical inquiry&#13;
research paradigm. was found to be most appropriate in establishing efficacy of&#13;
e-learning technology since it is open, descriptive, critical, interactive and&#13;
eclectic while fostering the co-construction of meanings by both researchers&#13;
and participants. Most importantly, interventionist participatory approaches&#13;
enable ODL practitioners and participants to be active in analyzing issues and&#13;
finding solutions to their problems in the face of e-learning technology. E-&#13;
learning which involves the students’ interface with a whole range of information&#13;
computer technology creates a new culture in ODL. Online programmes are fast&#13;
becoming the norm for a student population that lacks the requisite skills. E-&#13;
learning therefore presents anxieties as students try to fit in the new ODL&#13;
environment. Appropriate evidence based research strategies are therefore&#13;
imperative in order to establish the efficacy of the e-learning technology in the&#13;
context of the ODL practitioner and students. Traditional research strategies still&#13;
ignore the complex interaction between technological interventions and learner&#13;
capacities to utilize them. In ODL, both practitioners and participants need to be&#13;
integral in the process of problem analysis, development of solutions and the&#13;
strengthening and formation of initiatives which give the ODL students a voice&#13;
to define the efficacy of the e-learning innovations at their disposal. The&#13;
interventionist-participatory research strategies take into consideration the role&#13;
and complexities of the social contexts of the ODL learner and the potential for&#13;
influencing ODL practices, products and programmes. Thus interventionist&#13;
participatory strategies are well placed as evidence based research strategies to&#13;
evaluate the efficacy of e-learning technology and in the transformation of ODL&#13;
theory and practice</text>
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                <text>Distance association of Southen Africa (DEASA)</text>
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                <text>2010</text>
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        <name>e-learning</name>
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        <name>Interventionist</name>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>UNHU/UBUNTU AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH CIVICS&#13;
AND CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION&#13;
&#13;
</text>
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                <text>B.C. MUROPA &#13;
</text>
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                <text>L.P. KUSURE &#13;
 </text>
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                <text>D. MAKWERERE  </text>
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                <text>Z. MUROPA</text>
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                <text>R. KASOWE</text>
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                <text>This paper reports on the interviews and focus group discussions held with seventy two University student&#13;
teachers and three high school administrators to examine the concept and practice of Unhu or Ubuntu within the&#13;
Zimbabwean context and its perceived linkage with Civics and Citizenship education taught in high schools and&#13;
state universities. The paper draws its conceptual framework from an analysis of what various authorities have&#13;
written on the concept Unhu/Ubuntu. The results of the research indicate that people in Zimbabwe accept and&#13;
acknowledge Unhu/Ubuntu as a powerful force guiding people in their day to day interaction with one another.&#13;
This is shown through such acceptable ways of talking, attending to daily chores, and acceptable behaviour right&#13;
down to the way of dressing. Unhu/Ubuntu and human decency cannot be separated. There was a common&#13;
agreement on what the concept portrays and implies both within and outside the school. The respondents tended&#13;
to have a common stand on what Unhu/Ubuntu is all about within the Zimbabwean context. The issues of&#13;
gender bias and lack of maturity were raised by some female respondents in the focus groups. They argued that&#13;
some men complain of women’s lack of decency when it suits them and yet derive pleasure when in their&#13;
company. The necessity of linking Unhu/Ubuntu with Civics and Citizenship Education was emphasised by all&#13;
respondents. Challenges on the teaching of Unhu/Ubuntu and Civics and Citizenship Education were identified.&#13;
The significance of this research lies in its potential to provoke debate and dialogue at all levels of society on the&#13;
concept and practice of unhu/ubuntu.</text>
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                <text>ournal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies (JETERAPS) </text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2013</text>
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        <name>citizenship education</name>
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        <name>unhu/Ubuntu</name>
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        <name>Zimbabwean context</name>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>TUTORING IN THE ERA OF E-LEARNING TECHNOLOGIES: RE-EXAMINING&#13;
CURRENT STATUS AND EXPLORING ALTERNATIVES AT THE&#13;
ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>&#13;
CHADAMOYO PATRICK</text>
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                <text>CHIOME CHRISPEN&#13;
&#13;
</text>
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                <text>DUMBU EMMANUEL</text>
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                <text>Faced with the rapid changes in the development of tutoring and e-learning technologies, the institutions&#13;
of higher learning are now struggling to choose the appropriate mix and combinations of the tutoring&#13;
methods that meet the diverse needs of students in Open and Distance Learning (ODL). The present study&#13;
explored literature and re- examined the current status of the tutoring methods used at the Zimbabwe Open&#13;
University (ZOU) and assessed their effectiveness from the student perspective. A qualitative descriptive&#13;
survey was used to gather data from a convenient sample of 105 returning students at the ZOU. Results&#13;
showed a slow reaction by the university to catch up with these rapid changes in technology and a mixed&#13;
reaction by students in assessing the effectiveness of these pedagogical, technological changes. When&#13;
observed from a distance, the picture that one gets is that both the university and students are in a dilemma.&#13;
They are not sure of which method to use to maximise learning. As a way forward, the study proposed and&#13;
recommended that a ‘cafeteria’ approach be adopted so that each learner chooses an instructional method&#13;
according to need and taste.</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe International Journal of Open &amp; Distance Learning</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2011</text>
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        <name>cafeteria approach</name>
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        <name>dilemma</name>
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        <name>e-learning technologies</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="48">
        <name>Open and Distance Learning</name>
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        <name>tutoring</name>
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                <text>THE NATURE AND PREVALENCE OF BULLYING IN PRIMARY&#13;
SCHOOLS OF NKAYI SOUTH CIRCUIT IN ZIMBABWE&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>ALFRED CHAMPION NCUBE&#13;
</text>
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                <text>AUGUSTINE ZANO MURANDA&#13;
</text>
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                <text>,THEMBINKOSI TSHABALALA&#13;
</text>
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                <text>TICHAONA MAPOLISA</text>
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                <text>The aim of the present study was to investigate the nature and prevalence of bullying among&#13;
primary school pupils in Nkayi South Circuit in Matabeleland North Province in Western Zimbabwe.&#13;
The population comprised of all the 300 teachers in Nkayi South Circuit. Random sampling was&#13;
used to arrive at a sample of 30 teachers from ten schools. The study adopted the descriptive&#13;
survey design and the questionnaire was used for collecting data. The main findings of the study&#13;
revealed that the most common forms of bullying were physical (that is, fighting, punching, hitting),&#13;
verbal (that is, threatening, swearing, teasing) social (that is, deliberately leaving out of a game or&#13;
group, ignoring). The study also revealed that boys were the main contributors of bullying. The&#13;
findings also revealed that the bullying behaviours were influenced by home based factors, peers and school based factors. The study recommends that schools should encourage teachers to&#13;
engage all children in productive work all the time and also liaise with parents on best ways of&#13;
guiding the behaviour of pupils who exhibit characteristics of bullies</text>
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                <text>MOVING THE CENTRE WITHOUT CONFLICT; GENDER&#13;
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IN HIGHER EDUCATION</text>
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                <text>There is a wide gap between women’s access to education and women’s empowerment in a patriarchal society. In&#13;
addressing marginalization, women in Southern Africa have made significant achievements and have excelled in a variety of fields,&#13;
including the male domain. This has been possible due to emergent technologies which present new opportunities for women by&#13;
empowering them in obtaining higher education, playing an active process of construction of knowledge, attitudes and values as well&#13;
as developing skills using a variety of resources such as printed material and electronic media. This article investigates how four&#13;
African housewives successfully moved the centre without conflict in their families especially with their husbands by getting educated&#13;
using web-based technologies across face-to-face, online, and virtual world classes with communication tools that are synchronous,&#13;
asynchronous, and automated pre-scripted. The study is qualitative and captures the narratives of the women using the ODL mode&#13;
in successfully changing their circumstances while attending to their roles as mothers and wives in their kitchens. The integration of&#13;
E-learning, which is the application of information and communication technologies in a wide array of solutions, improves&#13;
knowledge and performance. The results were IT supported learning helped some of the women to acquire the necessary skills&#13;
knowledge for their job without taking time off their traditional roles and duties in household work for example, cooking skill</text>
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                <text>STUDENT RETENTION AS A FUNCTION OF THE QUALITY OF LEARNER SUPPORT IN OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING: STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS AT THE ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY&#13;
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                <text>Student retention is critically linked to the quality of service in open and distance learning (odl).&#13;
Peterson (1997) points out that students will form favourable perceptions regarding the quality of&#13;
their experience and decide to persist. Student retention could therefore be viewed as a function&#13;
of the learners’ perception of the quality of service and support. Low student retention rates have&#13;
a negative impact on the perception of the institution. It is, therefore, pertinent to enhance the&#13;
student retention rate in odl. The study used tinto’s model of student retention as a theoretical&#13;
base which underpins the need to satisfy students’ social and educational needs in order to retain&#13;
them. The study is a descriptive survey utilising multistage purposive sampling in order to include&#13;
students across faculties and regions. The questionnaire and in-depth interviews were the meth-&#13;
ods of data collection. The results indicated that, student retention was affected by a fees’ prizing&#13;
policy that did not take into consideration the students’ ability to pay and lack of timely supply of&#13;
learning materials. It would appear that students’ retention as a function of the affordability fac-&#13;
tor, was affected by the negative macro-economic environment existent in zimbabwe at the time&#13;
of the study</text>
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                <text>STRATEGY FOR A SUSTAINED QUALITY DELIVERY MODE OF ODL PROGRAMMES FOR&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>The market dynamics in distance education has precipitated phenomenal growth opportunities in enrollments and&#13;
e-learning. The purpose of the paper was to develop a strategy for sustained quality delivery mode of distance&#13;
education progammes that precipitate massive enrollments and e-learning in an open and distance learning (ODL)&#13;
institution using Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU) as a case study. There is an increase in public accountability for&#13;
higher education which compels institutions to demonstrate quality within the programmes and processes, including&#13;
those provided online. The strategy for massive enrollments and e-learning is developed and this includes a mobile&#13;
strategy and mobile web framework. How the landscape of quality assurance has been changed by the emergence of&#13;
MOOCs is discussed. The methodology used is qualitative and focus groups were used as research designs in the case&#13;
study of Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU). Triangulation and peer review was used to test the validity of the&#13;
data. Strategic directions were developed to inform the new key result areas, goals, objectives, strategies and priorities&#13;
for the university for the period 2015-2020</text>
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                <text>INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH CONFERENCE REVISED EDITION&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>In the domain of teacher-student interaction, via educational process, the ideal pedagogical praxis has&#13;
been in dispute. For instance, while Socrates regarded his role as a mid-wife, who helps others bring to&#13;
birth their innermost ideas, thus making education an extracting affair, its polar counterpart is the banking&#13;
model where knowledge is deposited on the students akin to a doctor-patient relationship. The implication&#13;
of these two contrasting views is that education becomes active on one hand, and passive on the other,&#13;
and either overtly, or covertly, this system has formed a sublime practice, in most countries, educational&#13;
objectives. This paper examines the two systems of education with a view to comparatively exposing its&#13;
tenets, thus opening us further to re-assessing our hitherto held method whether it has really captured the&#13;
essence of education, thereby envisaging a paradigm-shift.</text>
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                <text>FACTORS AFFECTING COMPLETION OF RESEARCH PROJECTS BY STUDENTS: A STUDY OF THREE ZIMBABWE OPEN UNIVERSITY REGIONS&#13;
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                <text>The study sought to find out undergraduate students and research supervisors’ views on&#13;
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students. Student, supervisor and institutional related factors were the focus of the study.&#13;
Descriptive survey method was used in the study due to the normative nature of the data&#13;
collected. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data. The sample of the study&#13;
comprised 50 students who had failed to complete their research projects on schedule as&#13;
well as 24 research project supervisors. Convenience sampling was used in selection of the&#13;
students. Supervisors available at the time of the study formed part of the sample. Findings&#13;
were that the time given to students to do their research project was inadequate. Lack of&#13;
library, Internet and typing facilities as well as finance for travelling to and from the supervisor&#13;
hampered students’ research progress. The study concluded that student and institutional&#13;
factors contributed to failure by students to complete their research projects on schedule.&#13;
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projects; over three semesters</text>
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                <text>This study sought to establish the sources of student self-sustainability in Open and Distance&#13;
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highly remunerated and had higher prospects for promotion at their work place. (Thompson&#13;
1989 and Combs et al 1987). The descriptive survey method was used as it was considered&#13;
appropriate design where student’s perceptions were sought (Neuman 2000). Questionnaires&#13;
were used to collect data from a sample of eighty (80) students who were attending tutorials at&#13;
Mutare Teachers’ College on 10-11 March 2007. The data presentation, analysis and interpretation&#13;
were done in tabular form. The overwhelming majority of the students indicated that they&#13;
were sustained by such factors as enhancement of social status, self actualization, nurturing&#13;
of self-discipline, opportunity for on-the–job skills training and increasing life-long earning&#13;
capacity, flexibility of the programs, among others. Consequent upon the study, student self&#13;
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mode and the modular system. Among other recommendations were need for establishment&#13;
of district centers, re-introduction of radio broadcasts and full package at registration</text>
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                <text>This study investigated students’ perceptions on service delivery at the Zimbabwe Open&#13;
University Masvingo Regional Campus. The study employed the qualitative descriptive&#13;
survey design. It generated qualitative data using a questionnaire with open and closed items.&#13;
A sample of 92 students was selected from a population of 1500 returning students using the&#13;
stratified random sampling technique. Data was presented in simple frequency tables and&#13;
analysed thematically. The study found out that students were satisfied with the examination&#13;
management, fees payment structure, module distribution, enquiries, student tutor relationship&#13;
and academic advisement. They expressed dissatisfaction with registration process,&#13;
tutorials, library services, assignment management, overcrowded offices and communication. The&#13;
study recommended that urgent steps must be taken by the university to expedite the registration&#13;
process, provide on line services, expand library, train staff in customer care and mobilise resources&#13;
that adequately support the growing student population. Further research can be done in customer&#13;
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                <text>QUALITY MATERIALS SCIENCE EDUCATION FOR SUSTAINABLE&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>Zimbabwe is rich in human capital and natural resources, and is poised to achieve sustainable growth and development&#13;
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(ODL) in materials science education. The major objectives of the research are to:&#13;
 identify and assess the main regulatory frameworks that apply to distance and online education in Nigeria and&#13;
Zimbabwe.&#13;
 ascertain the feasibility of offering materials science education programmes through open and distance learning&#13;
(ODL).&#13;
The methodology was mainly a qualitative case study focusing on Nigeria and Zimbabwe. The two countries were purposively&#13;
sampled to represent two distinct types of policy and regulatory environments. Data collection comprised literature and&#13;
document review, administration of questionnaires, and field visits to conduct interviews with relevant ministries, regulatory&#13;
agencies and selected universities. Data collection instruments were questionnaires and interview schedules.&#13;
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density of 167.5 people per square kilometer. The National Universities Commission (NUC) regulates a total of 117 Universities&#13;
countrywide and provides accreditation at institutional, programme and course levels. Quality assurance is monitored to&#13;
promote standards and ensure safety with minimum academic standards. The National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) is&#13;
currently the only Uni-mode University mandated for Open and Distance Learning (ODL) in the delivery of university&#13;
education. There are about six universities which may be regarded as dual- mode universities with limited capacity to deliver&#13;
degree programmes by the ODL mode in addition to the conventional face-to-face mode. NUC has one of the best regulatory&#13;
frameworks in the world that promotes quality ODL programmes. The lessons learnt from Nigeria can be adapted and applied&#13;
to Zimbabwe and ZOU in the offering of degree programmes for materials science and courses in nanotechnology, through&#13;
ODL and e-learning.</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe is rich in human capital and natural resources, and is poised to achieve sustainable growth and&#13;
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of open and distance learning (ODL) in materials science education. The major objectives of the research&#13;
are to:&#13;
i) identify and assess the main regulatory frameworks that apply to distance and online education in Nigeria&#13;
and Zimbabwe&#13;
ii) ascertain the feasibility of offering materials science education programmes through open and distance&#13;
learning (ODL)&#13;
The methodology was mainly a qualitative case study focusing on Nigeria and Zimbabwe. The two countries&#13;
were purposively sampled to represent two distinct types of policy and regulatory environments. Data&#13;
collection comprised literature and document review, administration of questionnaires, and field visits to&#13;
conduct interviews with relevant ministries, regulatory agencies and selected universities. Data collection&#13;
instruments were questionnaires and interview schedules.&#13;
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a population density of 167.5 people per square kilometre. The National Universities Commission (NUC)&#13;
regulates a total of 117 Universities countrywide and provides accreditation at institutional, programme&#13;
and course levels. Quality assurance is monitored to promote standards and ensure safety with minimum&#13;
academic standards. The National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) is currently the only Uni-mode&#13;
University mandated for Open and Distance Learning (ODL) in the delivery of university education. There&#13;
are about six universities which may be regarded as dual-mode universities with limited capacity to deliver&#13;
degree programmes by the ODL mode in addition to the conventional face-to-face mode. NUC has one of&#13;
the best regulatory frameworks in the world that promotes quality ODL programmes. The lessons learnt&#13;
from Nigeria can be adapted and applied to Zimbabwe and ZOU in the offering of degree programmes for&#13;
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                <text>ACHIEVING GENDER EQUITY AT THE WORKPLACE: THE EXPERIENCES OF WORKING STUDENTS&#13;
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                <text>The study sought the experiences of working students of the Zimbabwe Open University on ways of achieving&#13;
gender equity at the workplace. The research was qualitative as the questionnaire used as a data-gathering instrument had&#13;
open-ended sections that yielded qualitative data. The research employed the descriptive survey design. In this study, a&#13;
sample of 206 working distance education students was extracted using the stratified random sample in which&#13;
departments and gender formed the strata. The study found out that gender equity at organisational level could be&#13;
achieved by creating a gender sensitive environment, attitudinal changes, gender responsive culture, and full participation&#13;
of women. Above all gender issues at organisational level must not be treated in isolation, but must include&#13;
empowerment policies, human rights and H.I.V.AIDS. The working students went further to prescribe a gender friendly&#13;
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advancement programmes and a participatory environment at the workplace must be put in place to enable gender equity&#13;
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workshops targeting all students, e-learning support centre and e-learning course must be put in place&#13;
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                <text>The focus of the study was on the assessment of students’ attitudes towards both being assessed by and assessing&#13;
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concerned by the lack of employability skills exhibited by entry-level job applications. It is also suggested that&#13;
employers consider it the responsibility of higher education institutions to develop and sharpen such skills. The&#13;
current study seeks to identify peer assessment as a potential strategy for developing employability skills and aims to&#13;
examine, from a students’ perspective, the process of introducing peer assessment into higher education teaching&#13;
programmes. Data were gathered from a sample of undergraduate students following a semi-structured interview.&#13;
The study found that students expressed a positive attitude towards peer assessment but had concerns relating to&#13;
their capability to assess peers and to the responsibility associated with assessing peers. Students felt that peer&#13;
assessment would raise standards in higher education and equip graduates with the needed employability skills. The&#13;
study recommends that peer assessment should be adopted as regular practice on undergraduate programmes&#13;
wishing to equip students with a complete repertoire of employment-relevant skills</text>
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                <text>This study explored the key elements in applying learning organisation concepts in changing&#13;
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paradigm and grounded theory, an open–ended questionnaire generated data from a convenient sample of 20&#13;
lecturers and 120 students. Findings suggest that ODL institutions are pivotal for effective collaborative engagement&#13;
to meet institutional goals. Thus, they need to apply organisational learning concepts and function as “learning&#13;
organizations”. This may be achieved by fostering both collaborative and individual life-long learning, professional&#13;
development and intellectual stimulation, research, creativity and innovation. Transformational leadership and&#13;
autonomy, collective accountability and responsibility and, appropriate incentive schemes also emerged as important.&#13;
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organisations. Being mindful of such issues may assist the university in navigating its way through the uncertainties&#13;
in the terrain.</text>
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                <text>POOR PERFORMANCE OF PUPILS IN MATHEMATICS AT GRADE SEVEN EXAMINATIONS IN&#13;
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                <text>This present study‟s main focus was to analyse the causes of poor performance of pupils in Mathematics at&#13;
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methodology and adopted the descriptive survey design. The target population included all primary schools in Mrewa&#13;
District in Matabeleland Province in Zimbabwe. Random sampling was used to arrive at a sample of 200 respondents&#13;
made up of 117 females and 83 males. All the information was collected through a questionnaire. The study revealed&#13;
that there was a serious shortage of human, material, financial and in fractural resources that negatively impacted on&#13;
pupils‟ performance in the Grade Seven Mathematics examinations. There was also a very high teacher turn-over due to&#13;
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                <text>PEDAGOGY IN DISTANCE EDUCATION: IS EVALUATIVE JUDGEMENT AN EFFECTIVE PEDAGOGICAL TOOL FOR STUDENTS IN DISTANCE EDUCATION?</text>
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                <text>PAUL MUPA&#13;
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                <text>Distance education has expanded dramatically over the years and has become a needed component in the higher&#13;
education landscape especially in this COVID-19 era. Students in distance education need the ability to make&#13;
decisions about the quality of work and others. The argument advanced in this article is that evaluative judgement&#13;
should be used as a pedagogical tool by students in distance education so that they develop the capacity to improve&#13;
their reflective practices. Qualitative methodology was employed in this study. Learning facilitators from the&#13;
Zimbabwe Open University were purposefully sampled to generate data through semi-structured interviews. The&#13;
major findings of the study were that evaluative judgement is a very effective tool which enables students to see&#13;
whether what they are doing is right or wrong. It is used in assignment writing, term paper presentations, research&#13;
project writing, group discussions, peer assessment, teaching practice attachment and during examination writing. It&#13;
improves the depth and breadth of understanding matter and also improves the quality of interaction between the&#13;
student and the content. The study recommends that tutorial handbooks should be provided at orientation on the&#13;
importance of evaluative judgement to students in order to improve the quality of their work.</text>
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                <text>Zambia Journal of Distance Education</text>
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                <text>2021</text>
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                <text>PEDAGOGIC POSSIBILITIES OF ICTS AND TECHNOLOGY AFFORDANCES IN AN INCREASINGLY NETWORKED ENVIRONMENT IN SUPPORT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT</text>
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                <text>GABRIEL KABANDA</text>
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                <text>The research project seeks new opportunities/ directions of learning and teaching in an increasingly&#13;
networked world, and how they can benefit people in developing countries in support of sustainable&#13;
development. The research agenda is aimed at studying how interconnected information and&#13;
communication technologies (ICTs) can expand the reach of educational opportunities and improve&#13;
learning outcomes as technology affordances. The main research question is - What are the pedagogic&#13;
possibilities of ICTs and technology affordances in an increasingly networked environment that can&#13;
impact/ benefit participative collaborative inclusive communities of learning in support of sustainable&#13;
development?</text>
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                <text>Journal of African Studies and Development</text>
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                <text>2015</text>
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                <text>AN INSIGHT INTO THE DEFINITIONS OF DISTANCE LEARNING AND&#13;
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF TUTOR COMMENTS IN DISTANCE LEARNING&#13;
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                <text>PAULINE MANJENGWA</text>
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                <text>Firstly, this article examines various definitions of Distance Learning with the aim of enabling&#13;
scholars to have a wider perspective of the concept. While the most basic definition relates to&#13;
education that takes place when the teacher and students are separated by physical distance,&#13;
developments in this area now encompass distance learning with technology (electronic,&#13;
print, voice and data). Technology in this respect is viewed as the bridge used to mediate&#13;
the gap between the tutor and the student. Secondly, the article also puts emphasis on the&#13;
types of comments on marked assignments, that can either help the learner to work hard&#13;
or destroy the learner’s interest to learn. Appropriate, positive and constructive comments&#13;
in marked assignments promote effective communication between the tutor and the learner.&#13;
Most importantly, prompt assignment return with constructive feedback and counselling, is&#13;
a possible decisive element for study success and goal achievement, for Distance Learners.&#13;
More suggestions on enhancing the tutor – student interaction are discussed.</text>
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                <text>Zimbabwe International Journal of Open &amp; Distance Learning </text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2011</text>
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        <name>Distance Education</name>
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                <text>PARENTS’ ROLE TOWARDS IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF THEIR CHILDREN IN SCHOOL WORK: A CASE STUDY OF BINDURA PRIMARY&#13;
SCHOOLS&#13;
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                <text>RITTAH KASOWE</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>The purpose of this present study was to investigate the role played by parents in improving the&#13;
performance of their children in school work in Bindura primary schools in Zimbabwe using the&#13;
quantitative research methodology. The population consisted of all heads, SDC/SDA members&#13;
and teachers in the thirty schools in Bindura. Random sampling was used to arrive at a sample&#13;
of ninety six (96) respondents made up of six (6) heads of schools, seventy two (72) teachers and&#13;
eighteen (18) members of School Development Committees or Associations (SDCs/SDAs). The&#13;
questionnaire and interview were used for data collection. The study revealed that there are&#13;
many barriers to effective parental involvement in school activities such as lack of education by&#13;
parents. The study recommends that heads of schools should always involve parents before&#13;
making decisions that require the inputs from the parents. There should also be staff&#13;
development workshops for teachers and parents where parental involvement in the education of&#13;
their children would be the main topic.</text>
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                <text>IJRDO-Journal of Educational Research</text>
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